Urban systems across Europe differ considerably in their spatial structure and functional organization. This study develops a comparative methodology for analysing European urban systems using dissimilarity indices. By combining key dimensions such as centrality and functional specialization, the approach allows for a systematic comparison of national urban systems. The findings reveal that despite increasing economic integration, European urban systems still exhibit significant structural differences. The proposed method provides a new way to compare urban systems and better understand their development within the European context. 

Terfrüchte, T.; Growe, A. (2025). Comparing European urban systems using dissimilarity indices. European Planning Studies, 1–24. doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2025.2601713