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M. Sc. Pascal Plettenberg

Graphs in Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks (GAIN)

Email: plettenberg[at]uni-kassel[dot]de

Location: Wilhelmshöher Allee 67
34121 Kassel

Room: WA 67, Room 2107

Research group "Graphs in Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks" (GAIN) (opens in a new window)

Publications

[ 2025 ]

2025[ to top ]

Graph Neural Networks for Automatic Addition of Optimizing Components in Printed Circuit Board Schematics.Plettenberg, Pascal; Alcalde, André; Sick, Bernhard; Thomas, Josephine M. In European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECMLPKDD), bll 508–524. Springer, 2025.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
- [ URL ]
The design and optimization of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) schematics is crucial for the development of high-quality electronic devices. Thereby, an important task is to optimize drafts by adding components that improve the robustness and reliability of the circuit, e.g., pull-up resistors or decoupling capacitors. Since there is a shortage of skilled engineers and manual optimizations are very time-consuming, these best practices are often neglected. However, this typically leads to higher costs for troubleshooting in later development stages as well as shortened product life cycles, resulting in an increased amount of electronic waste that is difficult to recycle. Here, we present an approach for automating the addition of new components into PCB schematics by representing them as bipartite graphs and utilizing a node pair prediction model based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). We apply our approach to three highly relevant PCB design optimization tasks and compare the performance of several popular GNN architectures on realworld datasets labeled by human experts. We show that GNNs can solve these problems with high accuracy and demonstrate that our approach offers the potential to automate PCB design optimizations in a timeand cost-efficient manner.
@inproceedings{plettenberg2025graph, abstract = {The design and optimization of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) schematics is crucial for the development of high-quality electronic devices. Thereby, an important task is to optimize drafts by adding components that improve the robustness and reliability of the circuit, e.g., pull-up resistors or decoupling capacitors. Since there is a shortage of skilled engineers and manual optimizations are very time-consuming, these best practices are often neglected. However, this typically leads to higher costs for troubleshooting in later development stages as well as shortened product life cycles, resulting in an increased amount of electronic waste that is difficult to recycle. Here, we present an approach for automating the addition of new components into PCB schematics by representing them as bipartite graphs and utilizing a node pair prediction model based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). We apply our approach to three highly relevant PCB design optimization tasks and compare the performance of several popular GNN architectures on realworld datasets labeled by human experts. We show that GNNs can solve these problems with high accuracy and demonstrate that our approach offers the potential to automate PCB design optimizations in a timeand cost-efficient manner.}, author = {Plettenberg, Pascal and Alcalde, André and Sick, Bernhard and Thomas, Josephine M.}, booktitle = {European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECMLPKDD)}, keywords = {PrintedCircuitBoards}, pages = {508–524}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {Graph Neural Networks for Automatic Addition of Optimizing Components in Printed Circuit Board Schematics}, year = 2025 }
%0 Conference Paper %1 plettenberg2025graph %A Plettenberg, Pascal %A Alcalde, André %A Sick, Bernhard %A Thomas, Josephine M. %B European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECMLPKDD) %D 2025 %I Springer %P 508--524 %R 10.1007/978-3-662-72243-5_29 %T Graph Neural Networks for Automatic Addition of Optimizing Components in Printed Circuit Board Schematics %U https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-72243-5_29 %X The design and optimization of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) schematics is crucial for the development of high-quality electronic devices. Thereby, an important task is to optimize drafts by adding components that improve the robustness and reliability of the circuit, e.g., pull-up resistors or decoupling capacitors. Since there is a shortage of skilled engineers and manual optimizations are very time-consuming, these best practices are often neglected. However, this typically leads to higher costs for troubleshooting in later development stages as well as shortened product life cycles, resulting in an increased amount of electronic waste that is difficult to recycle. Here, we present an approach for automating the addition of new components into PCB schematics by representing them as bipartite graphs and utilizing a node pair prediction model based on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). We apply our approach to three highly relevant PCB design optimization tasks and compare the performance of several popular GNN architectures on realworld datasets labeled by human experts. We show that GNNs can solve these problems with high accuracy and demonstrate that our approach offers the potential to automate PCB design optimizations in a timeand cost-efficient manner.
Flow-Attentional Graph Neural Networks.Plettenberg, Pascal; Köhler, Dominik; Sick, Bernhard; Thomas, Josephine M. In Transactions on Machine Learning Research. 2025.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ EndNote ]
- [ URL ]
Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become essential for learning from graph-structured data. However, existing GNNs do not consider the conservation law inherent in graphs associated with a flow of physical resources, such as electrical current in power grids or traffic in transportation networks, which can lead to reduced model performance. To address this, we propose flow attention, which adapts existing graph attention mechanisms to satisfy Kirchhoff’s first law. Furthermore, we discuss how this modification influences the expressivity and identify sets of non-isomorphic graphs that can be discriminated by flow attention but not by standard attention. Through extensive experiments on two flow graph datasets (electronic circuits and power grids), we demonstrate that flow attention enhances the performance of attention-based GNNs on both graph-level classification and regression tasks.
@article{plettenberg2025flow, abstract = {Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become essential for learning from graph-structured data. However, existing GNNs do not consider the conservation law inherent in graphs associated with a flow of physical resources, such as electrical current in power grids or traffic in transportation networks, which can lead to reduced model performance. To address this, we propose flow attention, which adapts existing graph attention mechanisms to satisfy Kirchhoff’s first law. Furthermore, we discuss how this modification influences the expressivity and identify sets of non-isomorphic graphs that can be discriminated by flow attention but not by standard attention. Through extensive experiments on two flow graph datasets (electronic circuits and power grids), we demonstrate that flow attention enhances the performance of attention-based GNNs on both graph-level classification and regression tasks.}, author = {Plettenberg, Pascal and Köhler, Dominik and Sick, Bernhard and Thomas, Josephine M.}, journal = {Transactions on Machine Learning Research}, keywords = {itegpub}, title = {Flow-Attentional Graph Neural Networks}, year = 2025 }
%0 Journal Article %1 plettenberg2025flow %A Plettenberg, Pascal %A Köhler, Dominik %A Sick, Bernhard %A Thomas, Josephine M. %D 2025 %J Transactions on Machine Learning Research %T Flow-Attentional Graph Neural Networks %U https://openreview.net/forum?id=tOzg7UxTPD %X Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become essential for learning from graph-structured data. However, existing GNNs do not consider the conservation law inherent in graphs associated with a flow of physical resources, such as electrical current in power grids or traffic in transportation networks, which can lead to reduced model performance. To address this, we propose flow attention, which adapts existing graph attention mechanisms to satisfy Kirchhoff’s first law. Furthermore, we discuss how this modification influences the expressivity and identify sets of non-isomorphic graphs that can be discriminated by flow attention but not by standard attention. Through extensive experiments on two flow graph datasets (electronic circuits and power grids), we demonstrate that flow attention enhances the performance of attention-based GNNs on both graph-level classification and regression tasks.