M. Sc. Denis Huseljic

Collaborative Interactive Learning (CIL)

Telephone: +49 561 804-6199
Fax: +49 561 804-6022
Email: dhuseljic[at]uni-kassel[dot]de

Publications

[ 2022 ]
[ 2021 ]
[ 2020 ]
[ 2019 ]
[ 2018 ]
[ 2017 ]

2022[ to top ]

Rauch, L., Huseljic, D., Sick, B.: Enhancing Active Learning with Weak Supervision and Transfer Learning by Leveraging Information and Knowledge Sources In: Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD. bll 27–42 (2022).
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
- [ URL ]
One of the major limitations of deploying a machine learning model is the availability of labeled training data and the resulting expensive annotation process. Although active learning (AL) methods may reduce the annotation cost by actively selecting the most-useful instances, a costly human annotator usually provides the labels. Therefore, even with AL, we still consider the annotation process to be time-consuming and expensive. Besides human annotators, though, companies often have a vast amount of information and knowledge sources available that can generate low-cost labels (e.g., a black-box model) or improve the learning process (e.g., a pre-trained model). We present a novel approach that enhances AL with weak supervision (WS) and transfer learning (TL) to reduce the annotation cost by leveraging these sources. Specifically, we consider a black-box model like a rule-based system as an error-prone and weakly-supervised annotator that inexpensively provides labels. We estimate its performance with an annotator model to decide whether a human annotation is required. Additionally, we utilize unlabeled internal and external data by transferring knowledge from a pre-trained model to the AL cycle. We sequentially investigate the impact of WS and TL on annotation cost and model performance in an AL cycle through a use case. Our evaluation shows that our approach can reduce annotation cost by 51% while achieving nearly identical model performance compared to a traditional AL approach.
@inproceedings{rauch2022enhancing, abstract = {One of the major limitations of deploying a machine learning model is the availability of labeled training data and the resulting expensive annotation process. Although active learning (AL) methods may reduce the annotation cost by actively selecting the most-useful instances, a costly human annotator usually provides the labels. Therefore, even with AL, we still consider the annotation process to be time-consuming and expensive. Besides human annotators, though, companies often have a vast amount of information and knowledge sources available that can generate low-cost labels (e.g., a black-box model) or improve the learning process (e.g., a pre-trained model). We present a novel approach that enhances AL with weak supervision (WS) and transfer learning (TL) to reduce the annotation cost by leveraging these sources. Specifically, we consider a black-box model like a rule-based system as an error-prone and weakly-supervised annotator that inexpensively provides labels. We estimate its performance with an annotator model to decide whether a human annotation is required. Additionally, we utilize unlabeled internal and external data by transferring knowledge from a pre-trained model to the AL cycle. We sequentially investigate the impact of WS and TL on annotation cost and model performance in an AL cycle through a use case. Our evaluation shows that our approach can reduce annotation cost by 51% while achieving nearly identical model performance compared to a traditional AL approach.}, author = {Rauch, Lukas and Huseljic, Denis and Sick, Bernhard}, booktitle = {Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD}, keywords = {itegpub}, pages = {27–42}, title = {Enhancing Active Learning with Weak Supervision and Transfer Learning by Leveraging Information and Knowledge Sources}, year = 2022 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 rauch2022enhancing %A Rauch, Lukas %A Huseljic, Denis %A Sick, Bernhard %B Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD %D 2022 %P 27--42 %T Enhancing Active Learning with Weak Supervision and Transfer Learning by Leveraging Information and Knowledge Sources %U http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3259/ialatecml_paper3.pdf %X One of the major limitations of deploying a machine learning model is the availability of labeled training data and the resulting expensive annotation process. Although active learning (AL) methods may reduce the annotation cost by actively selecting the most-useful instances, a costly human annotator usually provides the labels. Therefore, even with AL, we still consider the annotation process to be time-consuming and expensive. Besides human annotators, though, companies often have a vast amount of information and knowledge sources available that can generate low-cost labels (e.g., a black-box model) or improve the learning process (e.g., a pre-trained model). We present a novel approach that enhances AL with weak supervision (WS) and transfer learning (TL) to reduce the annotation cost by leveraging these sources. Specifically, we consider a black-box model like a rule-based system as an error-prone and weakly-supervised annotator that inexpensively provides labels. We estimate its performance with an annotator model to decide whether a human annotation is required. Additionally, we utilize unlabeled internal and external data by transferring knowledge from a pre-trained model to the AL cycle. We sequentially investigate the impact of WS and TL on annotation cost and model performance in an AL cycle through a use case. Our evaluation shows that our approach can reduce annotation cost by 51% while achieving nearly identical model performance compared to a traditional AL approach.
Herde, M., Huseljic, D., Mitrovic, J., Granitzer, M., Sick, B.: A Concept for Automated Polarized Web Content Annotation based on Multimodal Active Learning In: Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD. bll 1–6 (2022).
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
- [ URL ]
Active learning (AL) techniques hardly cope with complex annotations tasks, where, for example, annotations might express relationships across data modalities. As a use case, we consider the task of automatically detecting and reporting multimodal, polarized web content (PWC). Samples of this content type emerge dynamically, covering a broad spectrum of topics. Thus, training machine learning systems for detecting PWC is challenging, particularly if it needs to be done with minimum annotation cost. In this article, we propose the concept of multimodal AL for complex annotations in the context of PWC detection and formulate the resulting challenges as questions for future research.
@inproceedings{herde2022concept, abstract = {Active learning (AL) techniques hardly cope with complex annotations tasks, where, for example, annotations might express relationships across data modalities. As a use case, we consider the task of automatically detecting and reporting multimodal, polarized web content (PWC). Samples of this content type emerge dynamically, covering a broad spectrum of topics. Thus, training machine learning systems for detecting PWC is challenging, particularly if it needs to be done with minimum annotation cost. In this article, we propose the concept of multimodal AL for complex annotations in the context of PWC detection and formulate the resulting challenges as questions for future research.}, author = {Herde, Marek and Huseljic, Denis and Mitrovic, Jelena and Granitzer, Michael and Sick, Bernhard}, booktitle = {Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD}, keywords = {itegpub}, pages = {1–6}, title = {A Concept for Automated Polarized Web Content Annotation based on Multimodal Active Learning}, year = 2022 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 herde2022concept %A Herde, Marek %A Huseljic, Denis %A Mitrovic, Jelena %A Granitzer, Michael %A Sick, Bernhard %B Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD %D 2022 %P 1--6 %T A Concept for Automated Polarized Web Content Annotation based on Multimodal Active Learning %U http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3259/ialatecml_paper1.pdf %X Active learning (AL) techniques hardly cope with complex annotations tasks, where, for example, annotations might express relationships across data modalities. As a use case, we consider the task of automatically detecting and reporting multimodal, polarized web content (PWC). Samples of this content type emerge dynamically, covering a broad spectrum of topics. Thus, training machine learning systems for detecting PWC is challenging, particularly if it needs to be done with minimum annotation cost. In this article, we propose the concept of multimodal AL for complex annotations in the context of PWC detection and formulate the resulting challenges as questions for future research.

2021[ to top ]

Kottke, D., Herde, M., Sandrock, C., Huseljic, D., Krempl, G., Sick, B.: Toward optimal probabilistic active learning using a Bayesian approach Machine Learning. 110, 1199–1231 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-05986-9.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
Gathering labeled data to train well-performing machine learning models is one of the critical challenges in many applications. Active learning aims at reducing the labeling costs by an efficient and effective allocation of costly labeling resources. In this article, we propose a decision-theoretic selection strategy that (1) directly optimizes the gain in misclassification error, and (2) uses a Bayesian approach by introducing a conjugate prior distribution to determine the class posterior to deal with uncertainties. By reformulating existing selection strategies within our proposed model, we can explain which aspects are not covered in current state-of-the-art and why this leads to the superior performance of our approach. Extensive experiments on a large variety of datasets and different kernels validate our claims.
@article{kottke2021optimal, abstract = {Gathering labeled data to train well-performing machine learning models is one of the critical challenges in many applications. Active learning aims at reducing the labeling costs by an efficient and effective allocation of costly labeling resources. In this article, we propose a decision-theoretic selection strategy that (1) directly optimizes the gain in misclassification error, and (2) uses a Bayesian approach by introducing a conjugate prior distribution to determine the class posterior to deal with uncertainties. By reformulating existing selection strategies within our proposed model, we can explain which aspects are not covered in current state-of-the-art and why this leads to the superior performance of our approach. Extensive experiments on a large variety of datasets and different kernels validate our claims.}, author = {Kottke, Daniel and Herde, Marek and Sandrock, Christoph and Huseljic, Denis and Krempl, Georg and Sick, Bernhard}, journal = {Machine Learning}, keywords = {itegpub}, number = 6, pages = {1199–1231}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {Toward optimal probabilistic active learning using a Bayesian approach}, volume = 110, year = 2021 }
%0 Journal Article %1 kottke2021optimal %A Kottke, Daniel %A Herde, Marek %A Sandrock, Christoph %A Huseljic, Denis %A Krempl, Georg %A Sick, Bernhard %D 2021 %I Springer %J Machine Learning %N 6 %P 1199--1231 %R 10.1007/s10994-021-05986-9 %T Toward optimal probabilistic active learning using a Bayesian approach %V 110 %X Gathering labeled data to train well-performing machine learning models is one of the critical challenges in many applications. Active learning aims at reducing the labeling costs by an efficient and effective allocation of costly labeling resources. In this article, we propose a decision-theoretic selection strategy that (1) directly optimizes the gain in misclassification error, and (2) uses a Bayesian approach by introducing a conjugate prior distribution to determine the class posterior to deal with uncertainties. By reformulating existing selection strategies within our proposed model, we can explain which aspects are not covered in current state-of-the-art and why this leads to the superior performance of our approach. Extensive experiments on a large variety of datasets and different kernels validate our claims.
Huseljic, D., Sick, B., Herde, M., Kottke, D.: Separation of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty in Deterministic Deep Neural Networks In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). bll 9172–9179. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412616.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
@inproceedings{huseljic2021separation, author = {Huseljic, Denis and Sick, Bernhard and Herde, Marek and Kottke, Daniel}, booktitle = {International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)}, keywords = {itegpub}, pages = {9172–9179}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Separation of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty in Deterministic Deep Neural Networks}, year = 2021 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 huseljic2021separation %A Huseljic, Denis %A Sick, Bernhard %A Herde, Marek %A Kottke, Daniel %B International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) %D 2021 %I IEEE %P 9172--9179 %R 10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412616 %T Separation of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty in Deterministic Deep Neural Networks
Möller, F., Botache, D., Huseljic, D., Heidecker, F., Bieshaar, M., Sick, B.: Out-of-distribution Detection and Generation using Soft Brownian Offset Sampling and Autoencoders In: Workshop on Safe Artificial Intelligence for Automated Driving (SAIAD), CVPR. bll 1–10 (2021).
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
- [ URL ]
@inproceedings{moeller2021out, author = {Möller, Felix and Botache, Diego and Huseljic, Denis and Heidecker, Florian and Bieshaar, Maarten and Sick, Bernhard}, booktitle = {Workshop on Safe Artificial Intelligence for Automated Driving (SAIAD), CVPR}, keywords = {itegpub}, pages = {1–10}, title = {{Out-of-distribution Detection and Generation using Soft Brownian Offset Sampling and Autoencoders}}, year = 2021 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 moeller2021out %A Möller, Felix %A Botache, Diego %A Huseljic, Denis %A Heidecker, Florian %A Bieshaar, Maarten %A Sick, Bernhard %B Workshop on Safe Artificial Intelligence for Automated Driving (SAIAD), CVPR %D 2021 %P 1--10 %T Out-of-distribution Detection and Generation using Soft Brownian Offset Sampling and Autoencoders %U https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/CVPR2021W/SAIAD/papers/Moller_Out-of-Distribution_Detection_and_Generation_Using_Soft_Brownian_Offset_Sampling_and_CVPRW_2021_paper.pdf
Herde, M., Kottke, D., Huseljic, D., Sick, B.: Multi-annotator Probabilistic Active Learning In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). bll 10281–10288. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412298.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
@inproceedings{herde2021multi, author = {Herde, Marek and Kottke, Daniel and Huseljic, Denis and Sick, Bernhard}, booktitle = {International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)}, keywords = {itegpub}, pages = {10281–10288}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Multi-annotator Probabilistic Active Learning}, year = 2021 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 herde2021multi %A Herde, Marek %A Kottke, Daniel %A Huseljic, Denis %A Sick, Bernhard %B International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) %D 2021 %I IEEE %P 10281--10288 %R 10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412298 %T Multi-annotator Probabilistic Active Learning
Herde, M., Huseljic, D., Sick, B., Calma, A.: A Survey on Cost Types, Interaction Schemes, and Annotator Performance Models in Selection Algorithms for Active Learning in Classification IEEE Access. 9, 166970–166989 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3135514.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
- [ URL ]
Pool-based active learning (AL) aims to optimize the annotation process (i.e., labeling) as the acquisition of annotations is often time-consuming and therefore expensive. For this purpose, an AL strategy queries annotations intelligently from annotators to train a high-performance classification model at a low annotation cost. Traditional AL strategies operate in an idealized framework. They assume a single, omniscient annotator who never gets tired and charges uniformly regardless of query difficulty. However, in real-world applications, we often face human annotators, e.g., crowd or in-house workers, who make annotation mistakes and can be reluctant to respond if tired or faced with complex queries. Recently, many novel AL strategies have been proposed to address these issues. They differ in at least one of the following three central aspects from traditional AL: 1) modeling of (multiple) human annotators whose performances can be affected by various factors, such as missing expertise; 2) generalization of the interaction with human annotators through different query and annotation types, such as asking an annotator for feedback on an inferred classification rule; 3) consideration of complex cost schemes regarding annotations and misclassification. This survey provides an overview of these AL strategies and refers to them as real-world AL. Therefore, we introduce a general real-world AL strategy as part of a learning cycle and use its elements, e.g., the query and annotator selection algorithm, to categorize about 60 real-world AL strategies. Finally, we outline possible directions for future research in the field of AL.
@article{herde2021survey, abstract = {Pool-based active learning (AL) aims to optimize the annotation process (i.e., labeling) as the acquisition of annotations is often time-consuming and therefore expensive. For this purpose, an AL strategy queries annotations intelligently from annotators to train a high-performance classification model at a low annotation cost. Traditional AL strategies operate in an idealized framework. They assume a single, omniscient annotator who never gets tired and charges uniformly regardless of query difficulty. However, in real-world applications, we often face human annotators, e.g., crowd or in-house workers, who make annotation mistakes and can be reluctant to respond if tired or faced with complex queries. Recently, many novel AL strategies have been proposed to address these issues. They differ in at least one of the following three central aspects from traditional AL: 1) modeling of (multiple) human annotators whose performances can be affected by various factors, such as missing expertise; 2) generalization of the interaction with human annotators through different query and annotation types, such as asking an annotator for feedback on an inferred classification rule; 3) consideration of complex cost schemes regarding annotations and misclassification. This survey provides an overview of these AL strategies and refers to them as real-world AL. Therefore, we introduce a general real-world AL strategy as part of a learning cycle and use its elements, e.g., the query and annotator selection algorithm, to categorize about 60 real-world AL strategies. Finally, we outline possible directions for future research in the field of AL.}, author = {Herde, Marek and Huseljic, Denis and Sick, Bernhard and Calma, Adrian}, journal = {IEEE Access}, keywords = {classification}, pages = {166970–166989}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {A Survey on Cost Types, Interaction Schemes, and Annotator Performance Models in Selection Algorithms for Active Learning in Classification}, volume = 9, year = 2021 }
%0 Journal Article %1 herde2021survey %A Herde, Marek %A Huseljic, Denis %A Sick, Bernhard %A Calma, Adrian %D 2021 %I IEEE %J IEEE Access %P 166970--166989 %R 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3135514 %T A Survey on Cost Types, Interaction Schemes, and Annotator Performance Models in Selection Algorithms for Active Learning in Classification %U https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9650877 %V 9 %X Pool-based active learning (AL) aims to optimize the annotation process (i.e., labeling) as the acquisition of annotations is often time-consuming and therefore expensive. For this purpose, an AL strategy queries annotations intelligently from annotators to train a high-performance classification model at a low annotation cost. Traditional AL strategies operate in an idealized framework. They assume a single, omniscient annotator who never gets tired and charges uniformly regardless of query difficulty. However, in real-world applications, we often face human annotators, e.g., crowd or in-house workers, who make annotation mistakes and can be reluctant to respond if tired or faced with complex queries. Recently, many novel AL strategies have been proposed to address these issues. They differ in at least one of the following three central aspects from traditional AL: 1) modeling of (multiple) human annotators whose performances can be affected by various factors, such as missing expertise; 2) generalization of the interaction with human annotators through different query and annotation types, such as asking an annotator for feedback on an inferred classification rule; 3) consideration of complex cost schemes regarding annotations and misclassification. This survey provides an overview of these AL strategies and refers to them as real-world AL. Therefore, we introduce a general real-world AL strategy as part of a learning cycle and use its elements, e.g., the query and annotator selection algorithm, to categorize about 60 real-world AL strategies. Finally, we outline possible directions for future research in the field of AL.

2020[ to top ]

Kottke, D., Herde, M., Sandrock, C., Huseljic, D., Krempl, G., Sick, B.: Toward Optimal Probabilistic Active Learning Using a Bayesian Approach arXiv e-prints. arXiv:2006.01732 (2020).
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
@article{kottke2020optimal, author = {Kottke, Daniel and Herde, Marek and Sandrock, Christoph and Huseljic, Denis and Krempl, Georg and Sick, Bernhard}, journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {Machine}, pages = {arXiv:2006.01732}, title = {{Toward Optimal Probabilistic Active Learning Using a Bayesian Approach}}, year = 2020 }
%0 Journal Article %1 kottke2020optimal %A Kottke, Daniel %A Herde, Marek %A Sandrock, Christoph %A Huseljic, Denis %A Krempl, Georg %A Sick, Bernhard %D 2020 %J arXiv e-prints %P arXiv:2006.01732 %T Toward Optimal Probabilistic Active Learning Using a Bayesian Approach

2019[ to top ]

Kottke, D., Schellinger, J., Huseljic, D., Sick, B.: Limitations of Assessing Active Learning Performance at Runtime arXiv e-prints. arXiv:1901.10338 (2019).
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
@article{kottke2019limitations, author = {{Kottke}, Daniel and {Schellinger}, Jim and {Huseljic}, Denis and {Sick}, Bernhard}, journal = {arXiv e-prints}, keywords = {Machine}, pages = {arXiv:1901.10338}, title = {{Limitations of Assessing Active Learning Performance at Runtime}}, year = 2019 }
%0 Journal Article %1 kottke2019limitations %A Kottke, Daniel %A Schellinger, Jim %A Huseljic, Denis %A Sick, Bernhard %D 2019 %J arXiv e-prints %P arXiv:1901.10338 %T Limitations of Assessing Active Learning Performance at Runtime

2018[ to top ]

Tomforde, S., Dehling, T., Haux, R., Huseljic, D., Kottke, D., Scheerbaum, J., Sick, B., Sunyaev, A., Wolf, K.-H.: Towards Proactive Health-enabling Living Environments: Simulation-based Study and Research Challenges In: International Workshop on Self-optimisation in Organic and Autonomic Computing Systems (SAOS), ARCS. bll 1–8. VDE (2018).
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
@inproceedings{tomforde2018towards, author = {Tomforde, Sven and Dehling, Tobias and Haux, Reinhold and Huseljic, Denis and Kottke, Daniel and Scheerbaum, Jonas and Sick, Bernhard and Sunyaev, Ali and Wolf, Klaus-Hendrik}, booktitle = {International Workshop on Self-optimisation in Organic and Autonomic Computing Systems (SAOS), ARCS}, keywords = {imported}, pages = {1–8}, publisher = {VDE}, title = {Towards Proactive Health-enabling Living Environments: Simulation-based Study and Research Challenges}, year = 2018 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 tomforde2018towards %A Tomforde, Sven %A Dehling, Tobias %A Haux, Reinhold %A Huseljic, Denis %A Kottke, Daniel %A Scheerbaum, Jonas %A Sick, Bernhard %A Sunyaev, Ali %A Wolf, Klaus-Hendrik %B International Workshop on Self-optimisation in Organic and Autonomic Computing Systems (SAOS), ARCS %D 2018 %I VDE %P 1--8 %T Towards Proactive Health-enabling Living Environments: Simulation-based Study and Research Challenges
Kottke, D., Calma, A., Huseljic, D., Sandrock, C., Kachergis, G., Sick, B.: The Other Human in The Loop -- A Pilot Study to Find Selection Strategies for Active Learning In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, Rio de Janiero, Brazil (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489637.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
@inproceedings{kottke2018other, address = {Rio de Janiero, Brazil}, author = {Kottke, Daniel and Calma, Adrian and Huseljic, Denis and Sandrock, Christoph and Kachergis, George and Sick, Bernhard}, booktitle = {International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)}, keywords = {imported}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {The Other Human in The Loop – A Pilot Study to Find Selection Strategies for Active Learning}, year = 2018 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 kottke2018other %A Kottke, Daniel %A Calma, Adrian %A Huseljic, Denis %A Sandrock, Christoph %A Kachergis, George %A Sick, Bernhard %B International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) %C Rio de Janiero, Brazil %D 2018 %I IEEE %R 10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489637 %T The Other Human in The Loop -- A Pilot Study to Find Selection Strategies for Active Learning

2017[ to top ]

Kottke, D., Calma, A., Huseljic, D., Krempl, G., Sick, B.: Challenges of Reliable, Realistic and Comparable Active Learning Evaluation In: Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD. bll 2–14 (2017).
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
- [ URL ]
@inproceedings{kottke2017challenges, author = {Kottke, Daniel and Calma, Adrian and Huseljic, Denis and Krempl, Georg and Sick, Bernhard}, booktitle = {Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD}, keywords = {imported}, pages = {2–14}, series = {CEUR Workshop Proceedings}, title = {Challenges of Reliable, Realistic and Comparable Active Learning Evaluation}, year = 2017 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 kottke2017challenges %A Kottke, Daniel %A Calma, Adrian %A Huseljic, Denis %A Krempl, Georg %A Sick, Bernhard %B Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD %D 2017 %P 2--14 %T Challenges of Reliable, Realistic and Comparable Active Learning Evaluation %U http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1924/ialatecml_paper0.pdf