Forces on excited atoms

Van der Waals force

The force on an excited atom A is enhanced, timedependent, and different from the force on a ground-state atom B . The difference is due to photon recoil.

Casimir-Polder force:

^{P. Barcellona et al, Phys. Rev. A 94, 012705 (2016)}

^{R.R.Q.P.T Oude Weernick et al, Phys. Rev. A 97, 032507 (2018)}