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2023[ to top ]

Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Hevner, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Sharing Design Knowledge Through Codification in Interdisciplinary DSR Collaborations In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii (2023).
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The goals of design science research (DSR) projects are to generate novel and useful artifacts and to produce rigorous and generalizable design knowledge. Often, DSR projects are conducted in collaborative, interdisciplinary project teams. Different disciplinary approaches to codifying design knowledge result in challenging project interactions. To study this situation, we analyze design knowledge codification in interdisciplinary teams over time. We gain insights from a survey of recent DSR papers that have been published in the AIS Senior Scholars’ Basket. We then present a detailed case study of a longitudinal project that brought to light issues of sharing design knowledge across disciplinary borders. Drawing from the survey and case study, we provide actionable guidance on how to effectively codify and share design knowledge to support researchers and practitioners to build useful artifacts and to make interdisciplinary design knowledge contributions reusable and applicable.
Dickhaut, E., Li, M.M., Janson, A.: How Videoconferencing and its Affordances Transformed Teaching in Schools During COVID-19 Pandemic In: Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii (2023).
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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about major changes in digitization in many areas of life and professions. New areas were digitized almost overnight, the school system in Germany was no exception leading to a demand for videoconferencing tools and communication platforms. These technologies have many different functionalities that need to be discovered, explored, and exploited by the user. Given the disruptive events that the COVID pandemic brought to us, this paper aims to shed light on how the dynamics of discovery, exploration, and exploitation unfolds. We use a functional affordance theory perspective to analyze and understand how user learn to use new technologies. To do this, we conducted an exploratory case-study-based research design including interviews with teachers from various schools to analyze how they appropriate new technologies to develop an explanatory theoretical model.
Eider, M., Sick, B., Berl, A.: Context-aware recommendations for extended electric vehicle battery lifetime Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems (SUSCOM). 37, 100845 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2022.100845.
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Electric vehicles are a means of reducing CO2 emissions in transportation. However, the sustainability of electric vehicle batteries is affected by battery health degradation, which decreases their overall lifetime. This results in a substantial amount of depleted batteries due to replacements. Users have a major impact on battery health degradation through their actions while handling electric vehicles, such as the use of fast charging. To mitigate this problem, this article presents a methodology to generate user guidance for batteryfriendly actions in the upcoming use. Therefore, we first identify general recommendations from related work and combine them with the vehicle context in order to define context-aware recommendations in the form of if–then rules. These context-aware recommendations are then used to generate user advice. Second, the article covers how to predict the vehicle context in order to determine necessary recommendations. Third, a prescriptive recommendation system architecture is proposed, which takes vehicle context information, and produces user guidance. Finally, we test the proposed architecture using fuzzy logic as decision system. Overall, the architecture provides satisfactory user advice
Elshan, E., Dickhaut, E., Ebel, P.: An Investigation of Why Low Code Platforms Provide Answers and New Challenges In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii (2023).
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Although the idea of low code development is not new, the market for these oftentimes platform-based development approaches is exponentially growing. Especially factors such as increasing affinity for technology development across all user groups, consumerization of development, and advancing digitalization are opening a new target group for the low code movement. The broad application possibilities of low code, as well as the benefits, are therefore getting more important for businesses. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), low code constitutes a promising avenue to survive and succeed in the rapidly changing world. However, a clear understanding regarding the application of this paradigm of software development in SMEs is still missing. To provide a coherent understanding of the phenomenon low code in SMEs, we review extant literature and conduct interviews, identifying potential application domains and conceptualizing the benefits and challenges of low code from a holistic perspective.
Geminn, C., Johannes, P. Hrsg.: Europäisches Datenrecht Nomos (2023).
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Klee, S., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Automotive Manufacturers and Their Stumble from one Supply Crisis to Another: Procurement Departments Could be the Game Changer by Using Data Analytics, but… In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii, USA (2023).
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With this paper, we examine the use of data analytics for crisis management in automotive procurement departments. Possible business values of data analytics were part of numerous research approaches. Nevertheless, automotive manufacturers are repeatedly confronted with supply chain disruptions. Procurement departments have a central role within supply chains and are predominantly responsible for stable supply processes. Taking into account the potential of data analytics, such crises should be avoided or at least mitigated. Thus, there is the question, why data analytics cannot currently help automotive procurement departments by facing such crises. We therefore evaluate problems and obstacles by implementing and using data analytics in automotive procurement departments. Therefore, we talk to experienced procurement experts for evaluating practical insights. With our findings we provide practical insights and applicable recommendations for action with the goal of helping procurement leaders to better leverage data analytics for meeting current and future crises.
Li, M.M., Löfflad, D., Reh, C., Oeste-Reiß, S.: Towards the design of hybrid intelligence frontline service technologies – A novel human-in-the-loop configuration for human machine interactions In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii (2023).
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Oeste-Reiß, S., Söllner, M., Leimeister, J.M.: Transferring Well-Performing Collaborative Work Practices with Parameterized Templates and Guidebooks: Empowering Subject Matter Experts for an Adaptation to Slightly Different Contexts In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii, USA (2023).
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Collaborative work practices (CWPs) package facilitation expertise and have the potential to increase team productivity up to 90%. Collaboration engineers develop CWPs and deploy them to practitioners that execute them. These CWPs, however, are typically customized to conditions of a specific use case. This creates the challenge that changing use case conditions or even small variations across contexts, hinder well-performing CWPs of being applied more often to create a long-term value. Practitioners fail to adapt existing CWPs due to missing collaboration expertise and adaptation guidelines. To address this challenge in collaboration engineering literature, we introduce a) the Subject Matter Expert role; b) the ‘CWP Adaptation Approach’ that formalizes the transfer of CWPs to different contexts with parameterized Templates and Guidebooks. To show a first proof-of-concept, we further inductively generalize from an exemplarily use case with a well-performing CWP in the educational domain.
Oeste-Reiß, S., Söllner, M., Leimeister, J.M.: Collaborative Work Practices for Management Education: Using Collaboration Engineering to Design a Reusable and Scalable Collaborative Learning Instructional Design In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICCS). , Maui, Hawaii, USA (2023).
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Pandemics like COVID-19 highlight the needs and pitfalls of inclusive and equitable education in a digital society. IT-based instructional designs are needed to increase learners’ expertise, and to develop higher-order thinking skills. Instructional designs for collaborative learning (CL) seem to be a promising solution. However, they are mostly suitable for face-to-face and not for distance teaching. The core problem that impedes their reusability and scalability is a ‘collaboration problem’ for which collaboration engineering (CE) provides guidance. Therefore, we deploy a design science research study and contribute to CL and CE literature. We develop requirements and provide the design of an IT-based collaborative work practice fostering CL. We provide empirical evidence with an online experiment in a large-scale lecture with undergraduate business information students. This reveals that groups of learners who followed our CL experience achieve higher levels of expertise than those who followed a traditional ad hoc CL experience.
Peters, C., Richter, P.: Individualizing Patient Pathways through Modularization: Design and Evaluation of Healthcare-Specific Modularization Parameters In: Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2023). , Maui, Hawaii, USA (2023).
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Some classes of person-oriented services such as healthcare services require individualization to be effective. Individualizing services and corresponding patient pathways are costly. To provide such services in an individualized, but also efficient manner, service modularization is known as a solution. Until now, modularization parameters that take healthcare specificities into account are missing. This paper closes this gap. Following a design science research approach, we iteratively build and evaluate a set of healthcare-specific modularization parameters. For requirements elicitation, refinement of the modularization parameters and their evaluation, we conduct interviews with domain experts from patient pathways in oncology care as well as with service design and business development experts. As main theoretical contribution, this paper provides design knowledge for the modularization of healthcare services. For practice, the set of parameters assists healthcare providers in the efficient provision of individualized, patient-centric solutions and patient pathways.
Purohit, A.K., Barev, T.J., Schöbel, S., Janson, A., Holzer, A.: Designing for Digital Wellbeing on a Smartphone: Co-creation of Digital Nudges to Mitigate Instagram Overuse In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii, USA (2023).
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The endless stream of social media newsfeeds and stories captivates users for hours on end, sometimes exceeding what users themselves consider unhealthy. However, reducing one's social media consumption has proven to be challenging. To address this issue, this study investigates how the co-creation of the digital feedback nudge can improve digital well-being without increasing privacy threats. To achieve this goal, a mixed method study is used through a two-week pre-post study design. Results demonstrate that co-creation significantly increased users' sense of agency, sense of accomplishment and perceived sense of privacy while reducing users' privacy concern. Furthermore, the feedback nudge allowed participants to significantly decrease their social media use.
Ritz, E., Fabio, D., Elshan, E., Rietsche, R.: Artificial Socialization? How Artificial Intelligence Applications Can Shape A New Era of Employee Onboarding Practices In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii, USA (2023).
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Onboarding has always emphasized personal contact with new employees. Excellent onboarding can extend employee retention and improve loyalty. Even in a physical setting, the onboarding process is demanding for both the newcomer and the onboarding organization. Remote work, in contrast, has made this process even more challenging by forcing a rapid shift from offline to online onboarding practices. Organizations are adopting new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) to support work processes, such as hiring processes or innovation facilitation, which could shape a new era of work practices. However, it has not been studied how AI applications can or should support onboarding. Therefore, our research conducts a literature review on current onboarding practices and uses expert interviews to evaluate AI's potential and pitfalls for each action. We contribute to the literature by presenting a holistic picture of onboarding practices and assessing potential application areas of AI in the onboarding process.
Schöbel, S., Karatas, J., Tingelhoff, F., Leimeister, J.M.: Not everything is a Metaverse?! A Practitioners Perspective on Characterizing Metaverse Platforms In: Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference of System Science (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii, USA (2023).
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Organizations claim to host what is called a metaverse – an extended version of our real world. First rudimental realizations of such metaverses can be found throughout the internet, e.g., Epic Game’s Fortnite. At the same time, research and practice struggle to specify what a metaverse truly is and how we can characterize it. With our work, we analyze the proximity of the realization of a holistic metaverse platform and present the results of a qualitative interview study (n=30). The goal of our work is to use the expertise of practitioners to discuss different examples that claim to represent a metaverse, e.g., Second Life and Decentraland. To achieve this goal, we develop a typology we call the Metagon and use it to evaluate existing metaverse platforms. We contribute to theory by clarifying the meaning of metaverse platforms. Practitioners are guided by a demonstration of metaverse characteristics.
Tolzin, A., Janson, A.: Mechanisms of Common Ground in Human-Agent Interaction: A Systematic Review of Conversational Agent Research In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). , Maui, Hawaii, USA (2023).
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Human-agent interaction is increasingly influencing our personal and work lives through the proliferation of conversational agents in various domains. As such, these agents combine intuitive natural language interactions by also delivering personalization through artificial intelligence capabilities. However, research on CAs as well as practical failures indicate that CA interaction oftentimes fails miserably. To reduce these failures, this paper introduces the concept of building common ground for more successful human-agent interactions. Based on a systematic review our analysis reveals five mechanisms for achieving common ground: (1) Embodiment, (2) Social Features, (3) Joint Action, (4) Knowledge Base, and (5) Mental Model of Conversational Agents. On this basis, we offer insights into grounding mechanisms and highlight the potentials when considering common ground in different human-agent interaction processes. Consequently, we secure further understanding and deeper insights of possible mechanisms of common ground in human-agent interaction in the future.

2022[ to top ]

Akmeikina, E., Eilers, K., Li, M.M., Peters, C.: Empowerment Effects in Human-machine Collaboration - A Systematic Literature Review and Directions on Hybrid Intelligence Behavior Patterns In: Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS). , Taipei/Sidney (2022).
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The potentials of artificial intelligence (AI) are manifold and their discussion has gained momentum in research and practice. In the same realm, AI also raises fears among employees of being replaced by AI technologies and, therefore, shying away from using it. Generally, employees want to be empowered to do their job and seek both more responsibility, as well as make their own decisions. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review that investigates the current state of the literature on the potential empowering effects of AI-based human-machine behavior. We thus sorted the literature into three behavioral categories: humans shape machine behavior, machines shape human behavior, human-machine co-behavior and crossed them with psychological empowerment dimensions of significance, competence, self-determination, and influence. Our results show corresponding literature streams and provide future research directions in a field that is likely to disrupt the way we work in the future.
Ali, M.W.: Heterogeneous Multi-Source Deep Adaptive Knowledge-Aware Learning for E-Mobility In: IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems Companion (ACSOS-C). S. 57–60. IEEE (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSOSC56246.2022.00030.
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Electromobility (e-mobility) reduces global fossil fuel-based energy demand and promotes the usage of renewable energy sources. Different types of electric vehicle (EVs) production have increased recently due to their need. However, there is no fixed charging behavior, and demand exists. Uncontrolled EV charging may lead to a harmful impact on the power grid. Besides, most renewable energy sources depend highly on the weather and location. Thus, analyzing, forecasting, and adapting EV charging demand is essential to prevent power outages. Deep Learning (DL) models are a de facto standard technology for energy forecasting in many scenarios. Still, there is a lack of real-world data in the e-mobility domain to train a DL model from scratch. Besides, DL models have explainability issues, which can hinder decision-making. This article proposes a novel framework for addressing data scarcity issues, enabling continuous adaptation to change, and improving explainability.
Ali, M.W.: Deep Adaptive Knowledge-Aware Learning for E-Mobility In: Organic Computing - Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2022. kassel university press (2022).
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Electromobility can reduce global energy demand by reducing the dependence on fossil fuels. Many different types of electric vehicles (EVs) have been produced recently. They are in high demand, and EV usage is also rising. However, there is no fixed charging behavior or energy demand for these different types of EV users. Moreover, most renewable energy sources are stochastic and highly dependent on the weather. Thus, it is essential that EV charging demand is controlled and adapted in advance to prevent catastrophic failures such as blackouts. Deep Learning (DL) models are standard technology for power forecasting in many scenarios. However, there is a lack of real-world heterogeneous multi-source data in the e-mobility domain to train a deep learning model from scratch. Moreover, DL models lack model explainability. Therefore, EV stakeholders can benefit from a framework that coordinates deep transfer learning, interactive machine learning, and heterogeneous graph representation learning (to ensure self-explainability). This article aims to develop a novel framework to solve e-mobility-related tasks such as forecasting EV loads efficiently in a resource-constrained environment (data, computing power, etc.).
Athanasiadou, L., Klumbytė, G., Rouvroy, A.: Re-Imagining a ’We’ Beyond the Gathering of Reductions. Propositions for the Three Ecologies FOOTPRINT. 16, 121–134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.7480/footprint.16.1.5933.
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In this article Lila Athanasiadou and Goda Klumbytė engage in a conversation with Antoinette Rouvroy to revisit Guattari’s "Three Ecologies" and discuss their dynamics in and for the digital age. While a lot of the discourses on algorithms and digital future invoke catastrophic imaginaries of totalizing control, this conversation works with a propositional format, teasing out affirmative politics by pointing to spaces of potentiality within the environmental, the social and the mental realm. Starting from the environmental ecology and thinking of data as a waste, Rouvroy discusses planetary exhaustion as the result of the depletion of natural resources, forced labour practices and the assumption that data hold the answers to the problems posed by global capital. Proposing a space for material experimentation, she speculates on the potential of emerging subjectivities that remain irreducible to data flows. Within social ecology, Rouvroy advocates for the urgency to center digital policy as the space in which the new forms of institutions emerge in order to reorient the power of computation towards the commons. Lastly, within the mental ecology, Rouvroy reconceptualizes the legal subject as a performance that operates within the proliferation of asignifying data signs, reimagining a “we” beyond the gathering of reductions.
Bachmann, M., Acosta, L.H., Götz, J., Reinhardt, D., David, K.: Collision Avoidance for Vulnerable Road Users: Privacy versus Survival? In: 5th International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation and Autonomous Vehicles Technologies (ITAVT 2022) in conjunction with IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS 2022). S. 1–6 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS54207.2022.9789710.
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Barev, T.J., Dickhaut, E., Schomberg, S., Janson, A., Schöbel, S., Grote, T., Hornung, G., Leimeister, J.M.: Handlungsbroschüre. Systematisches Design digitaler Privacy Nudges – Handlungsempfehlungen zur Gestaltung von digitalen Privacy Nudges Kassel University Press, Kassel (2022). https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202210287049.
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Digitale Arbeitsumgebungen sind heutzutage allgegenwärtig. Zugleich hat die Anzahl an Möglichkeiten, Informationen über Arbeitstätigkeiten sowie sensible persönliche Daten elektronisch zu erfassen, drastisch zugenommen (Backhaus 2019). Unternehmen nutzen immer mehr Formen von digitalen Arbeitssystemen und setzen fortschrittliche Instrumente wie Big Data Analytik oder Künstliche Intelligenz ein. Damit können Daten schneller und in größerem Umfang als je zuvor gesammelt, aggregiert und analysiert werden (Malhotra et al. 2004). Darüber hinaus können Daten gesammelt werden, ohne dass der Einzelne davon weiß (Bélanger and Crossler 2011). Auf der einen Seite birgt die weit verbreitete Analyse von persönlichen Daten ein erhebliches Innovationspotenzial, einen wirtschaftlichen Wert sowie effizientere Arbeitsmodelle (Erevelles et al. 2016). Auf der anderen Seite ist die Anfälligkeit für Diskriminierung, kommerzielle Ausbeutung und unerwünschte Überwachung ebenso allgegenwärtig. Dadurch wird die Akzeptanz moderner IT‐Systeme behindert. Dieser Interessenkonflikt wird sich in den kommenden Jahren vermutlich noch verschärfen, da die Unternehmen von der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung profitieren.
Beddar-Wiesing, S.: Student Research Abstract: Using Local Activity Encoding for Dynamic Graph Pooling in Stuctural-Dynamic Graphs In: ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC). S. 604–609. ACM (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3477314.3506969.
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Graphs have recently become more popular for modeling real-world as well as theoretical problems, and several Machine Learning algorithms for learning on them have developed. For graphs that change over time, however, research is still at an early stage. This article proposes a framework DynHeatmaP that generates a constant-size graph sequence representation of graphs whose structure changes over time (structural-dynamic, SDG) in linear time. The framework uses a representation of additions and deletions of nodes and edges (events) to perform dynamic graph pooling. Our algorithm translates the dynamic changes of the nodes and edges to a heatmap representation of the current node activity, regarding additions and deletions in the neighborhood, respectively. The created activity heatmap is utilized as probabilities of the nodes to be sampled in the subsequent pooling step. In addition, the neighborhood of selected nodes has been sampled such that the ratio of additions and deletions is represented accordingly. The obtained downsampled graph sequence can then be used representatively as input to a GNN for learning on the original stream. Focussing on the active regions in a graph, the fast pooling process can reduce the training time significantly and addresses the problem of unbalanced datasets in real-world applications modeled as sparse graphs.
Beddar-Wiesing, S., D’Inverno, G.A., Graziani, C., Lachi, V., Moallemy-Oureh, A., Scarselli, F.: On the Extension of the Weisfeiler-Lehman Hierarchy by WL Tests for Arbitrary Graphs In: Workshp on Mining and Learning on Graphs (MLG), ECML PKDD. S. 1–13 (2022).
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Graph isomorphism (GI) has occupied both theoreticians and applied scientists since the early 1950s. Over the years, several approaches and algorithms with which an isomorphism between two graphs can be tested have been developed. A general approach is the Weisfeiler–Lehman (WL) test, which is based on a coloring algorithm and provides a necessary criterion for graph isomorphism. However, the WL test is restricted to examining graphs with only node attributes. Therefore, this paper presents two extensions of the WL algorithm to allow for testing on arbitrary graphs. One considers edge attributes, and the other tests the isomorphism on dynamic graphs. Additionally, we extend the WL-hierarchy by the attributed and dynamic WL tests and show that it is a partial order, which induces a lattice. In the future, this may allow for practical implications coming from lattice theory.
Beddar-Wiesing, S., D’Inverno, G.A., Graziani, C., Lachi, V., Moallemy-Oureh, A., Scarselli, F., Thomas, J.: Weisfeiler-Lehman goes Dynamic: An Analysis of the Expressive Power of Graph Neural Networks for Attributed and Dynamic Graphs arXiv e-prints. arXiv:2210.03990 (2022).
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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a large class of relational models for graph processing. Recent theoretical studies on the expressive power of GNNs have focused on two issues. On the one hand, it has been proven that GNNs are as powerful as the Weisfeiler-Lehman test (1-WL) in their ability to distinguish graphs. Moreover, it has been shown that the equivalence enforced by 1-WL equals unfolding equivalence. On the other hand, GNNs turned out to be universal approximators on graphs modulo the constraints enforced by 1-WL/unfolding equivalence. However, these results only apply to Static Undirected Homogeneous Graphs with node attributes. In contrast, real-life applications often involve a variety of graph properties, such as, e.g., dynamics or node and edge attributes. In this paper, we conduct a theoretical analysis of the expressive power of GNNs for these two graph types that are particularly of interest. Dynamic graphs are widely used in modern applications, and its theoretical analysis requires new approaches. The attributed type acts as a standard form for all graph types since it has been shown that all graph types can be transformed without loss to Static Undirected Homogeneous Graphs with attributes on nodes and edges (SAUHG). The study considers generic GNN models and proposes appropriate 1-WL tests for those domains. Then, the results on the expressive power of GNNs are extended by proving that GNNs have the same capability as the 1-WL test in distinguishing dynamic and attributed graphs, the 1-WL equivalence equals unfolding equivalence and that GNNs are universal approximators modulo 1-WL/unfolding equivalence. Moreover, the proof of the approximation capability holds for SAUHGs, which include most of those used in practical applications, and it is constructive in nature allowing to deduce hints on the architecture of GNNs that can achieve the desired accuracy.
Benner, D., Schöbel, S., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: How to Achieve Ethical Persuasive Design: A Review and Theoretical Propositions for Information Systems AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction (THCI). 14, 548–577 (2022). https://doi.org/10.17705/1thci.00179.
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Persuasive system design (PSD) is an umbrella term for designs in information systems (IS) that can influence people’s attitude, behavior, or decision making for better or for worse. On the one hand, PSD can improve users’ engagement and motivation to change their attitude, behavior, or decision making in a favorable way, which can help them achieve a desired outcome and, thus, improve their wellbeing. On the other hand, PSD misuse can lead to unethical and undesirable outcomes, such as disclosing unnecessary information or agreeing to terms that do not favor users, which, in turn, can negatively impact their wellbeing. These powerful persuasive designs can involve concepts such as gamification, gamblification, and digital nudging, which all have become prominent in recent years and have been implemented successfully across different sectors, such as education, e-health, e-governance, e-finance, and digital privacy contexts. However, such persuasive influence on individuals raises ethical questions as PSD can impair users’ autonomy or persuade them towards a third party’s goals and, hence, lead to unethical decision-making processes and outcomes. In human-computer interaction, recent advances in artificial intelligence have made this topic particularly significant. These novel technologies allow one to influence the decisions that users make, to gather data, and to profile and persuade users into unethical outcomes. These unethical outcomes can lead to psychological and emotional damage to users. To understand the role that ethics play in persuasive system design, we conducted an exhaustive systematic literature analysis and 20 interviews to overview ethical considerations for persuasive system design. Furthermore, we derive potential propositions for more ethical PSD and shed light on potential research gaps.
Benner, D., Schöbel, S., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Can you help me scale? A Systematic Analysis of Scaling Capabilities of Conversational Agents for Digital Services In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI) (2022).
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Today’s servitized and digitalized society has significant implications for the economic system as value creation increasingly shifts towards digital services. Organizations are increasingly relying of artificial intelligence, which enables them to operate with novel technological artifacts like conversational agents (CA). These human-like AI-driven artifacts open new possibilities and channels for service providers to scale up their business even further and to create a business value or even to make processes more efficient. While we witness the results of that each day, we do not fully understand how such CAs can contribute to scaling up a business. Therefore, we conduct an analysis of service research and popular CAs to determine the status quo and highlight opportunities for scaling services with CAs. We contribute to theory by clarifying the meaning of scalability in combination with CAs and support practitioners by providing an overview about how organizations successfully scale their CAs.
Benner, D., Schöbel, S., Sueess, C.: Towards Gamified Conversational Agents for Self-Regulated Learning in Digital Education In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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Formal education like higher education oftentimes emphasized on strict non-digital setting. This approach can lead to issues during stressful times (e.g., Covid crisis) or when learners’ needs in general are not considered. Moreover, these times highlighted how important self-regulated learning is and how much this capability is lacking in our educational system. To address these issues, we follow an Action Design Research approach and develop a gamified conversational agent (CA) that considers the learners’ needs. We present our CA and conduct a first small-scale evaluation following a mixed-method approach. First results show that students universally liked a CA for self-regulated digital learning and many enjoyed the gamified experience which helped students to be motivated to learn. As next steps we will develop the next iteration of our CA and conduct a long-term field test at a university.
Benner, D., Schöbel, S., Süess, C., Baechle, V., Janson, A.: Level-Up your Learning - Introducing a Framework for Gamified Educational Conversational Agents In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI) (2022).
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Driven by circumstances like the global pandemic many learners and educators realize the importance and value of self-regulated digital learning. To better support self-regulated learning, conversational agents have become more relevant. Conversational agents can act as tutor or as learning mate for learners. Although conversational agents have potential to better support self-regulated learning processes, challenges exist requiring implications about how to make these interactions more engaging and supportive. This study discusses the value of gamified conversational learning chatbots that use game elements to engage learners to guide researchers and practitioners to design conversational agents that effectively motivate learners and provide self-regulated learning at the same time. Therefore, we propose a systematically developed framework for gamifying educational conversational agents and contribute to theory by consolidating several theories about games, digital learning, and conversational agents and support practitioners by providing implications about what to care about when gamifying conversational agents.
Bile, T.: Selbstverantwortung und Selbstregulierung nach der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung Universität Kassel (2022).
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Bile, T., Friedewald, M., Roßnagel, A., Geminn, C., Karaboga, M., Hansen, M., Bieker, F.: Zur Einführung einer Überwachungs-Gesamtrechnung Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 572–577 (2022).
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Billert, M.S., Weinert, T., Thiel de Gafenco, M., Janson, A., Klusmeyer, J., Leimeister, J.M.: Vocational Training with Microlearning - How Low-Immersive 360-Degree Learning Environments Support Work-Process-Integrated Learning IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. 15, 540–553 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2022.3176777.
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In-company training is facing new challenges in preparing employees for the demands of digitalized and automated manufacturing. New training concepts like microlearning are necessary to support work-process-related learning. To handle the limitations of microlearning, we develop a 360-degree learning system to demonstrate a realistic work environment. Nonetheless, there is a lack of design knowledge supporting the motivation and performance of employees using the system. Based on a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews, we have developed design requirements for interactive 360-degree learning environments. We used a workshop-based mixed-method approach with interviews, concept maps, and video analysis to evaluate the motivation and performance of precision mechanics within a prototypical work-process-oriented learning environment in an inter-company vocational training center. The results show a positive effect on learning outcomes and motivation. In addition, the ease of use and sense of presence while using the learning environment are rated as high. We contribute to theory by shedding new light on learners' motivation and performance within work-process-oriented interactive 360-degree learning environments. Furthermore, we offer guidelines for developing such interactive 360-degree learning environments.
Braidotti, R., Jones, E., Klumbytė, G. Hrsg.: More Posthuman Glossary Bloomsbury Publishing (2022).
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The notion of the posthuman continues to both intrigue and confuse, not least because of the huge number of ideas, theories and figures associated with this term. More Posthuman Glossary provides a way in to the dizzying array of posthuman concepts, providing vivid accounts of emerging terms. It is much more than a series of definitions, however, in that it seeks to imagine and predict what new terms might come into being as this exciting field continues to expand. A follow-up volume to the brilliant interventions of Posthuman Glossary (2018), this book extends and elaborates on that work, particularly focusing on concepts of race, indigeneity and new ideas in radical ecology. It also includes new and emerging voices within the new humanities and multiple modes of communicating ideas. This is an indispensible glossary for those who are exploring what the non-human, inhuman and posthuman might mean in the 21st century.
Braidotti, R., Jones, E., Klumbytė, G.: Convergences In: Braidotti, R., Jones, E., und Klumbytė, G. (Hrsg.) More Posthuman Glossary. S. 21–22. Bloomsbury Publishing (2022).
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Braidotti, R., Klumbytė, G.: Posthuman Care In: Braidotti, R., Jones, E., und Klumbytė, G. (Hrsg.) More Posthuman Glossary. S. 105–106. Bloomsbury Publishing (2022).
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Büscher, M., Gutjahr, A., Hornung, G., Schindler, S., Selzer, A., Spiecker gen. Döhmann, I., Stummer, S., Wilmer, T., Zurawski, P.: Verhaltensbeeinflussung durch Beobachtung? Eine explorative Nutzerbefragung zu den Auswirkungen verschiedener Beobachtungssituationen Nationales Forschungszentrum für angewandte Cybersicherheit ATHENE, Darmstadt (2022).
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Choi, J.-E., Setz, T., Steinebach, M., Vogel, I.: Natural Language Processing (NLP) und der Datenschutz - Chancen und Risiken für den Schutz der Privatheit In: Demmler, D., Krupka, D., und Federrath, H. (Hrsg.) INFORMATIK 2022. S. 651–664. Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn (2022).
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Cramar, L.: Beiträge zur Interaktionsgestaltung bei Überwachung und Steuerung industriell eingesetzter mobiler Roboter Kassel University Press, Kassel (2022).
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Die Motivation, in der verfahrens- und prozesstechnischen Industrie mobile Roboter einzusetzen, sowohl zur Handhabung gefährlicher Gegenstände, z. B. von chemisch, biologisch oder radioaktiv kontaminiertem Material, als auch zur Entlastung des Menschen bei monotonen und vigilanzkritischen Tätigkeiten, hat in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten stark zugenommen. Durch die hohe Komplexität solcher Einsätze können die Robotersysteme allerdings nicht völlig autonom eingesetzt werden und erfordern eine Überwachung sowie bei Bedarf eine teleoperative Steuerung durch menschliche Operatoren, was ihnen einen semiautonomen Charakter verleiht. Die dazu erforderliche Überwachung sowie bei Bedarf Teleoperation mobiler Roboter erfolgt durch menschliche Operatoren aus der Leitwarte heraus, was für diese eine besondere Herausforderung darstellt: Neben der Planung des durchzuführenden Ansatzes, bei der alle Schritte und Besonderheiten bereits im Voraus zu planen sind, ist auch die Überwachung und Steuerung solcher Systeme mit besonderen Problemen und Schwierigkeiten behaftet. Um dem Zweck der Entlastung der Mitarbeiter gerecht zu werden, muss die Bedienung des Robotersystems entsprechend gestaltet sein. Da der Einsatz von Interaktionsmedien und -konzepten vor allem in sicherheitskritischen Bereichen einen noch innovativen Charakter trägt, muss besonders genau überprüft werden, ob die erwarteten Vorteile auch in diesem Kontext positiv bewertet werden können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde anhand des Anwendungsfalls RoboGasInspector das Vorgehen zur Gestaltung einer gebrauchstauglichen Interaktion zur Überwachung und Steuerung der Inspektionsroboter und deren Einzelteile (bspw. Kamera und Roboterarm) nach dem Prinzip des menschzentrierten Gestaltungsansatzes vorgestellt. Den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet dabei die evaluationsbasierte Ableitung konkreter Hinweise für die Gestaltung der Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion im ausgewählten Anwendungsfall. Welche Technologien in das Robotersystem integriert und zum erfolgreichen und sicheren Bedienen des Systems führen können, wurde anhand ausgewählter Beispiele im iterativen Gestaltungsprozess, von der Erhebung der Anforderungen über das Erarbeiten von Gestaltungslösungen sowie Evaluation dieser unter Laborbedingungen analysiert und diskutiert. Die Ableitung von Gestaltungsempfehlungen wurde anschließend exemplarisch vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Cvetkovic, I., Oeste-Reiß, S., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Bittner, E.: What should AI know? Information disclosure in human-AI collaboration In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). , Timisoara, Romania (2022).
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AI-assisted Design Thinking shows great potential for supporting collaborative creative work. To foster creative thinking processes within teams with individualized suggestions, AI has to rely on data provided by the teams. As a prerequisite, team members need to weigh their disclosure preferences against the potential benefits of AI when disclosing information. To shed light on these decisions, we identify relevant information such as emotional states or discussion arguments that design thinking teams could provide to AI to enjoy the benefits of its support. Using the privacy calculus as theoretical lens, we draft a research design to analyze user preferences for disclosing different information relevant to the service bundles that AI provides for respective information. We make explorative contributions to the body of knowledge in terms of AI use and its corresponding information disclosure. The findings are relevant for practice as they guide the design of AI that fosters information disclosure.
Dankwa, N.K.: Traversing the Insider’s Path toward Equitable Research Practices for Migrants Interactions. 29, 62–65 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3512330.
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In this forum we explore different perspectives for how to apply intersectionality as a critical framework for design across multiple contexts. --- Yolanda A. Rankin and Jakita O. Thomas, Editors
David, K., Dobbins, C., Okoshi, T., Ohly, S., Peltonen, E.: EmotionAware 2022: Sixth International Workshop on Emotion Awareness for Pervasive Computing Beyond Traditional Approaches - Welcome and Committees 2022 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and other Affiliated Events, PerCom Workshops 2022. i-ii (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/PerComWorkshops53856.2022.9767520.
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Decke, J., Engelhardt, A., Rauch, L., Degener, S., Sajjadifar, S., Scharifi, E., Steinhoff, K., Niendorf, T., Sick, B.: Predicting flow stress behavior of an AA7075 alloy using machine learning methods Crystals. 9, 1–19 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091281.
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This work focuses on the prediction of hot deformation behavior of thermo-mechanically processed precipitation hardenable aluminum alloy AA7075. Data available are focusing on a novel hot forming process at different tool temperatures ranging from 24°C to 350°C to set different cooling rates after solution-heat-treatment. Isothermal uniaxial tensile tests in the temperature range from 200°C to 400°C and at strain rates ranging from 0.001 s^-1 to 0.1 s^-1 were carried out on four different material conditions. The present paper mainly focuses on a comparative study of modeling techniques based on Machine Learning (ML) and the well-known Zerilli-Armstrong model (Z-A) as an empirically based reference. Work focused on predicting single data points of curves that the model was trained on. Due to the novel way data were split with respect to training and testing data, it becomes possible to predict entire stress-strain curves which leads to a reduction in the number of required laboratory experiments, finally saving costs and time in future experiments. While all investigated ML methods showed a higher performance than the Z-A model, the extreme Gradient Boosting model (XGB) showed the superior results, i.e., highest error reduction of 91% with respect to the Mean Squared Error.
Decke, J., Schmeißing, J., Botache, D., Bieshaar, M., Sick, B., Gruhl, C.: NDNET: A Unified Framework for Anomaly and Novelty Detection In: International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS). S. 197–210. Springer (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21867-5_13.
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We introduce NDNET (https://novelty-detection.net/p/ndnet), an anomaly and novelty detection library that implements various detection algorithms adjusted for online processing of data streams. The intention of this library is threefold: 1) Make experimentation with different anomaly and novelty detection algorithms simple. 2) Support the development of new novelty detection approaches by providing the mCANDIES framework. 3) Provide fundamentals to analyze and evaluate novelty detection algorithms on data streams. The library is freely available and developed as open-source software.
Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Conceptualizing Design Knowledge in IS Research – A Review and Taxonomy of Design Knowledge Properties In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). S. 5778–5787. , Hawaii, USA (2022).
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Design science projects are of great interest in information systems (IS) research. Typically, design-oriented projects generate valuable design knowledge through the design and possible instantiation of artifacts. Although designing novel artifacts and accumulating design knowledge is common practice in IS, there is still limited shared knowledge about the distinctive characteristics of design knowledge to facilitate its accumulation. To address this issue, we develop a design knowledge taxonomy and contribute to a deeper understanding of design knowledge properties. The taxonomy is grounded on a systematic literature review, followed by a combination of empirical-to-conceptual and conceptual-to-empirical iterations. We evaluate the taxonomy by interviewing six domain experts and demonstrate its practical application and utility. Thus, the taxonomy consists of key dimensions and characteristics of design knowledge and contributes to a better scientific understanding of its characteristics. Practitioners can use the taxonomy as an instrument to further understand, design, and accumulate design knowledge.
Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Analyzing Design Knowledge Representation in Design Science Research and Deriving Recommendations to Support Design Knowledge Codification In: Drechsler, A., Gerber, A., und Hevner, A. (Hrsg.) The Transdisciplinary Reach of Design Science Research. 17th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). S. 417–428. , St. Petersburg, Florida, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06516-3_31.
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The goal of design science research is the generation of novel artifacts. Thereby DSR projects generate valuable design knowledge, thus, underscoring the importance to codify of design knowledge for achieving scientific progress. The research community observes that DSR projects generate a large amount of design knowledge, but the developed knowledge often ends as a single success story. To counter this situation, we analyze the variety of design knowledge representation forms that have been published in the AIS Senior Scholars’ Basket in design science research papers. Based on our systematic literature review, we identify prevalent ways of design knowledge representations. We provide as a central contribution how to effectively communicate design knowledge through the derivation of recommendations that provides practical guidance to support researchers and practitioners in making design knowledge contributions reusable and applicable.
Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: It Takes Two to Tango: Design Thinking and Design Patterns for Better System Development In: Hehn, J., Mendez, D., Brenner, W., und Broy, M. (Hrsg.) Design Thinking for Software Engineering. S. 201–211. Springer, Cham, Switzerland (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90594-1_14.
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Design Thinking has become a well-established approach to solving wicked problems through creative and conceptual solutions. Thus, Design Thinking approaches usually end with finding novel solutions but do not offer support in the practical implementation of these solutions. To bridge the gap between finding creative solutions and implementing them into suitable end products, we see Design Patterns as a useful approach to combine the advantages of both sides—the human-centered Design Thinking approach and the practical implementation in system development. Design Patterns offer proven solutions to recurring problems and thus provide design knowledge to solve complex design problems. In this contribution, we demonstrate how Design Patterns act as a complement to Design Thinking by using the example of designing a lawful smart personal learning assistant. We use Design Thinking to extract the design solution of the lawful learning assistant and develop it with the help of Design Patterns. We demonstrate the use of Design Patterns by using the deletion routine Design Pattern as an example of how a Design Pattern can be used for lawful design in addition to their known fields of application in system development. The evaluation results show that the combination of Design Thinking and Design Patterns lead to an approach that not only identifies novel, complex solutions but also supports their practical implementation.
Dickhaut, E., Li, M.M., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: The Role of Design Patterns in the Development and Legal Assessment of Lawful Technologies Electronic Markets (Electron Markets). (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00597-1.
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Novel technologies such as smart personal assistants integrate digital services into everyday life. These services use personal data to offer personalized services. While they are subject to special data protection regulations at the time of development, there are few guidelines describing the transition from legal requirements to implementation. To reduce risks, services depend on external legal assessments. With developers and legal experts often missing either legal or technical knowledge, the challenge lies in bridging this gap. We observe that design patterns support both developers and legal experts, and we present an approach in which design patterns are leveraged to provide twofold value for both developers and legal experts when dealing with novel technologies. We conducted a revelatory case study for smart personal assistants and scaffolded the case interpretation through cognitive fit theory. On the basis of the findings, we develop a theoretical model to explain and predict the twofold value of design patterns to develop and assess lawful technologies.
Dickhaut, E., Thies, L.F., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M., Söllner, M.: Entwurfsmuster für die interdisziplinäre Gestaltung rechtsverträglicher Systeme In: Friedewald, M., Kreutzer, M., und Hansen, M. (Hrsg.) Selbstbestimmung, Privatheit und Datenschutz. S. 469–487. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33306-5_23.
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Durch die Digitalisierung werden immer mehr Technologien entwickelt. Dabei gewinnt die soziotechnische Systementwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung, in deren Rahmen nicht nur das technische System isoliert betrachtet wird, sondern auch der Nutzer und sein Umfeld. Insbesondere bei der Entwicklung rechtsverträglicher Systeme stehen Entwickler häufig aufgrund fehlenden rechtlichen Fachwissens vor großen Herausforderungen. Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn es um intelligente, selbstlernende Systeme geht. Diese Systeme sammeln, um die Qualität ihrer Dienste zu optimieren und Nutzerbedürfnissen zu entsprechen mithilfe leistungsfähiger Technologien große Mengen an personenbezogenen Daten, was Risiken für die informationelle Selbstbestimmung der Nutzer mit sich bringt. Um diesen Risiken entgegenzuwirken nutzen wir Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster. Ziel des Beitrags ist daher mittels eines multi-methodischen Ansatzes aufzuzeigen, welchen Beitrag interdisziplinäre Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster für die Entwicklung rechtsverträglicher und qualitativ hochwertiger KI-basierter Systeme leisten können. Um die Wirksamkeit der Muster zu untersuchen wurde mithilfe der Muster ein Lernassistent entwickelt und durch die Methode der Simulationsstudie evaluiert.
Diesterhöft, T.O., Benner, D., Brauer, B.: Introducing Conversational Explanations as a Novel Response Strategy to Data Breach Incidents in Digital Commerce In: pre-ICIS Workshop on Information Security and Privacy (WISP). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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In order to individualize and personalize digital services, an increasing number of e-commerce providers are exploiting abundant amounts of customer information. Alongside these positive effects, an inherent risk of compromise of customer information arises, resulting in data breaches. Compelled by regulations, companies are obliged to notify their customers. Previous literature indicates that different data breach response strategies can mitigate the negative effects of these security incidents. Drawing on data breach and conversational agent (CA) research, we theorize that the manner in which a data breach is communicated is equally relevant. We test our developed hypotheses in an online experiment (n=89). Our results show that explaining a data breach increases customer satisfaction. Simultaneously, we reveal that CAs lend themselves as a tool to positively influence this degree of explanation. Our work provides novel insights into the centrality of explanation in a data breach response and their positive correlation with CAs.
Dingel, K.: Actively Controlling and Redesigning Experiments using the Application Case of Free-Electron Laser Pulse Characterization In: Tomforde, S. und Krupitzer, C. (Hrsg.) Organic Computing -- Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2021. S. 86–98. kassel university press (2022).
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Experiments are the elective tool for developing new technologies, testing hypotheses, and designing new materials in many scientific fields. Thereby, it is state-of-the-art to create experiments traditionally, starting with a hypothesis leading to the product or relevant data after several experiment cycles. There are some techniques such as automation, parallelization, or inverse design to accelerate experiments. Particularly interesting, however, is the approach to integrate immediate data analysis into the experiment cycle. By analyzing experiment output data on-site using, e.g., neural networks, one can make inferences regarding the experiment's current settings at run-time and furthermore improve them. In the following research project, the goal is to develop and incorporate a data analysis stage into an experimental setup, which can be actively adapted and designed on-site. To demonstrate the developed method, the experimental design of a self-amplification of spontaneous emission pulse characterization experiment at a free-electron laser will be used to show to what extent the experiment can be adapted and optimized.
Dingel, K., Otto, T., Marder, L., Funke, L., Held, A., Savio, S., Hans, A., Hartmann, G., Meier, D., Viefhaus, J., Sick, B., Ehresmann, A., Ilchen, M., Helml, W.: Artificial intelligence for online characterization of ultrashort X‑ray free‑electron laser pulses Scientific Reports. 12, 1–14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21646-x.
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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) as the world’s brightest light sources provide ultrashort X-ray pulses with a duration typically in the order of femtoseconds. Recently, they have approached and entered the attosecond regime, which holds new promises for single-molecule imaging and studying nonlinear and ultrafast phenomena such as localized electron dynamics. The technological evolution of XFELs toward well-controllable light sources for precise metrology of ultrafast processes has been, however, hampered by the diagnostic capabilities for characterizing X-ray pulses at the attosecond frontier. In this regard, the spectroscopic technique of photoelectron angular streaking has successfully proven how to non-destructively retrieve the exact time–energy structure of XFEL pulses on a single-shot basis. By using artificial intelligence techniques, in particular convolutional neural networks, we here show how this technique can be leveraged from its proof-of-principle stage toward routine diagnostics even at high-repetition-rate XFELs, thus enhancing and refining their scientific accessibility in all related disciplines.
Draude, C., Gruhl, C., Hornung, G., Kropf, J., Lamla, J., Leimeister, J.M., Sick, B., Stumme, G.: Social Machines Informatik Spektrum. 45, 38–42 (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-021-01421-4.
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Social Machines sind ein Paradigma für die Gestaltung soziotechnischer Systeme, die unter Verwendung von Web- und Plattformlösungen das Potenzial digitaler Technologien mit der Eigenlogik sozialer Interaktion, Organisation und Struk- turbildung auf neue Weise zusammenführen. Im Folgenden diskutieren wir das Paradigma der Social Machine aus den Perspektiven der Informatik, der Wirtschaftsinformatik, der Soziologie und des Rechts, um Orientierungspunkte für seine Gestaltung zu identifizieren. Der Begriff ist in der Literatur jedoch bisher nicht abschließend definiert sondern nur durch Beispiele illustriert. In diesem Artikel stellen wir zunächst die folgende Definition zur Diskussion: Social Machines sind soziotechnische Sys- teme, in denen die Prozesse sozialer Interaktion hybrid zwischen menschlichen und maschinellen Akteuren ablaufen und teilweise algorithmisiert sind. Im Anschluss beleuchten wir drei aktuelle, sich gegenseitig bedingende Entwicklungen von Social Machines: die immer stärkere Verschmelzung von Sozialität und Maschine, die Vermessung von Nutzeraktivitäten als Grundstoff gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalts und die zunehmende Algorithmisierung gesellschaftlicher Prozesse. Ab- schließend diskutieren wir, dass eine teilhabeorientierte, demokratischen Werten folgende Gestaltung von Social Machines die Perspektiven der Nutzungsakzeptanz, der gesellschaftlichen Akzeptabilität und der nachhaltigen Wirtschaftlichkeit adressieren und umsetzen muss.
Draude, C., Hornung, G., Klumbytė, G.: Mapping Data Justice as a Multidimensional Concept Through Feminist and Legal Perspectives In: Hepp, A., Jarke, J., und Kramp, L. (Hrsg.) New Perspectives in Critical Data Studies: The Ambivalences of Data Power. S. 187–216. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96180-0_9.
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This chapter interrogates ``data justice'' through the lenses of feminist and legal studies to reconfigure data justice as a multidimensional, interdisciplinary practice in IT-design. First, we look at how data justice is framed in feminist research and feminist-informed critical data and design perspectives, as well as how it is conceptualised in law, particularly in the context of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and legal debates around privacy in Europe. Second, we recommend conceptual shifts, design approaches, and legal measures towards data justice. Our chapter contributes to new perspectives in critical data studies by showing that data justice can provide a conceptual ground that serves both the needs of legal formalisation as well as feminist imperatives of contextualisation and specificity.
Draude, C., Klumbytė, G.: Hybrid Spaces, Hybrid Methodologies: Finding Ways of Working with Social Sciences and Humanities in Human-Computer Interaction In: Kurosu, M. (Hrsg.) Human-Computer Interaction. Theoretical Approaches and Design Methods. S. 40–56. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05311-5_3.
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Starting from the need for responsible research and innovation in computing, this paper addresses the challenges that come from working with the social sciences and the humanities in human-computer interaction. In this paper, we attempt to move beyond interdisciplinarity towards transdisciplinarity. In particular, we explore concepts of hybridity and third spaces that are used in HCI participatory design practices. We trace back the postcolonial, decolonial and feminist scholarship basis of these concepts and look at how their critical potential can inform a conceptualization of what we call hybrid methodology in its own right. For this, we present three case studies. The first two work with experimental spaces in artistic research and research through design, the third works with intersectional critical and speculative methodologies in machine learning systems design. The first two case studies center around the discussions of disciplinary openness through experimentation as a way of moving beyond interdisciplinarity towards transdisciplinarity; the third zooms in on the role of critical theoretical knowledge from the social sciences and the humanities as knowledge that enables new orientations in research and design of IT systems.
Dürrschnabel, D., Hanika, T., Stubbemann, M.: FCA2VEC: Embedding Techniques for Formal Concept Analysis In: Missaoui, R., Kwuida, L., und Abdessalem, T. (Hrsg.) Complex Data Analytics with Formal Concept Analysis. S. 47–74. Springer International Publishing (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93278-7_3.
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Dürrschnabel, D., Hanika, T., Stumme, G.: Discovering Locally Maximal Bipartite Subgraphs, http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.10446, (2022).
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Induced bipartite subgraphs of maximal vertex cardinality are an essential concept for the analysis of graphs. Yet, discovering them in large graphs is known to be computationally hard. Therefore, we consider in this work a weaker notion of this problem, where we discard the maximality constraint in favor of inclusion maximality. Thus, we aim to discover locally maximal bipartite subgraphs. For this, we present three heuristic approaches to extract such subgraphs and compare their results to the solutions of the global problem. For the latter, we employ the algorithmic strength of fast SAT-solvers. Our three proposed heuristics are based on a greedy strategy, a simulated annealing approach, and a genetic algorithm, respectively. We evaluate all four algorithms with respect to their time requirement and the vertex cardinality of the discovered bipartite subgraphs on several benchmark datasets
Eilers, K., Peters, C., Leimeister, J.M.: Why the agile mindset matters Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 179, 1–14 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121650.
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Volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA) are drivers in today's business world. To perform amid this accelerated change and the digitalization progress, organizations are implementing agility. However, such an implementation does not happen without stumbling blocks and some fail. One reason for this is actors’ agile mindset (AM), which is necessary to deal succefully within a VUCA environment. Knowledge of the AM is in its infancy and conceptualization and measuring tools for it are lacking. Furthermore, the relation of the AM in terms of strategic agility and performance is still unclear. Our study aims to close these gaps. We examine AM through 15 interviews and a survey (N = 449) to predict strategic agility and performance. As a result, we conceptualize AM as an attitude that comprises four dimensions: attitude towards 1) learning spirit, 2) collaborative exchange, 3) empowered self-guidance, and 4) customer co-creation. Furthermore, we describe how actors with an AM deal with new technologies. We found that AM affects organizational performance mediated by strategic agility. These findings contribute to the agility and management research by providing a conceptualization and measuring instrument for AM. Furthermore, its relevance for strategic agility is explained and its relationship with organizational performance outlined.
Elshan, E., Siemon, D., de Vreede, T., de Vreede, G.-J., Oeste-Reiß, S., Ebel, P.: Requirements for AI-based Teammates: A Qualitative Inquiry in the Context of Creative Workshops In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (2022). https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2022.020.
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Innovation requires organizations to tap into the knowledge and creativity of teams. However, teams are confronted with massive amounts of data and information, necessitating a broad set of knowledge, methodologies, and approaches to solve problems and innovate. Consequently, team composition has become a critical challenge. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) may assist in addressing this challenge. As AI is permeating both business and private sectors, organizational teams may be augmented with AI team members. However, given the nascent nature of this phenomenon, little is known about the specific roles and requirements for such AI teammates. Within an interview study we discover common challenges in teams and identify recurring capability gaps of participants and behaviors that negatively impact the team's collective performance. Based on our findings, we propose requirements for AI-based teammates to address these gaps and support beneficial collaboration between humans and AI in teams.
Elshan, E., Zierau, N., Engel, C., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Understanding the Design Elements Affecting User Acceptance of Intelligent Agents: Past, Present and Future Information Systems Frontiers (Inf Syst Front). 24, 699–730 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10230-9.
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Intelligent agents (IAs) are permeating both business and society. However, interacting with IAs poses challenges moving beyond technological limitations towards the human-computer interface. Thus, the knowledgebase related to interaction with IAs has grown exponentially but remains segregated and impedes the advancement of the field. Therefore, we conduct a systematic literature review to integrate empirical knowledge on user interaction with IAs. This is the first paper to examine 107 Information Systems and Human-Computer Interaction papers and identified 389 relationships between design elements and user acceptance of IAs. Along the independent and dependent variables of these relationships, we span a research space model encompassing empirical research on designing for IA user acceptance. Further we contribute to theory, by presenting a research agenda along the dimensions of the research space, which shall be useful to both researchers and practitioners. This complements the past and present knowledge on designing for IA user acceptance with potential pathways into the future of IAs.
Engel, C., Ebel, P., Leimeister, J.M.: Cognitive automation Electronic Markets. 32, 339–350 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-021-00519-7.
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Facilitated by AI technology, the phenomenon of cognitive automation extends the scope of deterministic business process automation (BPA) through the probabilistic automation of knowledge and service work. By transforming work systems through cognitive automation, organizations are provided with vast strategic opportunities to gain business value. However, research lacks a unified conceptual lens on cognitive automation, which hinders scientific progress. Thus, based on a Systematic Literature Review, we describe the fundamentals of cognitive automation and provide an integrated conceptualization. We provide an overview of the major BPA approaches such as workflow management, robotic process automation, and Machine Learning-facilitated BPA while emphasizing their complementary relationships. Furthermore, we show how the phenomenon of cognitive automation can be instantiated by Machine Learning-facilitated BPA systems that operate along the spectrum of lightweight and heavyweight IT implementations in larger IS ecosystems. Based on this, we describe the relevance and opportunities of cognitive automation in Information Systems research.
Englhardt, A., Trittenbach, H., Kottke, D., Sick, B., Böhm, K.: Efficient SVDD sampling with approximation guarantees for the decision boundary Machine Learning. 111, 1349–1375 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-022-06149-0.
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Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) is a popular one-class classifier for anomaly and novelty detection. But despite its effectiveness, SVDD does not scale well with data size. To avoid prohibitive training times, sampling methods select small subsets of the training data on which SVDD trains a decision boundary hopefully equivalent to the one obtained on the full data set. According to the literature, a good sample should therefore contain so-called boundary observations that SVDD would select as support vectors on the full data set. However, non-boundary observations also are essential to not fragment contiguous inlier regions and avoid poor classification accuracy. Other aspects, such as selecting a sufficiently representative sample, are important as well. But existing sampling methods largely overlook them, resulting in poor classification accuracy. In this article, we study how to select a sample considering these points. Our approach is to frame SVDD sampling as an optimization problem, where constraints guarantee that sampling indeed approximates the original decision boundary. We then propose RAPID, an efficient algorithm to solve this optimization problem. RAPID does not require any tuning of parameters, is easy to implement and scales well to large data sets. We evaluate our approach on real-world and synthetic data. Our evaluation is the most comprehensive one for SVDD sampling so far. Our results show that RAPID outperforms its competitors in classification accuracy, in sample size, and in runtime.
Faulhaber, A.K., Hegenberg, J., Kahnt, S.E., Lambrecht, F., Leonhäuser, D., Saake, S., Wehr, F., Schmidt, L., Sommer, C.: Development of a Passenger Assistance System to Increase the Attractiveness of Local Public Transport Sustainability. 14, 1–17 (4151) (2022).
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In this paper, we present a concept for an assistance system for public transport passengers currently being developed for Kassel, Germany, and its surrounding area. The assistance system aims at increasing the attractiveness of local public transport by reducing barriers to use, thus promoting sustainable travel behavior. Three main barriers were identified: crowded vehicles, missed connections, and inconveniences in the transportation of shopping bags and luggage. To tackle these issues, three assistance system services were conceptualized: the occupancy rate informing passengers about the occupancy level of vehicles, the transfer connection monitor and secure system giving passengers the option to communicate transfer connection requests, and the delivery service allowing the use of public transport while shopping without the need to transport purchased goods. The three services are presented in detail along with the user interfaces they will be integrated into. Moreover, for the further implementation of the assistance system, a user requirement analysis is outlined. We finally give an overview and outlook regarding the implementation and evaluation of the concept in laboratory studies and a one-year field study.
Faulhaber, A.K., Hoppe, M., Schmidt, L.: Priority-Dependent Display of Notifications in the Peripheral Field of View of Smart Glasses In: 28th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces: Abstracts and Workshops (Christchurch 2022). S. 586–587. IEEE, Piscataway (2022).
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We propose a concept for displaying notifications in the peripheral field of view of smart glasses aiming to achieve a balance between perception and distraction depending on the priority of the notification. We designed three different visualizations for notifications of low, medium, and high priority. To evaluate this concept, we conducted a study with 24 participants who reacted to the notifications while performing a primary task. Reaction times for the low-priority notification were significantly higher. The medium- and high-priority notifications did not show a clear difference.
Faulhaber, A.K., Hoppe, M., Schmidt, L.: Evaluation of Priority-Dependent Notifications for Smart Glasses Based on Peripheral Visual Cues i-com - Journal of Interactive Media. 21, 239–252 (2022).
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Smart glasses are increasingly commercialized and may replace or at least complement smartphones someday. Common smartphone features, such as notifications, should then also be available for smart glasses. However, notifications are of disruptive character given that even unimportant notifications frequently interrupt users performing a primary task. This often leads to distractions and performance degradation. Thus, we propose a concept for displaying notifications in the peripheral field of view of smart glasses and with different visualizations depending on the priority of the notification. We developed three icon-based notifications representing increasing priority: a transparent green icon continuously becoming more opaque (low priority), a yellow icon moving up and down (medium priority), and a red and yellow flashing icon (high priority). To evaluate the concept, we conducted a study with 24 participants who performed a primary task and should react to notifications at the same time using the Nreal Light smart glasses. The results showed that reaction times for the low-priority notification were significantly higher and it was ranked as the least distracting. The medium- and high-priority notifications did not show a clear difference in noticeability, distraction, or workload. We discuss implications of our results for the perception and visualization of notifications in the peripheral field of view of smart glasses and, more generally, for augmented reality applications.
Felde, M., Stumme, G.: Attribute Exploration with Multiple Contradicting Partial Experts In: Braun, T., Cristea, D., und Jäschke, R. (Hrsg.) Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning. S. 51–65. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16663-1_5.
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Attribute exploration is a method from Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) that helps a domain expert discover structural dependencies in knowledge domains which can be represented as formal contexts (cross tables of objects and attributes). In this paper we present an extension of attribute exploration that allows for a group of domain experts and explores their shared views. Each expert has their own view of the domain and the views of multiple experts may contain contradicting information.
Friedewald, M., Roßnagel, A., Heesen, J., Krämer, N., Lamla, J. Hrsg.: Künstliche Intelligenz, Demokratie und Privatheit Nomos, Baden-Baden (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748913344.
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Geihs, K., Jakob, S., Opfer, S., Alhamwy, Y.: Commonsense Knowledge for Human-Robot Collaboration in Hybrid Search and Rescue Teams In: 2nd International Workshop on Human-Robot Interaction: New Trends in Service and Industry (HRI-SI2022). , Naples/Italy (2022).
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Geminn, C.: USA: Connecticut – Act Concerning Personal Data Privacy and Online Monitoring Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. VIII-X (2022).
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Geminn, C.: Technologieregulierung im Mehrebenensystem – Das Gesetz über Künstliche Intelligenz (2022).
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Geminn, C.: Zur Institutionalisierung einer Überwachungsgesamtrechnung Die Öffentliche Verwaltung. 75, 789–795 (2022).
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Geminn, C.: Limiting State Surveillance by Means of Constitutional Law: Potentials and Limitations , Brüssel (2022).
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Geminn, C.: Zahlungsdaten im europäischen Datenwirtschaftsrecht Recht der Zahlungsdienste. 148–155 (2022).
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Geminn, C.: Selbstbestimmung, Künstliche Intelligenz und Demokratie Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 327–328 (2022).
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Geminn, C., Artelt, A., Hammer, B., Manzeschke, A., Mavrina, L., Weber, C.: Faire Algorithmen und die Fairness von Erklärungen – Informatische, rechtliche und ethische Perspektiven Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg (2022).
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Gochmann, V., Ohly, S., Kotte, S.: Diary Studies, a Double‐Edged Sword? An Experimental Exploration of Possible Distortions Due to Daily Reporting of Social Interactions Journal of Organizational Behavior. (2022).
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Gruhl, C., Tomforde, S., Sick, B.: Self-Aware Microsystems In: Workshop on Self-Improving System Integration (SISSY), ACSOS. S. 126–127. IEEE (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSOSC56246.2022.00045.
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Besides infrastructure-based solutions, small-scale microsystems are increasingly connected and interoperating with others in changing environments. Following the same motivation as for self-adaptive systems, this demands novel attempts to counter complexity and provide autonomous decision freedom that paves the path towards resilient and flexible behaviour. In this article, we outline a vision for research on self-aware microsystems (SAM) that aims at providing technical solutions that are especially relevant for initiatives such as self-improving system integration.
Guo, T., Huang, Z., Cheng, J.: LwTool: A data processing toolkit for building a real-time pressure mapping smart textile software system Pervasive and Mobile Computing. 80, 101540 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2021.102387.
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Pressure mapping smart textile is a new type of sensing modality that transforms the pressure distribution over surfaces into digital ”image” and ”video”, that has rich application scenarios in Human Activity Recognition (HAR), because all human activities are linked with force change over certain surfaces. To speed up its application exploration, we propose a toolkit named LwTool for the data processing, including: (a) a feature library, including 1830 ready-to-use temporal and spatial features, (b) a hierarchical feature selection framework that automatically picks out the best features for a new application from the feature library. As real-time processing capability is important for instant user feedback, we emphasize not only on good recognition result but also on reducing time cost when selecting features. Our library and algorithms are validated on Smart-Toy and Smart-Bedsheet applications, an 89.7% accuracy for Smart-Toy and an 83.8% accuracy for Smart-Bedsheet can be achieved (10-fold cross-validation) using our feature library. Adopting the feature selection algorithm, the processing speed is increased by more than 3 times while maintaining high accuracy for both two applications. We believe our method could be a general and powerful toolkit in building real-time recognition software systems for pressure mapping smart textile.
Hanika, T., Hirth, J.: Knowledge cores in large formal contexts Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence. 90, 537–567 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10472-022-09790-6.
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Knowledge computation tasks, such as computing a base of valid implications, are often infeasible for large data sets. This is in particular true when deriving canonical bases in formal concept analysis (FCA). Therefore, it is necessary to find techniques that on the one hand reduce the data set size, but on the other hand preserve enough structure to extract useful knowledge. Many successful methods are based on random processes to reduce the size of the investigated data set. This, however, makes them hardly interpretable with respect to the discovered knowledge. Other approaches restrict themselves to highly supported subsets and omit rare and (maybe) interesting patterns. An essentially different approach is used in network science, called k-cores. These cores are able to reflect rare patterns, as long as they are well connected within the data set. In this work, we study k-cores in the realm of FCA by exploiting the natural correspondence of bi-partite graphs and formal contexts. This structurally motivated approach leads to a comprehensible extraction of knowledge cores from large formal contexts.
Hanika, T., Hirth, J.: On the lattice of conceptual measurements Information Sciences. 613, 453–468 (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.09.005.
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We present a novel approach for data set scaling based on scale-measures from formal concept analysis, i.e., continuous maps between closure systems, for which we derive a canonical representation. Moreover, we prove that scale-measures can be lattice ordered using the canonical representation. This enables exploring the set of scale-measures by the use of meet and join operations. Furthermore we show that the lattice of scale-measures is isomorphic to the lattice of sub-closure systems that arises from the original data. Finally, we provide another representation of scale-measures using propositional logic in terms of data set features. Our theoretical findings are discussed by means of examples.
Hanika, T., Schneider, F.M., Stumme, G.: Intrinsic dimension of geometric data sets Tohoku Mathematical Journal. 74, 23–52 (2022). https://doi.org/10.2748/tmj.20201015a.
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The curse of dimensionality is a phenomenon frequently observed in machine learning (ML) and knowledge discovery (KD). There is a large body of literature investigating its origin and impact, using methods from mathematics as well as from computer science. Among the mathematical insights into data dimensionality, there is an intimate link between the dimension curse and the phenomenon of measure concentration, which makes the former accessible to methods of geometric analysis. The present work provides a comprehensive study of the intrinsic geometry of a data set, based on Gromov's metric measure geometry and Pestov's axiomatic approach to intrinsic dimension. In detail, we define a concept of geometric data set and introduce a metric as well as a partial order on the set of isomorphism classes of such data sets. Based on these objects, we propose and investigate an axiomatic approach to the intrinsic dimension of geometric data sets and establish a concrete dimension function with the desired properties. Our model for data sets and their intrinsic dimension is computationally feasible and, moreover, adaptable to specific ML/KD-algorithms, as illustrated by various experiments.
Hassouna, M.: Self-Adaptive Charging Management in Electric Vehicle Infrastructures based on Reinforcement Learning In: Organic Computing -- Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2022. kassel university press (2022).
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Electromobility plays an increasingly important role in the energy transition. Electric vehicle charging poses challenges to the electricity grid due to high peak demand situations. Therefore, it is crucial to leverage the vehicle's flexibility when charging can be delayed. Conventional charging management systems cannot adapt to frequently changing conditions such as fluctuating renewable energy output, electricity prices and user behavior. In this article, we investigate the application of reinforcement learning approaches for self-adaptive charging management. In particular, we identify challenges regarding realistic environments and adaption to varying topologies and connections among charging stations. We describe related approaches and propose ideas and planned experiments to overcome these problems by utilizing generative models and graph neural networks.
He, Y.: Adaptive Explainable Continual Learning Framework for Regression Problems with Focus on Power Forecasts In: Tomforde, S. und Krupitzer, C. (Hrsg.) Organic Computing -- Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2021. S. 125–140. kassel university press (2022).
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Compared with traditional deep learning techniques, continual learning enables deep neural networks to learn continually and adaptively. Deep neural networks have to learn unseen tasks and overcome forgetting the knowledge obtained from previously learned tasks as the amount of data keeps increasing in applications. This article proposes two continual learning application scenarios, i.e., the target-domain incremental scenario and the data-domain incremental scenario, to describe the potential challenges in this context. Based on our previous work regarding the CLeaR framework, which is short for continual learning for regression tasks, models will be enabled to extend themselves and to learn data successively. Research topics are related, but not limited, to developing continual deep learning algorithms, strategies for non-stationarity detection in data streams, explainable and visualizable artificial intelligence, etc. Moreover, the framework- and algorithm-related hyperparameters should be dynamically updated in applications. Forecasting experiments will be conducted based on power generation and consumption data collected from real-world applications. A series of comprehensive evaluation metrics and visualization tools are applied to access the experimental results. The proposed framework is expected to be generally applied to other constantly changing scenarios.
He, Y., Huang, Z., Sick, B.: Design of Explainability Module with Experts in the Loop for Visualization and Dynamic Adjustment of Continual Learning In: Workshop on Interactive Machine Learning Workshop (IMLW), AAAI. S. 1–6 (2022).
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Continual learning can enable neural networks to evolve by learning new tasks sequentially in task-changing scenarios. However, two general challenges should be overcome in further research before we apply this technique to real-world applications. Firstly, newly collected novelties from the data stream in applications could contain anomalies that are meaningless for continual learning. Instead of viewing them as a new task for updating, we have to filter out such anomalies to reduce the disturbance of extremely high-entropy data for the progression of convergence. Secondly, fewer efforts have been put into research regarding the explainability of continual learning, which leads to a lack of transparency and credibility of the updated neural networks. Elaborated explanations about the process and result of continual learning can help experts in judgment and making decisions. Therefore, we propose the conceptual design of an explainability module with experts in the loop based on techniques, such as dimension reduction, visualization, and evaluation strategies. This work aims to overcome the mentioned challenges by sufficiently explaining and visualizing the identified anomalies and the updated neural network. With the help of this module, experts can be more confident in decision-making regarding anomaly filtering, dynamic adjustment of hyperparameters, data backup, etc.
Heidecker, F.: Detecting Corner Case in the Context of Highly Automated Driving In: Tomforde, S. und Krupitzer, C. (Hrsg.) Organic Computing -- Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2021. S. 60–73. kassel university press (2022).
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This article introduces a research proposal that aims to deﬁne, detect, and evaluate corner cases in the context of machine learning (ML) systems and highly automated driving. Corner cases are scenarios or data in a dataset that are recorded only very rarely and therefore only available in small quantities or not at all in the dataset. However, corner cases are very important for model training, as they are needed to improve the model performance in these rare scenarios. On the other hand, in safety- and security-critical applications, such as highly automated driving, corner case data is extremely important for testing and verifying the ML system. The research proposal addresses these challenges and focuses on the deﬁnition and categorization of corner cases. Based on this, ML methods for corner case detection are developed, focusing on object detection for automated driving and trajectory data for intention detection of pedestrians and cyclists. Finally, the research proposal addresses corner case metrics and the evaluation of the developed detection models.
Heissler, C., Kern, M., Ohly, S.: When thinking about work makes employees reach for their devices: A longitudinal autoregressive diary study Journal of Business and Psychology. (2022).
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Herde, M., Huang, Z., Huseljic, D., Kottke, D., Vogt, S., Sick, B.: Fast Bayesian Updates for Deep Learning with a Use Case in Active Learning arXiv e-prints. arXiv:2210.06112 (2022).
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Retraining deep neural networks when new data arrives is typically computationally expensive. Moreover, certain applications do not allow such costly retraining due to time or computational constraints. Fast Bayesian updates are a possible solution to this issue. Therefore, we propose a Bayesian update based on Monte-Carlo samples and a last-layer Laplace approximation for different Bayesian neural network types, i.e., Dropout, Ensemble, and Spectral Normalized Neural Gaussian Process (SNGP). In a large-scale evaluation study, we show that our updates combined with SNGP represent a fast and competitive alternative to costly retraining. As a use case, we combine the Bayesian updates for SNGP with different sequential query strategies to exemplarily demonstrate their improved selection performance in active learning.
Herde, M., Huseljic, D., Mitrovic, J., Granitzer, M., Sick, B.: A Concept for Automated Polarized Web Content Annotation based on Multimodal Active Learning In: Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD. S. 1–6 (2022).
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Active learning (AL) techniques hardly cope with complex annotations tasks, where, for example, annotations might express relationships across data modalities. As a use case, we consider the task of automatically detecting and reporting multimodal, polarized web content (PWC). Samples of this content type emerge dynamically, covering a broad spectrum of topics. Thus, training machine learning systems for detecting PWC is challenging, particularly if it needs to be done with minimum annotation cost. In this article, we propose the concept of multimodal AL for complex annotations in the context of PWC detection and formulate the resulting challenges as questions for future research.
Herfurth, C.: Big Data - Big Accountability. Erkennung von Versicherungsbetrug mit Big Data nach der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung Springer Vieweg Wiesbaden (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39287-1.
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Hohnsträter, D., Krankenhagen, S., Lamla, J. Hrsg.: Verbrauchermacht in Bewegung. Protest, Politik und sozio-technische Infrastrukturen Nomos, Baden-Baden (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748934295.
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Horn, V., Engert, S., Draude, C.: Rethinking business models as sociotechnical intersections in data-economy that should be designed participatively In: Marky, K., Grünefeld, U., und Kosch, T. (Hrsg.) Mensch und Computer 2022 - Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V., Bonn (2022). https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2022-mci-ws02-236.
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Hornung, G.: Künstliche Intelligenz zur Auswertung von Social Media Massendaten. Möglichkeiten und rechtliche Grenzen des Einsatzes KI-basierter Analysetools durch Sicherheitsbehörden Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts. 1–69 (2022).
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Hornung, G.: Neukommentierung von § 35a In: Schoch, F. und Schneider, J.-P. (Hrsg.) Verwaltungsrecht. VwVfG, Loseblatt (40 Seiten). C.H.Beck, München (2022).
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Hornung, G.: Trainingsdaten und die Rechte von betroffenen Personen – in der DSGVO und darüber hinaus? In: Künstliche Intelligenz. Wie gelingt eine vertrauenswürdige Verwendung in Deutschland und Europa?. S. 91–120. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen (2022).
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Hornung, G.: §§ 33a, 67-68c, 75b-75c, 139e, 284-333, 371-399 In: Hänlein, A. und Schuler, R. (Hrsg.) Sozialgesetzbuch V: Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung. Lehr- und Praxiskommentar. S. 345 Seiten. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden (2022).
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Hornung, G., Schindler, S.: Datenschutz: Europäische und nationale Vorgaben In: Herrnfeld, H.-H. und Esser, R. (Hrsg.) Europäische Staatsanwaltschaft. Handbuch. S. 323–344. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden (2022).
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Hornung, G., Söllner, M., Stroscher, J.-P., Zahn, E.-M.: Kollaboration im Datenschutz. Collaboration Engineering als Instrument zur partizipativen und nachhaltigen Gestaltung von Datenschutzprozessen DuD. 384–389 (2022).
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Hornung, G.: KI-Regulierung im Mehrebenensystem. Der KI-Verordnungsentwurf und regulatorische Perspektiven der Mitgliedstaaten Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 561–566 (2022).
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Hornung, G., Schomberg, S.: Datensouveränität im Spannungsfeld zwischen Datenschutz und Datennutzung: das Beispiel des Data Governance Acts Computer und Recht. 508–516 (2022).
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Huang, Z.: Active Learning in Multivariate Time Series Anomaly Detection In: Tomforde, S. und Krupitzer, C. (Hrsg.) Organic Computing -- Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2021. S. 113–124. kassel university press (2022).
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Multivariate time series anomaly detection is an important research field of industry, science, and finances. In practical applications, unlabeled data is abundant, and labeled data is rare. Experts’ experience plays a key role in data labeling, while experts often have limited time, are expensive, and are concerned primarily with finding the potential anomalies. Active learning, which has been widely used to select the most informative data for labeling through experts, can improve training with less labeling effort. However, most active learning algorithms have not been evaluated on datasets with imbalanced class frequencies, such as anomaly detection. Although some semi-supervised and active learning methods were proposed to handle univariate time series data, not much work has been done on multivariate time series classification. Therefore, this article identifies critical challenges and proposes potential solutions for active learning in multivariate time series anomaly detection. We combine all possible solutions into a framework that conforms to the scope of the observation/control system in organic computing.
Hubert, T., Schaller, T.: Bußgeldadressaten nach dem BSIG unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Entwurfs der zweiten Richtlinie zur Netz- und Informationssicherheit In: Heinze, C. (Hrsg.) Daten, Plattformen und KI als Dreiklang unserer Zeit. Tagungsband DSRI-Herbstakademie 2022. S. 825–843. , Edewecht (2022).
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Huhnstock, R., Reginka, M., Sonntag, C., Merkel, M., Dingel, K., Sick, B., Vogel, M., Ehresmann, A.: Three-dimensional close-to-substrate trajectories of magnetic microparticles in dynamically changing magnetic field landscapes Scientific Reports. 12, 1–10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25391-z.
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The transport of magnetic particles (MPs) by dynamic magnetic field landscapes (MFLs) using magnetically patterned substrates is promising for the development of Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems. The inherent close-to-substrate MP motion is sensitive to changing particle–substrate interactions. Thus, the detection of a modified particle–substrate separation distance caused by surface binding of an analyte is expected to be a promising probe in analytics and diagnostics. Here, we present an essential prerequisite for such an application, namely the label-free quantitative experimental determination of the three-dimensional trajectories of superparamagnetic particles (SPPs) transported by a dynamically changing MFL. The evaluation of defocused SPP images from optical bright-field microscopy revealed a “hopping”-like motion of the magnetic particles, previously predicted by theory, additionally allowing a quantification of maximum jump heights. As our findings pave the way towards precise determination of particle–substrate separations, they bear deep implications for future LOC detection schemes using only optical microscopy.
Hupe, A., Bretschneider, U., Trostmann, T., Stubbemann, L.: Barriers for SMEs in Adopting Crowdsourcing In: 35th Bled eConference Digital Restructuring and Human (Re)action. S. 233–248. University of Maribor Press, Maribor, Slovenia (2022). https://doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.4.2022.
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Despite its undisputable benefits for firms, crowdsourcing is rarely applied in small and medium sized enterprises (SME), yet. Until today extant literature provides only an uncomplete picture of the barriers that hinder SMEs from adopting crowdsourcing. Because of these incomplete insights on this phenomenon there is a great deal of uncertainty on how to overcome these barriers all the more. In the scope of an interview series with 15 SMEs we explore a range of different barriers. The findings from our study do not only expand the so far incomplete body of knowledge but also provide practical references for SMEs to be aware of the barriers. This simplifies avoiding them and successfully adopting crowdsourcing.
Hupe, A., Bretschneider, U.: How to Govern the Crowd? Governance Mechanisms in Crowd Work In: Pre-ICIS Workshop on the Changing Nature of Work (SIG 11th CNoW). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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Huseljic, D., Herde, M., Muejde, M., Sick, B.: A Review of Uncertainty Calibration in Pretrained Object Detectors arXiv e-prints. arXiv:2210.02935 (2022).
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In the field of deep learning based computer vision, the development of deep object detection has led to unique paradigms (e.g., two-stage or set-based) and architectures (e.g., Faster-RCNN or DETR) which enable outstanding performance on challenging benchmark datasets. Despite this, the trained object detectors typically do not reliably assess uncertainty regarding their own knowledge, and the quality of their probabilistic predictions is usually poor. As these are often used to make subsequent decisions, such inaccurate probabilistic predictions must be avoided. In this work, we investigate the uncertainty calibration properties of different pretrained object detection architectures in a multi-class setting. We propose a framework to ensure a fair, unbiased, and repeatable evaluation and conduct detailed analyses assessing the calibration under distributional changes (e.g., distributional shift and application to out-of-distribution data). Furthermore, by investigating the influence of different detector paradigms, post-processing steps, and suitable choices of metrics, we deliver novel insights into why poor detector calibration emerges. Based on these insights, we are able to improve the calibration of a detector by simply finetuning its last layer.
Jahl, A., Baraki, H., Jakob, S., Fax, M., Geihs, K.: Machine-learned Behaviour Models for a Distributed Behaviour Repository In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART 2022). S. 188–199. Scitepress (2022).
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Dynamically organised multi-agent systems that consist of heterogeneous participants require cooperation to fulfil complex tasks. Such tasks are commonly subdivided into subtasks that have to be executed by individual agents. The necessary teamwork demands coordination of the involved team members. In contrast to typical approaches like agent-centric and organisation-centric views, our solution is based on the task-centric view and thus contains active task components which select agents focusing on their Skills. It enables an encapsulated description of the task flow and its requirements including team cooperation, organisation, and location-independent allocation processes. Besides agent properties that represent syntactical and semantic information, agent behaviours are considered as well. The main contributions of this paper are hyperplane-based machine-learned Behaviour Models that are generated to capture the behaviour and consider the Behaviour Implementations as black boxes. These Behaviour Models are provided by a distributed behaviour repository that enables tasks to actively select fitting Behaviour Implementations. We evaluated our approach based on agents playing chessboard-like games autonomously.
Janson, A., Dickhaut, E., Söllner, M.: Designing for Cultural Values: Towards a Theory-motivated Method for Culture-sensitive Adaptation of Information Systems In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). S. 4654–4663. , Hawaii, USA (2022).
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To ensure that an intended target group accepts and uses an information system (IS) is a major challenge for service systems engineering and a key interest in IS research. On the one hand, individuals’ cultural values affect their willingness to use an IS; on the other hand, information technology (IT) is neither value-neutral and, thus, also affects IT acceptance and usage. Therefore, the adaptation of IS should consider both sources of value. Thus, in this paper, we present the theory-driven design of a method for culture-sensitive IS adaptation that draws on IT-culture conflict theory. Our two-fold evaluation approach results show that the method enables to create feasible results for developing culture-sensitive design solutions for IS. As a theoretical contribution, we contribute to the exploration of culture in IS development; as a practical contribution, we provide guidance in how to adapt IS for specific target groups.
Johannes, P.C.: TTDSG – ein Überblick mit Keksbeilage LRZ. (2022).
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Johannes, P.C.: Europäisches Datenrecht – ein Spickzettel ZD-Aktuell. 01166 (2022).
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Johannes, P.C.: Datenschutz und Datensicherheit in China Überblick zu PIPL und DSL Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. 90–98 (2022).
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Johannes, P.C.: Marktübersicht zu Schulungen Datenschutzbeauftragter ZD-Aktuell. 01115 (2022).
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Johannes, P.C.: Einwilligung im Polizeidatenschutzrecht (2022).
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Johannes, P.C.: Einwilligung und Belehrung im Polizeidatenschutz In: Heinze, C. (Hrsg.) Daten, Plattformen und KI als Dreiklang unserer Zeit. S. 213–228 (2022).
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Klee, S., Janson, A.: Data Analytics for Effective Decision-Making in Crises - Identifying Relevant Data Analytics Competencies for Automotive Procurement Departments In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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Crises become the norm for organizations, as recent years have shown. Especially the automotive industry is still facing disruptive changes such as e-mobility, connected cars or autonomous driving. Disrupted supply chains, related production downtimes and associated financial losses are consequences. Procurement departments are the interface between internal and external stakeholders in supply chains, and therefore, the central authority for managing crises. In such situations, effective decision-making is essential. Positive effects of data analytics on decision-making were part of numerous research endeavors, as well as related data analytics competencies. We conducted semi-structured interviews with experienced experts about relevant data analytics competencies in procurement departments. We present an overview specifically for procurement departments and derive implications of these competencies on decision-making. As a result, we apply our findings to existing research from a theoretical perspective and support procurement leaders and their departments in facing current and future challenges from a practical perspective.
Klumbytė, G.: Almanac: Algorithmic Kinning Matter: Journal of New Materialist Research. 3, 160–164 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1344/jnmr.v3i1.38962.
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Klumbytė, G., Britton, R.L., Laiti, O., Prado de O. Martins, L., Snelting, F., Ward, C.: Intraview: Speculative Materialities, Indigenous Worldings and Decolonial Futures in Computing & Design Matter: Journal of New Materialist Research. 3, 182–196 (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1344/jnmr.v3i1.38967.
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Klumbytė, G., Draude, C.: New Materialist Informatics In: Braidotti, R., Jones, E., und Klumbytė, G. (Hrsg.) More Posthuman Glossary. S. 85–87. Bloomsbury Publishing (2022).
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Klumbytė, G., Draude, C. Hrsg.: Prospects for a New Materialist Informatics (2022).
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Klumbytė, G., Draude, C.: Prospects for a New Materialist Informatics: Introduction to a Special Issue Matter: Journal of New Materialist Research. 3, I-XIV (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1344/jnmr.v3i1.38955.
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Klumbytė, G., Draude, C., Taylor, A.S.: Critical Tools for Machine Learning: Working with Intersectional Critical Concepts in Machine Learning Systems Design In: 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. S. 1528–1541. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3531146.3533207.
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This paper investigates how intersectional critical theoretical concepts from social sciences and humanities research can be worked with in machine learning systems design. It does so by presenting a case study of a series of speculative design workshops, conducted in 2021. These workshops drew on intersectional feminist methodologies to construct interdisciplinary interventions in the design of machine learning systems, towards more inclusive, accountable, and contextualized systems design. The concepts of “situating/situated knowledges”, "figuration", "diffraction", and “critical fabulation/speculation” were taken up as theoretical and methodological tools for concept-led design workshops. This paper presents the design framework of the workshops and highlights tensions and possibilities with regards to interdisciplinary machine learning systems design towards more inclusive, contextualized, and accountable systems. It discusses the role that critical theoretical concepts can play in a design process and shows how such concepts can work as methodological tools that nonetheless require an open-ended experimental space to function. It presents insights and discussion points regarding what it means to work with critical intersectional knowledge that is inextricably connected to its historical and socio-political roots, and how this reframes what it might mean to design fair and accountable systems.
Knof, M., Heinisch, J.S., Kirchhoff, J., Rawal, N., David, K., Von Stryk, O., Stock-Homburg, R.M.: Implications from Responsible Human-Robot Interaction with Anthropomorphic Service Robots for Design Science In: Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. S. 5827–5836 (2022).
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Accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, anthropomorphic service robots are continuously penetrating various domains of our daily lives. With this development, the urge for an interdisciplinary approach to responsibly design human-robot interaction (HRI), with particular attention to human dignity, privacy, compliance, and transparency, increases. This paper contributes to design science, in developing a new artifact, i.e., an interdisciplinary framework for designing responsible HRI with anthropomorphic service robots, which covers the three design science research cycles. Furthermore, we propose a multi-method approach by applying this interdisciplinary framework. Thereby, our finding offer implications for designing HRI in a responsible manner.
Kordts, R., Leimeister, J.M., Zenker, C.: Faktoren für gelungene Studienprogramm-Reformen In: Berendt, B., Fleischmann, A., Schaper, N., Szczyrba, B., Wiemer, M., und Wildt, J. (Hrsg.) Neues Handbuch Hochschullehre (NHHL). DUZ Verlags- und Medienhaus GmbH (2022).
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Wie sehen gelungene Studienprogramm-Reformen an einer spezifischen Hochschule aus? Welche Faktoren sind dabei wichtig und wie kann üblichen Herausforderungen erfolgreich begegnet werden? In diesem Beitrag stellen wir die Ergebnisse der Evaluation einer Studienprogramm-Reform an der Universität St. Gallen (HSG) dar. Ausgehend vom aktuellen Stand der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion um Studienprogramm-Reformen, werden Faktoren einer gelungenen Reform aus zwei Befragungen abgeleitet, die diese Reform begleiteten.
Kottke, D., Sandrock, C., Krempl, G., Sick, B.: A Stopping Criterion for Transductive Active Learning In: European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECMLPKDD). Springer (2022).
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In transductive active learning, the goal is to determine the correct labels for an unlabeled, known dataset. Therefore, we can either ask an oracle to provide the right label at some cost or use the prediction of a classifier which we train on the labels acquired so far. In contrast, the commonly used (inductive) active learning aims to select instances for labeling out of the unlabeled set to create a generalized classifier, which will be deployed on unknown data. This article formally defines the transductive setting and shows that it requires new solutions. Additionally, we formalize the theoretically cost-optimal stopping point for the transductive scenario. Building upon the probabilistic active learning framework, we propose a new transductive selection strategy that includes a stopping criterion and show its superiority.
Krämer, N., Hornung, G., Jansen, C., Kluck, J.P., Rinsdorf, L., Setz, T., Steinebach, M., Vogel, I., Yannikos, Y.: Desinformationen und Messengerdienste: Herausforderung und Lösungsansätze In: Friedewald, M., Roßnagel, A., Heesen, J., Krämer, N., und Lamla, J. (Hrsg.) Künstliche Intelligenz, Demokratie und Privatheit. S. 317–349. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748913344-317.
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Kress, V., Jeske, F., Zernetsch, S., Doll, K., Sick, B.: Pose and Semantic Map Based Probabilistic Forecast of Vulnerable Road Users Trajectories IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2022.3149624.
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In this article, an approach for probabilistic trajectory forecasting of vulnerable road users (VRUs) is presented, taking into consideration past movements and the surrounding environment. Past movements are represented by 3D poses reflecting the posture and movements of individual body parts. The surrounding environment is modeled in the form of semantic maps showing, e.g., the course of streets, sidewalks, and the occurrence of obstacles. Forecasts are generated in grids discretizing the space and in the form of arbitrary discrete probability distributions. The distributions are evaluated for their reliability, sharpness, and positional accuracy. We compare our method with two approaches providing forecasts in the form of continuous probability distributions, and we discuss their respective advantages and disadvantages. We thereby investigate the impact of poses and semantic maps. Using a technique we refer to as spatial label smoothing, our approach is able to achieve reliable forecasts. Overall, the 3D poses have a positive impact on the forecasts. The semantic maps facilitate the adaptation of the probability distributions to the individual situation and prevent forecasts of trajectories leading through obstacles. Our method is evaluated on a dataset recorded in inner-city traffic using a research vehicle. The dataset has been made publicly available.
Kropf, J.: Kontrollierte Verbindungen. Rezension zu „Die Macht der Plattformen. Politik in Zeiten der Internetgiganten“ von Michael Seemann In: Soziopolis - Gesellschaft beobachten. Soziopolis (2022).
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Kropf, J., Lamla, J., Uhlmann, M.: Datenintermediäre als Fairness-Akteure in der Datenökonomie In: Zu treuen Händen? Verbraucherdatenschutz und digitale Selbstbestimmung. Verbraucherzentrale NRW e.V (2022).
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Krupitzer, C., Gruhl, C., Sick, B., Tomforde, S.: Proactive hybrid learning and optimisation in self-adaptive systems: The swarm-fleet infrastructure scenario Information and Software Technology. 145, 106826 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2022.106826.
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Context: Smart and adaptive Systems, such as self-adaptive and self-organising (SASO) systems, typically consist of a large set of highly autonomous and heterogeneous subsystems that are able to adapt their behaviour to the requirements of ever-changing, dynamic environments. Their successful operation is based on appropriate modelling of the internal and external conditions. Objective: The control problem for establishing a near-to-optimal coordinated behaviour of systems with multiple, potentially conflicting objectives is either approached in a distributed (i.e., fully autonomous by the autonomous subsystems) or in a centralised way (i.e. one instance controlling the optimisation and planning process). In the distributed approach, selfish behaviour and being limited to local knowledge may lead to sub-optimal system behaviour, while the centralised approach ignores the autonomy and the coordination efforts of parts of the system. Method: In this article, we present a concept for a hybrid (i.e., integrating a central optimisation with a distributed decision-making process) system management that combines local reinforcement learning and self-awareness mechanisms of fully autonomous subsystems with external system-wide planning and optimisation of adaptation freedom that steers the behaviour dynamically by issuing plans and guidelines augmented with incentivisation schemes. Results: This work addresses the inherent uncertainty of the dynamic system behaviour, the local autonomous and context-aware learning of subsystems, and proactive control based on adaptiveness. We provide the ‘swarm-fleet infrastructure’—a self-organised taxi service established by autonomous, privately-owned cars—as a testbed for structured comparison of systems. Conclusion: The ‘swarm-fleet infrastructure’ supports the advantages of a proactive hybrid self-adaptive and self-organising system operation. Further, we provide a system model to combine the system-wide optimisation while ensuring local decision-making through reinforcement learning for individualised configurations.
Lamla, J.: Künstliche Intelligenz als hybride Lebensform. Zur Kritik der kybernetischen Expansion In: Friedewald, M., Roßnagel, A., Heesen, J., Krämer, N., und Lamla, J. (Hrsg.) Künstliche Intelligenz, Demokratie und Privatheit. S. 77–100. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2022).
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Lamla, J.: Zusammenfassung und Ausblick In: Hohnsträter, D., Krankenhagen, S., und Lamla, J. (Hrsg.) Verbrauchermacht in Bewegung. Protest, Politik und sozio-technische Infrastrukturen. S. 161–168. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2022).
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Lamla, J., Büttner, B., Ochs, C., Pittroff, F., Uhlmann, M.: Privatheit und Digitalität: Zur soziotechnischen Transformation des selbstbestimmten Lebens. In: Roßnagel, A. und Friedewald, M. (Hrsg.) Die Zukunft von Privatheit und Selbstbestimmung. S. 125–158. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-35263-9.
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Der Beitrag wendet sich dem ambivalenten Zusammenspiel von Privatheit und Digitalität zu, indem er deren Relevanz für Diskurse und Praktiken der Selbstbestimmung ausleuchtet und auf die soziotechnischen Transformationen dieses Zusammenspiels bezieht. Privatheit und Digitalität werden dabei als gesellschaftlich mitkonstituierte Sozialformen, Assemblagen oder Kommunikationsverhältnisse perspektiviert, die von historisch sich wandelnden soziokulturellen Einflussgrößen durchzogen sind. Um die skizzierte Perspektive einzunehmen werden wir zunächst die einschlägigen soziologischen Wissensbestände zu einer kursorischen Darstellung gesellschaftstheoretischer Perspektiven auf Privatheit verdichten. Daraufhin wenden wir uns den soziologischen Digitalisierungsforschungen zu, die die Konzeptualisierung von Privatheit nicht unberührt lassen. Hierbei wird v. a. herausgearbeitet, dass das soziologische und gesellschaftstheoretische Bild von Privatheit um Aspekte des Technischen und Materiellen erweitert werden muss. Theoretisch entsprechend eingestellt werden wir sodann eine Analyse von Selbstbestimmung unter soziodigitalen Verhältnissen präsentieren, die sich an vier zentralen Problemfeldern von Privatheit und Digitalität entfaltet: Die soziale Prämierung von Sichtbarkeit; soziale Konsequenzen digitaler Verhaltensformung; die soziale Dynamik datenökonomischer Erlösmodelle; sowie die Auswirkungen, die sich aus alldem für die Entscheidungsfreiheiten von Nutzenden ergeben. Im Fazit des Beitrags werden Konsequenzen für eine demokratische und an Selbstbestimmung orientierte Gestaltung von Privatheit benannt. Hierbei zeigt sich ein erheblicher Bedarf an einer Politik der Gestaltung und Regulierung von soziodigitalen Infrastrukturen, die eine Datenökonomie befördert, welche sich der demokratischen Kontrolle, Mitbestimmung und v. a. der Kritik öffnet. Zentrale Kompetenz individueller, wie kollektiver Selbstbestimmung wird damit die Fähigkeit zur Kritik der normierenden Gehalte und Effekte soziodigitaler Infrastrukturen. Diese muss aus den soziodigitalen Verhältnissen und praktischen Situationen selbst erwachsen und die Pluralität von Rechtfertigungsordnungen moderner Gesellschaften einbeziehen, um so die Kontingenz bestehender normativer Ordnungen erfahrbar und alternative Infrastrukturgestaltungspfade begehbar zu machen: Nur wenn die Infrastrukturen gewährleisten, dass der Faden zur kritischen Praxis nicht reißt, kann Privatheit unter soziodigitalen Bedingungen Ort der Selbstbestimmung bleiben.
Li, M.M.: Theorizing a Service Structure - A Hypergraph-based Modeling Approach and Applications, (2022).
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Li, M.M., Peters, C., Poser, M., Eilers, K., Elshan, E.: ICT-enabled job crafting: How Business Unit Developers use Low-code Development Platforms to craft jobs In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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Recently, businesses are introducing low-code development platforms (LCDP) that enable employees with little to no development expertise to develop their own systems to improve their work. These so-called business unit developers (BUDs) possess necessary domain knowledge to understand how to use LCDPs to create useful (self-) services. Using job resource demand theory and the job crafting model, we conceptualize that BUDs use of LCDPs can be framed using the theoretical lens of job crafting. Job crafting stems from vocational psychology and provides well-researched positive consequences, such as wellbeing and meaningfulness. Thus, our research objective is to understand how BUDs can use LCDPs to job craft to gain access to positive job crafting consequences. We interviewed 17 experts across three organizations that employ an LDCP for chatbots. Our results suggest that job crafting is a suitable framework for understanding the effects of LCDP use.
Löber, L.: Auf dem Weg zu einem Beschäftigtendatenschutzgesetz für das digitale Zeitalter? ZD-Aktuell. 01120 (2022).
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Löber, L.: KI-Lösungen gegen digitale Desinformation: Rechtspflichten und -befugnisse der Anbieter von Social Networks In: Friedewald, M., Roßnagel, A., Heesen, J., Krämer, N., und Lamla, J. (Hrsg.) Künstliche Intelligenz, Demokratie und Privatheit. S. 289–316. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2022).
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Löber, L.: Der Forschungsdatenzugang nach dem neuen Art. 40 Digital Services Act ZD-Aktuell. 01420 (2022).
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Loeser, I., Braun, M., Gruhl, C., Menke, J.-H., Sick, B., Tomforde, S.: The Vision of Self-Management in Cognitive Organic Power Distribution Systems Energies. 15, 881 (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030881.
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Due to the ongoing trend towards a decarbonisation of energy use, the power system is expected to become the backbone of all energy sectors and thus the fundamental critical infrastructure. High penetration with distributed energy resources demands the coordination of a large number of prosumers, partly controlled by home energy management systems (HEMS), to be designed in such a way that the power system’s operational limits are not violated. On the grid level, distribution management systems (DMS) seek to keep the power system in the normal operational state. On the prosumer level, distributed HEMS optimise the internal power flows by setpoint specification of batteries, photovoltaic generators, or flexible loads. The vision of the ODiS (Organic Distribution System) initiative is to develop an architecture to operate a distribution grid reliably, with high resiliency, and fully autonomously by developing “organic” HEMS and DMS which possess multiple self-x capabilities, collectively referred to as self-management. Thus, ODiS seeks answers to the following question: How can we create the most appropriate models, techniques, and algorithms to develop novel kinds of self-configuring, self-organising, self-healing, and self-optimising DMS that are integrally coupled with the distributed HEMS? In this concept paper, the vision of ODiS is presented in detail based on a thorough review of the state of the art.
Meier, D., Ramirez, L.V., Völker, J., Viefhaus, J., Sick, B., Hartmann, G.: Optimizing a superconducting radio-frequency gun using deep reinforcement learning Physical Review Accelerators and Beams. 25, 104604 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.25.104604.
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Superconducting photoelectron injectors are promising for generating highly brilliant pulsed electron beams with high repetition rates and low emittances. Experiments such as ultrafast electron diffraction, experiments at the Terahertz scale, and energy recovery linac applications require such properties. However, optimizing the beam properties is challenging due to the high number of possible machine parameter combinations. This article shows the successful automated optimization of beam properties utilizing an already existing simulation model. To reduce the required computation time, we replace the costly simulation with a faster approximation with a neural network. For optimization, we propose a reinforcement learning approach leveraging the simple computation of the derivative of the approximation. We prove that our approach outperforms standard optimization methods for the required function evaluations given a defined minimum accuracy.
Moallemy-Oureh, A.: Student Research Abstract: Continuous-Time Generative Graph Neural Network for Attributed Dynamic Graphs In: ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC). S. 600–603. ACM (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3477314.3508018.
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The history of neural networks dates back to the early 1940s and has not only evolved rapidly over time but they are now amongst one of the most popular and powerful machine learning techniques. In this area, graph representation learning (GRL) using graph neural networks (GNNs) has emerged during the early 90s and developed into an impactful approach for modeling graph-structured real-world data, such as social or biological networks. There are a variety of successful applications of GRL in computational neuroscience, chemistry, mathematics, and so on. While temporal changes (dynamics) play an essential role in many real-world applications, most of the literature on GNNs and GRL, deals with static graphs. Since the few GNN models on dynamic graphs only consider exceptional cases of dynamics (i.e., attribute-dynamic graphs in discrete-time representation or structure-dynamic graphs in continuous-time representation), we aim to present a novel GNN model that can handle attribute-dynamic graphs in continuous time. This model learns any kind of graph information embedding, performs node/edge attribute forecasts, and allows for attribute-dynamic graph generation in both discrete and continuous-time.
Moallemy-Oureh, A., Beddar-Wiesing, S., Nather, R., Thomas, J.M.: FDGNN: Fully Dynamic Graph Neural Network arXiv e-prints. arXiv:2206.03469 (2022).
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Dynamic Graph Neural Networks recently became more and more important as graphs from many scientific fields, ranging from mathematics, biology, social sciences, and physics to computer science, are dynamic by nature. While temporal changes (dynamics) play an essential role in many real-world applications, most of the models in the literature on Graph Neural Networks (GNN) process static graphs. The few GNN models on dynamic graphs only consider exceptional cases of dynamics, e.g., node attribute-dynamic graphs or structure-dynamic graphs limited to additions or changes to the graph's edges, etc. Therefore, we present a novel Fully Dynamic Graph Neural Network (FDGNN) that can handle fully-dynamic graphs in continuous time. The proposed method provides a node and an edge embedding that includes their activity to address added and deleted nodes or edges, and possible attributes. Furthermore, the embeddings specify Temporal Point Processes for each event to encode the distributions of the structure- and attribute-related incoming graph events. In addition, our model can be updated efficiently by considering single events for local retraining.
Morold, M., Bachmann, M., David, K.: Toward Context Awareness for Cooperative Vulnerable Road User Collision Avoidance: Incorporating Related Contextual Information IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine. 17, 75–83 (2022).
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Mucha, H., de Barros, A.C., Benjamin, J.J., Benzmüller, C., Bischof, A., Buchmüller, S., de Carvalho, A., Dhungel, A.-K., Draude, C., Fleck, M.-J., Jarke, J., Klein, S., Kortekaas, C., Kurze, A., Linke, D., Maas, F., Marsden, N., Melo, R., Michel, S., Müller-Birn, C., Pröbster, M., Rießenberger, K.A., Schäfer, M.T., Sörries, P., Stilke, J., Volkmann, T., Weibert, A., Weinhold, W., Wolf, S., Zorn, I., Heidt, M., Berger, A.: Collaborative Speculations on Future Themes for Participatory Design in Germany i-com. 21, 283–298 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2021-0030.
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Participatory Design means recognizing that those who will be affected by a future technology should have an active say in its creation. Yet, despite continuous interest in involving people as future users and consumers into designing novel and innovative future technology, participatory approaches in technology design remain relatively underdeveloped in the German HCI community. This article brings together the diversity of voices, domains, perspectives, approaches, and methods that collectively shape Participatory Design in Germany. In the following, we (1) outline our understanding of participatory practice and how it is different from mere user involvement; (2) reflect current issues of participatory and fair technology design within the German Participatory Design community; and (3) discuss tensions relevant to the field, that we expect to arise in the future, and which we derived from our 2021 workshop through a speculative method. We contribute an introduction and an overview of current themes and a speculative outlook on future issues of Participatory Design in Germany. It is meant to inform, provoke, inspire and, ultimately, invite participation within the wider Computer Science community.
Nebel, M.: Klarnamenpflicht nach DS-GVO und TTDSG ZD-Aktuell. 01077 (2022).
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Nebel, M., Johannes, P.: eIdentity im neuen Daten(wirtschafts)recht – eIDAS 2.0 und das Versprechen der dezentralen elektronischen Identifizierung (2022).
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Nebel, M., Paul, J.: eIdentity im neuen Daten(wirtschafts)recht – eIDAS 2.0 und das Versprechen der dezentralen elektronischen Identifizierung (2022).
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Nivarthi, C.P.: Transfer Learning as an Essential Tool for Digital Twins in Renewable Energy Systems In: Tomforde, S. und Krupitzer, C. (Hrsg.) Organic Computing -- Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2021. S. 47–59. kassel university press (2022).
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Transfer learning (TL), the next frontier in machine learning (ML), has gained much popularity in recent years, due to the various challenges faced in ML, like the requirement of vast amounts of training data, expensive and time-consuming labelling processes for data samples, and long training duration for models. TL is useful in tackling these problems, as it focuses on transferring knowledge from previously solved tasks to new tasks. Digital twins and other intelligent systems need to utilise TL to use the previously gained knowledge and solve new tasks in a more self-reliant way, and to incrementally increase their knowledge base. Therefore, in this article, the critical challenges in power forecasting and anomaly detection in the context of renewable energy systems are identified, and a potential TL framework to meet these challenges is proposed. This article also proposes a feature embedding approach to handle the missing sensors data. The proposed TL methods help to make a system more autonomous in the context of organic computing.
Nivarthi, C.P., Vogt, S., Sick, B.: Unified Autoencoder with Task Embeddings for Multi-Task Learning in Renewable Power Forecasting In: International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA). IEEE (2022).
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Renewable power generation forecasts using machine learning are typically implemented as single-task learning models, where a separate model is trained for each photovoltaic or wind park. In recent years, transfer learning is gaining popularity in these systems, as it can be used to transfer the knowledge gained from source parks to a target park. However, for transferring the knowledge to a target park, there is a need to determine the most similar source park(s) among the existing parks. This similarity determination using historical power measurements is challenging when the target park has limited to no historical data samples. Therefore, we propose a simple multi-task learning architecture that initially learns a common representation of input weather features among the tasks, using a Unified Autoencoder (UAE) and then learns the task specific information utilizing a Task Embedding layer in a Neural Network (TENN). This proposed architecture, UAE-TENN, can be easily extended to new parks with or without historical data. An elaborate performance comparison of single and multi-task learning models is performed on six photovoltaic and wind farm datasets comprising a total of 529 parks. UAE-TENN significantly improves the performance of power forecasting by 10 to 19% for photovoltaic parks and 5 to 22% for wind parks compared to the baseline models. Even in the zero-shot learning scenario, when there is no historical data, we successfully demonstrate that the UAE-TENN improves the forecast accuracy for a new park by 19% for photovoltaic parks.
Ochs, C.: Soziologie der Privatheit. Informationelle Teilhabebeschränkung vom Reputation Management bis zum Recht auf Unberechenbarkeit Velbrück Wissenschaft, Weilerswist-Metternich (2022).
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Ochs, C.: The Digital Public and its Problems: Komplexität, Verfahren und Trägerschaft als rekursive Konstitutionsprobleme einer digitalen Problemöffentlichkeit In: Spiecker gen. Döhmann, I., Westland, M., und Campos, R. (Hrsg.) Demokratie und Öffentlichkeit im 21. Jahrhundert – zur Macht des Digitalen. S. 57–74. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2022). https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5771/9783748932741.
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Ochs, C.: Datenbasierte Sichtbarkeit: Gesellschaftsstrukturelle Bedingungen zeitgenössischer Technikgestaltung In: Selbstbestimmung, Privatheit und Datenschutz. S. 35–55. Springer (2022).
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Dass wertorientierte Technikgestaltung kaum umhinkommt, die gesellschaftsstrukturellen Bedingungen mit zu reflektieren, unter denen sie agiert, ist bekannt. Der Vortrag überträgt diese Einsicht auf den Bereich der Privatheit, indem er die strukturhistorischen Konstellationen rekonstruiert, aus denen sich versch. Formen der informationellen Privatheit in unterschiedlichen Vergesellschaftungsphasen der Moderne jeweils herausgeschält haben. Bei den so identifizierten Privatheitsformen handelt es sich um a) Reputation Management; b) Rückzug; sowie c) individuelle Informationskontrolle. Basierend auf einer solchen Genealogie informationeller Privatheitspraktiken werden in einem weiteren Schritt die strukturellen Treiber zeitgenössischer Privatheit herausgearbeitet, deren Form solchermaßen als d) Unschärfegarantie erkennbar wird. Abschließend werden Konsequenzen diskutiert, die sich aus den somit herausgearbeiteten gesellschaftsstrukturellen Bedingungen zeitgenössischer Technikgestaltung ergeben.
Ochs, C.: Be-handeln und De-aktivieren : ein empirischer Beitrag zur Erweiterung soziomaterieller agency-Konzeptionen am Fall einer ‚Fitness-App‘ BEHEMOTH A Journal on Civilisation. 15, 74–90 (2022).
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Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) in many accounts is regarded as a forerunner of approaches summarized as ‘new materialism’. Similar to ANT New Materialism tends to conceive of material entities as having agency, i.e. as active contributors to processes of becoming. At the same time, however, criticisms have been raised against ANT as well as against New Materialism as to their undifferentiated conceptions of agency. Against this background, in this article I will contribute to the conceptual differentiation of agency by drawing on the case of a ‘fitness app’. I will do so by first providing a thick description of the app’s workings and the way it is syntagmatically networked in the technoeconomic frame of the data economy. Second, I will introduce Rammert’s and Schulz-Schaeffer’s gradual notion of agency to specify different types of agency performed by the app, including negative ones. Third, I will draw conceptual conclusions following from my analysis.
Ochs, C., Sierra Barra, S.: Datenbasierte Demokratie oder datafizierte Prediktivität? Ein analytisches Plädoyer für die Rettung der evolutionären Kontingenz In: Beinsteiner, A., Grünberger, N., Hug, T., und Kapelari, S. (Hrsg.) Ökologische Krisen und Ökologien der Kritik. S. 55–66. innsbruck university press (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15203/99106-086-4.
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Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt gleichzeitig eine Ehrbezeugung und eine Problemanalyse dar: Zum einen wollen wir damit unseren 2021 viel zu früh aus dem Leben geschiedenen Promotionsbetreuer und Kollegen Manfred Faßler ehren, zum anderen mithilfe der Denkwerkzeuge, an denen wir gemeinsam mit ihm bis zuletzt gearbeitet haben, einen Problemraum ausweisen, in dem zukünftige, soziodigital verfasste Demokratien sich entwickeln und bewähren müssen. Wir tun dies, indem wir zunächst einige kulturevolutionäre Entwicklungen der jüngeren Vergangenheit skizzieren, die das Demokratieformat in seiner hergebrachten Form unter Druck setzen. Im nächsten Schritt werden wir einige Implikationen und Problemlagen herausarbeiten, die in der Folge zutage treten. Im resümierenden Schlussteil werden wir zusammenfassen und die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse diskutieren, um so einen Problemkatalog vorzulegen, dem sich sowohl die Forschungsbemühungen als auch die „ontological politics“ (A. Mol) der Zukunft tunlichst widmen sollten.
Ohly, S.: Keynote: Studying Affect at the Cross-Road of Psychology and Computer Science In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops and other Affiliated Events (PerCom Workshops). S. 377–377 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/PerComWorkshops53856.2022.9767426.
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Ohly, S., Zacher, H.: 12 Work Design In: Zacher, H. und Lehmann-Willenbrock, N. (Hrsg.) Work, Organizational, and Business Psychology: An Introductory Textbook. S. 204–217. W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart (2022).
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Pham, T.: Stream-Based Active Learning in Changing Environments under Verification Latency In: Tomforde, S. und Krupitzer, C. (Hrsg.) Organic Computing -- Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2021. S. 152–164. kassel university press (2022).
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Labeling data often requires human interaction, which is slow and costly depending on the required expertise. Stream-based active learning reduces the cost of labeling for data stream mining by only querying the labels for instances that improve the classifier the most. However, state-of-the-art stream-based active learning strategies assume that verification latency, i.e., the time between a query and the availability of the queried label, is negligible. In reality, this is usually not the case as the experts who provide such labels are not available all the time, and the labeling process itself requires time. This article investigates the impact of verification latency within a stream-based active learning scenario for changing data streams. We focus on two different types of changes that occur over time, i.e., changes in the number of features and changes in the distribution of instances and/or labels. In particular, we identify challenges that occur due to verification latency and propose ideas to overcome these problems within a stream-based active learning strategy.
Pittroff, F.: Verteilte Erreichbarkeit. Postdigitale Personalisierung durch Selfies als Gestaltungsaufgabe In: Friedewald, Kreutzer, und Hansen (Hrsg.) DuD-Fachbeiträge. Springer, Wiesbaden (2022).
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Pristl, A.-C.C., Billert, M.S.: CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN INCREASINGLY DIGITALIZED GOVERNMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS – A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2022). S. 1–19. , Timișoara, Romania (2022).
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Citizen participation in increasingly digitalized governmental environments can introduce fruitful capabilities to encourage citizens to engage in municipal affairs and through this take actively part in fostering smart cities’ effectiveness. However, the practical exploitation of recent knowledge is still not sufficiently operationalized, whilst research in this field yields various approaches focusing on diverse emphases. Therefore, the necessity of systematically collecting and afterwards analysing the existing literature towards this topic is obvious. This paper depicts a proceeding to systematically review the available literature towards the relevant research units on citizen participation. Overall, 48 topic-based papers were identified out of leading journals and conference papers about information systems. The main findings of the relevant papers were assessed to a proposed analytical framework consisting of increasing participation stages and two distinct focus groups namely government and citizens. Accordingly, the covered recent focus areas of research are identified to reveal where state-of-the-art research falls short. Consequently, the imperative of emphasising investigation regarding concepts for ICT-enabled services focusing the empowerment of citizens arises as being our contribution for guiding future research, whilst governments can practically benefit from the composed framework by using it for classifying, planning and implementing proposed participation activities.
Rauch, L., Huseljic, D., Sick, B.: Enhancing Active Learning with Weak Supervision and Transfer Learning by Leveraging Information and Knowledge Sources In: Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD. S. 27–42 (2022).
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One of the major limitations of deploying a machine learning model is the availability of labeled training data and the resulting expensive annotation process. Although active learning (AL) methods may reduce the annotation cost by actively selecting the most-useful instances, a costly human annotator usually provides the labels. Therefore, even with AL, we still consider the annotation process to be time-consuming and expensive. Besides human annotators, though, companies often have a vast amount of information and knowledge sources available that can generate low-cost labels (e.g., a black-box model) or improve the learning process (e.g., a pre-trained model). We present a novel approach that enhances AL with weak supervision (WS) and transfer learning (TL) to reduce the annotation cost by leveraging these sources. Specifically, we consider a black-box model like a rule-based system as an error-prone and weakly-supervised annotator that inexpensively provides labels. We estimate its performance with an annotator model to decide whether a human annotation is required. Additionally, we utilize unlabeled internal and external data by transferring knowledge from a pre-trained model to the AL cycle. We sequentially investigate the impact of WS and TL on annotation cost and model performance in an AL cycle through a use case. Our evaluation shows that our approach can reduce annotation cost by 51% while achieving nearly identical model performance compared to a traditional AL approach.
Reinhard, P., Li, M.M., Leimeister, J.M.: Towards an Employee-Centered Design for Human-AI Collaboration: How Work Design Theory Informs the Design of AI Systems In: Pre-ICIS Workshop on the Changing Nature of Work (SIG 11th CNoW). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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IT support is under growing pressure to ensure efficient, flexible, and scalable use of digital technologies (Kumbakara, 2008). As a result, technical support staff is affected by monotonous work and work overload (Schmidt et al., 2022). Our research aims to augment the precarious workplace of support agents with artificial intelligence (AI). To incorporate an employee-centered perspective a priori and ensure positive impacts, we propose a framework for combining work design theory (e.g. Demerouti et al., 2001) and design science theory (Peffers et al., 2007, Niehaves & Ortbach 2016). The advances in AI promise to leverage large potential in optimizing and enhancing service processes and workplaces (Huang & Rust, 2018, de Keyser, 2019). Introducing AI into service processes, imply effects on work characteristics (Larivière et al., 2017). By combining human and artificial intelligence we propose hybrid intelligence (Dellermann et al., 2019) as a suitable solution for mitigating the persistent issues of support workers and the possible negative impacts of AI. To a great extent, IS research emphasizes the implied impacts of AI use in workplaces (Verma & Singh 2022, Wang et al., 2020). As such, work design models are widely used to empirically evaluate the impacts of AI design (Sturm & Peters, 2020), but are rarely utilized to substantiate the design of AI-augmented work systems. Only Poser et al. (2022) and Zschech et al. (2021) recently applied such models. The goal of this paper is to overcome the lack of work design in design science research (DSR) for AI-based systems and to steer the development into desired socio-technological configurations. The here presented work is expected to answer : How can work design theory inform the design of AI-augmented workplaces? [RQ1] How should a hybrid intelligence system be designed to augment IT support agents’ workplaces by incorporating work design theory? [RQ2] To systematically design the integration of AI, we make use of the DSR paradigm (Peffers et al., 2007). We first interview support agents and utilize the organizing move theory of Pentland (1992) and the technical support work theory of Das (2003) to ensure relevance. Based on a review of the IS literature on work design theories, we then derive a preliminary theoretical framework (Paul & Benito, 2018) [RQ1]. The framework represents a kernel theory for the development of meta design requirements. Contributing to the second research question, we design and subsequently evaluate the augmentation based on work-related outcomes [RQ2].
Renner, M., Lins, S., Söllner, M., Thiebes, S., Sunyaev, A.: Understanding the Necessary Conditions of Multi-Source Trust Transfer in Artificial Intelligence In: Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2022).
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Trust plays an increasingly important role, especially in new emerging AI-capable technologies. While different frameworks on establishing trustworthy AI were developed, extant research mostly neglects trust transfer mechanisms. We focus on multi-source trust transfer while taking a dual trust perspective including trust in provider and trust in technology. Our study falls in the context of autonomous vehicles as a target and AI and vehicles as sources. While conducting a survey with 432 participants, we applied necessary condition analysis to understand which sources are necessary for a multi-source trust transfer. Our results indicate that for trust in technology, AI and vehicle technology are necessary sources. In contrast, for trust in provider, only vehicle provider represents a necessary source. We contribute to research by providing a fresh perspective on trust in AI-capable technologies, applying a novel data analysis method to reveal necessary trust sources, and consider duality of trust in trust transfer.
Rietsche, R., Caines, A., Schramm, C., Pfütze, D., Buttery, P.: The Specificity and Helpfulness of Peer-to-Peer Feedback in Higher Education In: Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA). S. 107–117. Association for Computational Linguistics, Seattle, Washington, USA (2022).
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With the growth of online learning through MOOCs and other educational applications, it has become increasingly difficult for course providers to offer personalized feedback to students. Therefore asking students to provide feedback to each other has become one way to support learning. This peer-to-peer feedback has become increasingly important whether in MOOCs to provide feedback to thousands of students or in large-scale classes at universities. One of the challenges when allowing peer-to-peer feedback is that the feedback should be perceived as helpful, and an import factor determining helpfulness is how specific the feedback is. However, in classes including thousands of students, instructors do not have the resources to check the specificity of every piece of feedback between students. Therefore, we present an automatic classification model to measure sentence specificity in written feedback. The model was trained and tested on student feedback texts written in German where sentences have been labelled as general or specific. We find that we can automatically classify the sentences with an accuracy of 76.7% using a conventional feature-based approach, whereas transfer learning with BERT for German gives a classification accuracy of 81.1%. However, the feature-based approach comes with lower computational costs and preserves human interpretability of the coefficients. In addition we show that specificity of sentences in feedback texts has a weak positive correlation with perceptions of helpfulness. This indicates that specificity is one of the ingredients of good feedback, and invites further investigation.
Rietsche, R., Dremel, C., Bosch, S., Steinacker, L., Meckel, M., Leimeister, J.M.: Quantum computing Electronic Markets. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-022-00570-y.
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Quantum computing promises to be the next disruptive technology, with numerous possible applications and implications for organizations and markets. Quantum computers exploit principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to represent data and perform operations on them. Both of these principles enable quantum computers to solve very specific, complex problems significantly faster than standard computers. Against this backdrop, this fundamental gives a brief overview of the three layers of a quantum computer: hardware, system software, and application layer. Furthermore, we introduce potential application areas of quantum computing and possible research directions for the field of information systems.
Rietsche, R., Ritz, E., Janda, J., Pfütze, D.: A Corpus for Suggestion Mining of German Peer Feedback In: Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC). S. 5539–5547. , Marseille, France (2022).
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Peer feedback in online education becomes increasingly important to meet the demand for feedback in large scale classes, such as e.g. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). However, students are often not experts in how to write helpful feedback to their fellow students. In this paper, we introduce a corpus compiled from university students’ peer feedback to be able to detect suggestions on how to improve the students’ work and therefore being able to capture peer feedback helpfulness. To the best of our knowledge, this corpus is the first student peer feedback corpus in German which additionally was labelled with a new annotation scheme. The corpus consists of more than 600 written feedback (about 7,500 sentences). The utilisation of the corpus is broadly ranged from Dependency Parsing to Sentiment Analysis to Suggestion Mining, etc. We applied the latter to empirically validate the utility of the new corpus. Suggestion Mining is the extraction of sentences that contain suggestions from unstructured text. In this paper, we present a new annotation scheme to label sentences for Suggestion Mining. Two independent annotators labelled the corpus and achieved an inter-annotator agreement of 0.71. With the help of an expert arbitrator a gold standard was created. An automatic classification using BERT achieved an accuracy of 75.3%.
Ritz, E., Wambsganss, T., Rietsche, R., Schmitt, A., Oeste-Reiß, S., Leimeister, J.M.: Unleashing Process Mining for Education: Designing an IT-Tool for Students to Self-Monitor their Personal Learning Paths In: Internationale Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). , Nürnberg, Germany (2022).
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The ability of students to self-monitor their learning paths is in demand as never before due to the recent rise of online education formats, which entails less interaction with lecturers. Recent advantages in educational process mining (EPM) offer new opportunities to monitor students’ learning paths by processing log data captured by technology-mediated learning environments. However, current literature falls short on providing user-centered design principles for IT-tools which can monitor learning paths using EPM. Hence, in this paper, we examine how to design a self-monitoring tool that supports students to evaluate their learning paths. Based on theoretical insights of 66 papers and nine user interviews, we propose seven design principles for an IT-tool which facilitates self-monitoring for students based on EPM. Further, we evaluate the design principles with seven potential users. Our results demonstrate a promising approach to help students improve their self-efficacy in their individual learning process using EPM.
Rösch, K., Heidecker, F., Truetsch, J., Kowol, K., Schicktanz, C., Bieshaar, M., Sick, B., Stiller, C.: Space, Time, and Interaction: A Taxonomy of Corner Cases in Trajectory Datasets for Automated Driving In: IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Vehicles and Transportation Systems (IEEE CIVTS), IEEE SSCI (2022).
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Trajectory data analysis is an essential component for highly automated driving. Complex models developed with these data predict other road users’ movement and behavior patterns. Based on these predictions — and additional contextual information such as the course of the road, (traffic) rules, and interaction with other road users — the highly automated vehicle (HAV) must be able to reliably and safely perform the task assigned to it, e.g., moving from point A to B. Ideally, the HAV moves safely through its environment, just as we would expect a human driver to do. However, if unusual trajectories occur, so-called trajectory corner cases, a human driver can usually cope well, but an HAV can quickly get into trouble. In the definition of trajectory corner cases, which we provide in this work, we will consider the relevance of unusual trajectories with respect to the task at hand. Based on this, we will also present a taxonomy of different trajectory corner cases. The categorization of corner cases into the taxonomy will be shown with examples and is done by cause and required data sources. To illustrate the complexity between the machine learning (ML) model and the corner case cause, we present a general processing chain underlying the taxonomy.
Roßnagel, A., Bile, T., Geminn, C.L., Nebel, M.: Neue Konzepte für den Grundrechtsschutz in der digitalen Welt In: Roßnagel, A. und Friedewald, M. (Hrsg.) Die Zukunft von Privatheit und Selbstbestimmung, Analysen und Empfehlungen zum Schutz der Grundrechte in der digitalen Welt. S. 3–48. Springer (2022).
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Roßnagel, A., Friedewald, M. Hrsg.: Die Zukunft von Privatheit und Selbstbestimmung, Analysen und Empfehlungen zum Schutz der Grundrechte in der digitalen Welt Springer (2022).
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Roßnagel, A., Bile, T., Geminn, C., Hansen, M., Bieker, F., Karaboga, M., Friedewald, M.: On the Introduction of a Surveillance Calculus in Germany Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe (2022).
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Roßnagel, A., Bile, T., Hansen, M., Bieker, F., Karaboga, M., Friedewald, M.: Zur Einführung einer Überwachungsgesamtrechnung Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe (2022).
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Roßnagel, A., Geminn, C., Hansen, M., Karaboga, M., Friedewald, M.: Mehr Fortschritt wagen – durch Stärkung des Datenschutzes, Vorschläge zur Ausgestaltung des Koalitionsvertrags Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe (2022).
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Roßnagel, A., Geminn, C., Johannes, P.C., Müller, J.: Auswirkungen ausländischer Gesetzgebung auf deutsche IT-Sicherheit Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 156–163 (2022).
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Roßnagel, A., Geminn, C., Müller, J., Johannes, P.: Auswirkungen ausländischer Gesetzgebung auf die deutsche Cybersicherheit Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 156–163 (2022).
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Rouvroy, A., Klumbytė, G.: Algoritmic governmentality In: Braidotti, R., Jones, E., und Klumbytė, G. (Hrsg.) More Posthuman Glossary. S. 10–11. Bloomsbury Publishing (2022).
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Schäfermeier, B., Hirth, J., Hanika, T.: Research Topic Flows in Co-Authorship Networks Scientometrics. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04529-w.
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In scientometrics, scientific collaboration is often analyzed by means of co-authorships. An aspect which is often overlooked and more difficult to quantify is the flow of expertise between authors from different research topics, which is an important part of scientific progress. With the Topic Flow Network (TFN) we propose a graph structure for the analysis of research topic flows between scientific authors and their respective research fields. Based on a multi-graph and a topic model, our proposed network structure accounts for intratopic as well as intertopic flows. Our method requires for the construction of a TFN solely a corpus of publications (i.e., author and abstract information). From this, research topics are discovered automatically through non-negative matrix factorization. The thereof derived TFN allows for the application of social network analysis techniques, such as common metrics and community detection. Most importantly, it allows for the analysis of intertopic flows on a large, macroscopic scale, i.e., between research topic, as well as on a microscopic scale, i.e., between certain sets of authors. We demonstrate the utility of TFNs by applying our method to two comprehensive corpora of altogether 20 Mio. publications spanning more than 60 years of research in the fields computer science and mathematics. Our results give evidence that TFNs are suitable, e.g., for the analysis of topical communities, the discovery of important authors in different fields, and, most notably, the analysis of intertopic flows, i.e., the transfer of topical expertise. Besides that, our method opens new directions for future research, such as the investigation of influence relationships between research fields.
Schaller, T.: Das Recht der IT-Sicherheit in der Stromversorgung. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des IT-Sicherheitsgesetzes 2.0 und der neuen BSI-Kritisverordnung (BSI-KritisV) Computer und Recht 2022. 635–643 (2022).
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Schild, H.-H.: Datenschutz vor Gericht - Eine Betrachtung des gerichtlichen Rechtsschutzes Datenschutz-Berater. 332–335 (2022).
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Schindler, S., Schomberg, S.: Der KI-Verordnungsentwurf und biometrische Erkennung: Ein großer Wurf oder kompetenzwidrige Symbolpolitik? In: Friedewald, M., Roßnagel, A., Heesen, J., Krämer, N., und Lamla, J. (Hrsg.) Künstliche Intelligenz, Demokratie und Privatheit. S. 103–130. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2022). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748913344.
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Schmidt, S., Langes, B., Li, M.M., Peters, C., Kämpf, T., Leimeister, J.M., Boes, A.: Mit LabTeams KI gestalten – Eine neue Methode für die menschenzentrierte Gestaltung von KI-basierten IT-Support-Services In: Bruhn, M. und Hadwich, K. (Hrsg.) Smart Services. S. 253–271. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37344-3_7.
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Viele Innovationen aus Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten scheitern in der Praxis, da die Beteiligten nicht von Anfang an bzw. nicht ausreichend involviert werden. Um diesem Problem entgegenzuwirken, bietet sich das Anwenden der LabTeam-Methode an, die im Zuge des Forschungsprojekts HISS entwickelt und erprobt wurde. Diese adressiert das nicht ausreichende Berücksichtigen des Wandels der Arbeit und die mangelhafte Involvierung der Beteiligten. Dieser Beitrag stellt diese Methode dar und stellt handlungsweisende Richtlinien vor.
Schmidt, S.L., Li, M.M., Peters, C.: Requirements for an IT Support System based on Hybrid Intelligence In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (2022).
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In our digital world, all companies need IT support. The IT support staff is under high pressure solving user-based issues and facing an increase of heterogeneous systems. Hybrid intelligence could solve many issues due to the combination of machine power and the individual strengths of humans. As a part of a bigger design science research project, this paper derives requirements for an IT support system based on hybrid intelligence (ISSHI). 17 requirements from the literature and 21 requirements from 24 indepth interviews with IT support managers and support-agents from three different companies have been derived. These were evaluated and refined with a second interview series of five IT support stakeholders that led to a total of 24 consolidated requirements. Finally, these requirements were used to inform a system architecture for an ISSHI. This architecture shall serve as a foundation for future research directions regarding hybrid intelligence in IT support.
Schmitt, A.: Examining Trust in Conversational Systems: Conceptual and Empirical Findings on User Trust, Related Behavior, and System Trustworthiness In: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (AIES). , Oxford, United Kingdom (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3539525.
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Machine learning (ML)-based conversational systems represent a value enabler for human-machine interaction. Simultaneously, the opacity, complexity, and humanness accompanied by such systems introduce their own issues, including trust misalignment. While trust is viewed as a prerequisite for effective system use, few studies have considered calibrating for appropriate trust, and empirically testing the relationship between trust and related behavior. Moreover, the desired implications of transparency-enhancing design cues are ambiguous. My research aims to explore the impact of system performance on trust, the dichotomy between trust and behavior, and how transparency might help attenuate the effects caused by low system performance in the specific context of decision-making tasks assisted by ML-based conversational systems.
Schmitt, A., Walser, M., Fahse, T.B.: Conceptual Foundations on Debiasing for Machine Learning-Based Software In: International Conference of Information Systems (ICIS). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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Machine learning (ML)-based software’s deployment has raised serious concerns about its pervasive and harmful consequences for users, business, and society inflicted through bias. While approaches to address bias are increasingly recognized and developed, our understanding of debiasing remains nascent. Research has yet to provide a comprehensive coverage of this vast growing field, much of which is not embedded in theoretical understanding. Conceptualizing and structuring the nature, effect, and implementation of debiasing instruments could provide necessary guidance for practitioners investing in debiasing efforts. We develop a taxonomy that classifies debiasing instrument characteristics into seven key dimensions. We evaluate and refine our taxonomy through nine experts and apply our taxonomy to three actual debiasing instruments, drawing lessons for the design and choice of appropriate instruments. Bridging the gaps between our conceptual understanding of debiasing for ML-based software and its organizational implementation, we discuss contributions and future research.
Schmitt, A., Wambsganss, T., Janson, A.: Designing for Conversational System Trustworthiness: The Impact of Model Transparency on Trust and Task Performance In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). , Timișoara, Romania (2022).
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Designing for system trustworthiness promises to address challenges of opaqueness and uncertainty introduced through Machine Learning (ML)-based systems by allowing users to understand and interpret systems’ underlying working mechanisms. However, empirical exploration of trustworthiness measures and their effectiveness is scarce and inconclusive. We investigated how varying model confidence (70% versus 90%) and making confidence levels transparent to the user (explanatory statement versus no explanatory statement) may influence perceptions of trust and performance in an information retrieval task assisted by a conversational system. In a field experiment with 104 users, our findings indicate that neither model confidence nor transparency seem to impact trust in the conversational system. However, users’ task performance is positively influenced by both transparency and trust in the system. While this study considers the complex interplay of system trustworthiness, trust, and subsequent behavioral outcomes, our results call into question the relation between system trustworthiness and user trust.
Schmitt, A., Wambsganss, T., Leimeister, J.M.: Conversational Agents for Information Retrieval in the Education Domain: A User-Centered Design Investigation Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (PACMHCI). 6, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3555587.
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Text-based conversational agents (CAs) are widely deployed across a number of daily tasks, including information retrieval. However, most existing agents follow a default design that disregards user needs and preferences, ultimately leading to a lack of usage and an unsatisfying user experience. To better understand how CAs can be designed in order to lead to effective system use, we deduced relevant design requirements from both literature and 13 user interviews. We built and tested a question-answering, text-based CA for an information retrieval task in an education scenario. Results from our experimental test with 41 students indicate that following a user-centered design has a significant positive effect on enjoyment and trust in a CA as opposed to deploying a default CA. If not designed with the user in mind, CAs are not necessarily more beneficial than traditional question-answering systems. Beyond practical implications for effective CA design, this paper points towards key challenges and potential research avenues when deploying social cues for CAs.
Schneegans, J., Bieshaar, M., Sick, B.: A Practical Evaluation of Active Learning Approaches for Object Detection In: Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD. S. 49–67 (2022).
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Deep learning models are trained most successfully in a supervised manner, which requires vast amounts of annotated data. With active learning, the annotation process can be made much more efficient by intelligently selecting the most valuable batches of samples to annotate and train on. Those samples are selected based on their utility regarding the training algorithm. In this work, we examine a wide range of such selection criteria for the task of object detection as performed by the widely applied Faster R-CNN model. We focus on the large and diverse BDD100K autonomous driving dataset, paying special attention to the model’s sub-tasks and the dataset’s meta information. Furthermore, we distinguish between approaches that select samples based on aleatoric or epistemic uncertainty. A selection of evaluation measures that cover specific error sources and the overall model performance suggests that there is little difference between the individual active learning approaches, even in regards to their specialized focus on different model parts and sub-tasks. We conclude with a detailed discussion of the implied mechanisms regarding the active learning approaches that seem to affect model performances.
Schöbel, S., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Gamifying Online Training in Management Education to Support Emotional Engagement and Problem-solving Skills Journal of Management Education (JME). 47, 166–203 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1177/10525629221123287.
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Online training to improve problem-solving skills has become increasingly important in management learning. In online environments, learners take a more active role which can lead to stressful situations and decreased motivation. Gamification can be applied to support learner motivation and emotionally boost engagement by using game-like elements in a non-game context. However, using gamification does not necessarily result in supporting positive learning outcomes. Our analysis sheds light on these aspects and evaluates the effects of points and badges on engagement and problem-solving outcomes. We used an experimental approach with a fully randomized pre-test/post-test design of a gamified online management training program with 68 participants. The results demonstrate that points and badges do not directly improve problem-solving skills but are mediated by emotional engagement to positively influence problem-solving skills. Additionally, satisfaction with the gamification learning process positively relates to emotional engagement. Thus, when creating online training programs, it is essential to consider how to engage students and to think about the design of the learning environment. By identifying the limitations of gamification elements, the study’s results can provide educators with information about the design implications of online training programs for management learning.
Schöbel, S., Schomberg, S., Barev, T.J., Grote, T., Janson, A., Hornung, G., Leimeister, J.M.: Zum Datenschutz gestupst? Gestaltungsorientierte Entwicklung von Privacy Nudges vor dem Hintergrund ethischer und rechtlicher Leitlinien In: Friedewald, M., Kreutzer, M., und Hansen, M. (Hrsg.) Selbstbestimmung, Privatheit und Datenschutz. S. 369–388. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-33306-5_18.
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Die Digitalisierung verändert unsere Gesellschaft, die Art wie wir miteinander kommunizieren und wie wir arbeiten. Dabei birgt Digitalisierung nicht nur Vorteile, sondern führt auch dazu, dass jedes Individuum durch sein Agieren in der digitalen Welt Datenspuren hinterlässt. Diese Daten werden gesammelt, aggregiert und ausgewertet, und das vielfach, ohne dass sich Individuen dessen bewusst sind. Hier kann das sogenannte Privacy Nudging genutzt werden, durch das Nutzende „angestupst“ werden, um ihr Verhalten so zu verändern, dass sie ihre eigenen Daten besser schützen. Bei der Gestaltung von Nudging Konzepten gibt es zahlreiche rechtliche, ethische und soziotechnische Hürden, die es zu berücksichtigen gilt. Hierzu existieren bisher keine einheitlichen Richtlinien und Empfehlungen. Entsprechend präsentiert der Beitrag eine integrative soziotechnische Gestaltungsperspektive für digitale privacy Nudges, indem Technik, Ethik und Recht nicht mehr nur isoliert betrachtet werden.
Schreiber, J., Sick, B.: Multi-Task Autoencoders and Transfer Learning for Day-Ahead Wind and Photovoltaic Power Forecasts Energies. 15, 8062 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218062.
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Integrating new renewable energy resources requires robust and reliable forecasts to ensure a stable electrical grid and avoid blackouts. Sophisticated representation learning techniques, such as autoencoders, play an essential role, as they allow for the extraction of latent features to forecast the expected generated wind and photovoltaic power for the next seconds up to days. Thereby, autoencoders reduce the required training time and the time spent in manual feature engineering and often improve the forecast error. However, most current renewable energy forecasting research on autoencoders focuses on smaller forecast horizons for the following seconds and hours based on meteorological measurements. At the same time, larger forecast horizons, such as day-ahead power forecasts based on numerical weather predictions, are crucial for planning loads and demands within the electrical grid to prevent power failures. There is little evidence on the ability of autoencoders and their respective forecasting models to improve through multi-task learning and time series autoencoders for day-ahead power forecasts. We can close these gaps by proposing a multi-task learning autoencoder based on the recently introduced temporal convolution network. This approach reduces the number of trainable parameters by 38 for photovoltaic data and 202 for wind data while having the best reconstruction error compared to nine other representation learning techniques. At the same time, this model decreases the day-ahead forecast error up to 18.3% for photovoltaic parks and 1.5% for wind parks. We round off these results by analyzing the influences of the latent size and the number of layers to fine-tune the encoder for wind and photovoltaic power forecasts.
Schwede, M., Zierau, N., Janson, A., Hammerschmidt, M., Leimeister, J.M.: “I Will Follow You!” – How Recommendation Modality Impacts Processing Fluency and Purchase Intention In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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Although conversational agents (CA) are increasingly used for providing purchase recommendations, important design questions remain. Across two experiments we examine with a novel fluency mechanism how recommendation modality (speech vs. text) shapes recommendation evaluation (persuasiveness and risk), the intention to follow the recommendation, and how modality interacts with the style of recommendation explanation (verbal vs. numerical). Findings provide robust evidence that text-based CAs outperform speech-based CAs in terms of processing fluency and consumer responses. They show that numerical explanations increase processing fluency and purchase intention of both recommendation modalities. The results underline the importance of processing fluency for the decision to follow a recommendation and highlight that processing fluency can be actively shaped through design decisions in terms of implementing the right modality and aligning it with the optimal explanation style. For practice, we offer actionable implications on how to make effective sales agents out of CAs.
Setz, T.: Desinformation in Messenger-Diensten und Hybrid-Medien – Sind NetzDG und MStV geeignete Blaupausen für die EU? In: Bernzen, A.K., Grisse, K., und Kaesling, K. (Hrsg.) Immaterialgüter und Medien im Binnenmarkt Europäisierung des Rechts und ihre Grenzen. S. 175–199. , Bonn (2022).
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Siemon, D., Elshan, E., de Vreede, T., Oeste-Reiß, S., de Vreede, G.J., Ebel, P.: Examining the Antecedents of Creative Collaboration with an AI Teammate In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). , Copenhagen, Denmark (2022).
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With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI), individuals are increasingly teaming up with AI-based systems to enhance their creative collaborative performance. When working with AI-based systems, several aspects of team dynamics need to be considered, which raises the question how humans’ approach and perceive their new teammates. In an experimental setting, we investigate the influence of social presence in a group ideation process with an AI-based teammate and examine its effects on the motivation to contribute. Our results show a multi-mediation model in which social presence indirectly influences whether human team members are motivated to contribute to a team with AI-based teammates, which is mediated by willingness to depend and team-oriented commitment.
Siemon, D., Strohmann, T., Khosrawi-Rad, B., de Vreede, T., Elshan, E., Meyer, M.: Why Do We Turn to Virtual Companions? A Text Mining Analysis of Replika Reviews In: Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS). , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA (2022).
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Many people globally experience the feeling of loneliness and struggle with its consequences. A modern way to deal with this loneliness and lack of companionship is to use empathetic and emotional conversational agents. Often referred to as virtual companions, these agents can engage in human-like conversations with their users and build relationships with them through modern artificial intelligence technologies. One established service of such virtual companions is Replika, which we investigate in this study to explore what users expect to gain from long-term interactions with virtual companions and what they tend to talk about with them. Using a text mining approach and 119,831 reviews of the Replika service, we analyze users' sentiments, emotions, and topics. Our results show that users interact with virtual companions to cope with their loneliness and, especially, to address their mental well-being. Furthermore, Replika users have a joyful and beneficial experience during long-term interaction with such virtual companions.
Simmert, B., Peters, C.: Faster, Better, Happier – Internal Crowd Work as Form of Structural Empowerment for Employee Empowerment and Success Die Unternehmung – Swiss Journal of Business Research and Practice. 76, 28–49 (2022). https://doi.org/10.5771/0042-059X-2022-1-28.
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ICW is gaining increasing importance as an innovative concept of digital work organization. This study examines ICW and its role as a structural empowerment tool driving the psychological empowerment of employees. This is done by means of a case study on a telecommunications company that has been successfully using ICW for more than ten years. Using a mixed-method approach, a model for an in-depth understanding of empowerment in ICW is exploratively developed based on qualitative data. Furthermore, organizational enablers in ICW are identified as important prerequisites and success factors. Additionally, the study shows how ICW as structural empowerment promotes psychological empowerment and can lead to higher speed, increased synergies, and higher employee satisfaction. A quantitative deep-dive provides additional figures on the structural empowerment mechanisms in ICW as well as on employee perceptions.
Söllner, M., Mishra, A.N., Becker, J.-M., Leimeister, J.M.: Use IT Again? Dynamic Roles of Habit, Intention and their Interaction on Continued System Use by Individuals in Utilitarian, Volitional Contexts European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS). (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2115949.
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This paper employs a longitudinal perspective to examine continued system use (CSU) by individuals in utilitarian, volitional contexts when alternative systems are present . We focus on two key behavioural antecedents of CSU – habit and continuance intention – and theorise how the relationships between CSU and these antecedents evolve over time. In addition, we hypothesise how the interaction effect of habit and intention on CSU evolves temporally. Our theorising differs from extant literature in two important respects: 1) In contrast to the widespread acceptance of the diminishing effect of continuance intention on CSU in the information systems (IS) literature, we hypothesise that in our context, its impact increases with time; and 2) In contrast to the negative moderation effect of habit on the relationship between intention and CSU proposed in the literature, we posit a positive interaction effect. We collect longitudinal survey data on the use of a higher education IS from students in a European university. Our results suggest that the impact of continuance intention on CSU as well as the interaction effect between habit and intention are increasing over time. We further introduce a methodological innovation – the permutation approach to conduct the multi-group analysis with repeated measures – to the literature.
Stubbemann, M., Hanika, T., Schneider, F.M.: Intrinsic Dimension for Large-Scale Geometric Learning Transactions on Machine Learning Research. (2022).
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The concept of dimension is essential to grasp the complexity of data. A naive approach to determine the dimension of a dataset is based on the number of attributes. More sophisticated methods derive a notion of intrinsic dimension (ID) that employs more complex feature functions, e.g., distances between data points. Yet, many of these approaches are based on empirical observations, cannot cope with the geometric character of contemporary datasets, and do lack an axiomatic foundation. A different approach was proposed by V. Pestov, who links the intrinsic dimension axiomatically to the mathematical concentration of measure phenomenon. First methods to compute this and related notions for ID were computationally intractable for large-scale real-world datasets. In the present work, we derive a computationally feasible method for determining said axiomatic ID functions. Moreover, we demonstrate how the geometric properties of complex data are accounted for in our modeling. In particular, we propose a principle way to incorporate neighborhood information, as in graph data, into the ID. This allows for new insights into common graph learning procedures, which we illustrate by experiments on the Open Graph Benchmark.
Stubbemann, M., Stumme, G.: LG4AV: Combining Language Models and Graph Neural Networks for Author Verification In: Bouadi, T., Fromont, E., und Hüllermeier, E. (Hrsg.) Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis XX. S. 315–326. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2022).
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The verification of document authorships is important in various settings. Researchers are for example judged and compared by the amount and impact of their publications and public figures are confronted by their posts on social media. Therefore, it is important that authorship information in frequently used data sets is correct. The question whether a given document is written by a given author is commonly referred to as authorship verification (AV). While AV is a widely investigated problem in general, only few works consider settings where the documents are short and written in a rather uniform style. This makes most approaches impractical for bibliometric data. Here, authorships of scientific publications have to be verified, often with just abstracts and titles available. To this point, we present LG4AV which combines language models and graph neural networks for authorship verification. By directly feeding the available texts in a pre-trained transformer architecture, our model does not need any hand-crafted stylometric features that are not meaningful in scenarios where the writing style is, at least to some extent, standardized. By the incorporation of a graph neural network structure, our model can benefit from relations between authors that are meaningful with respect to the verification process.
Thomas, J.M., Moallemy-Oureh, A., Beddar-Wiesing, S., Holzhüter, C.: Graph Neural Networks Designed for Different Graph Types: A Survey arXiv e-prints. arXiv:2204.03080 (2022).
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Graphs are ubiquitous in nature and can therefore serve as models for many practical but also theoretical problems. Based on this, the young research field of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has emerged. Despite the youth of the field and the speed in which new models are developed, many good surveys have been published in the last years. Nevertheless, an overview on which graph types can be modeled by GNNs is missing. In this survey, we give a detailed overview of already existing GNNs and, unlike previous surveys, categorize them according to their ability to handle different graph types and properties. We consider GNNs operating on static as well as on dynamic graphs of different structural constitutions, with or without node or edge attributes. Moreover in the dynamic case, we separate the models in discrete-time and continuous-time dynamic graphs based on their architecture. While ordering the existing GNN models, we find, that there are still graph types, that are not or only rarely covered by existing GNN models. We point out where models are missing and give potential reasons for their absence.
Tingelhoff, F., Elshan, E., Ebel, P.: Designfaktoren zur Wertmaximierung von B2B Datenaustausch in datengetriebenen Plattform Ökosystemen HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik. 59, 1323–1339 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-022-00895-4.
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Datengetriebene Plattform Ökosysteme bilden eine Formalisierung und Automatisierung des Datenaustausches zwischen Unternehmen. Als solche stellen sie eine Technologie dar, durch dessen Verwendung Vorteile gegenüber eines herkömmlichen Datenaustausches (z. B. über Excel-Sheets und Emails) erzielt werden können. Jedoch sind Studien, die aus einer Ökosystem-Perspektive beleuchten, wie solche Plattformen mehrwert-optimiert gestaltet werden können, bislang unterrepräsentiert. Diese Forschungslücke soll innerhalb der vorliegenden Studie durch eine Datenerhebung in der Praxis geschlossen werden. In einer Interviewstudie mit 11 Vertretern aus deutschsprachigen, international tätigen Unternehmen wurden Organisationsteilnehmer des mittleren und gehobenen Managements zu ihrer Partizipation in datengetriebenen Plattformen befragt. Dabei liefert dieses Paper im Wesentlichen 3 Beiträge: 1. Designfaktoren zur Wertmaximierung der Plattform-Teilnehmer wurden aus einer Ökosystem-Perspektive herausgearbeitet. Zusätzlich wurde ein Framework zur Auflistung und Kategorisierung wichtiger Designfaktoren angefertigt. 2. Auf Grundlage der Literaturanalyse und Praxisdaten wurden zwei Thesen entwickelt, die spezifische Design-Anforderungen beschreiben, welchen im Rahmen der Datensammlung und -Auswertung besondere Beachtung zugesprochen wurde. 3. Das Verständnis von Wertbildung im digitalen Raum wurde auf Datenaustausch-Plattformen erweitert. Die ersten beiden Beiträge dieses Papers adressieren Praktiker. Unternehmen sollen ermächtigt werden, zielgerichtete und informierte Entscheidungen im Bezug zur wertmaximierenden Gestaltung inter-organisationalen Datenaustauschs treffen zu können. Gleichzeitig soll mittels der zwei Thesen zu datengetriebenen Austauschplattformen eine Diskussion über ihre Rolle in der Praxis angestoßen werden. Der dritte Beitrag dieser Studie widmet sich dem akademischen Diskurs, da über die Erweiterung des Verständnisses von Wertbildung im digitalen Raum auf Datenaustausch-Plattformen eine Grundlage für die weitergehende Erforschung dieses Plattform-Typs geschaffen werden soll.
Tomforde, S., Krupitzer, C. Hrsg.: Organic Computing -- Doctoral Dissertation Colloquium 2021 kassel university press (2022). https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202202215780.
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Urbelis, T.: Sharing Grounded Hope in the Age of Algorithmic Harm and Resistance. An interview with Goda Klumbytė, https://echogonewrong.com/sharing-grounded-hope-in-the-age-of-algorithmic-harm-and-resistance-an-interview-with-goda-klumbyte/.
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Wambsganss, T., Janson, A., Käser, T., Leimeister, J.M.: Improving Students Argumentation Learning with Adaptive Self-Evaluation Nudging Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (PACMHCI). 6, 1–31 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3555633.
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Recent advantages from computational linguists can be leveraged to nudge students with adaptive self evaluation based on their argumentation skill level. To investigate how individual argumentation self evaluation will help students write more convincing texts, we designed an intelligent argumentation writing support system called ArgumentFeedback based on nudging theory and evaluated it in a series of three qualitative and quaxntitative studies with a total of 83 students. We found that students who received a self-evaluation nudge wrote more convincing texts with a better quality of formal and perceived argumentation compared to the control group. The measured self-efficacy and the technology acceptance provide promising results for embedding adaptive argumentation writing support tools in combination with digital nudging in traditional learning settings to foster self-regulated learning. Our results indicate that the design of nudging-based learning applications for self-regulated learning combined with computational methods for argumentation self-evaluation has a beneficial use to foster better writing skills of students.
Wambsganss, T., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Enhancing argumentative writing with automated feedback and social comparison nudging Computers & Education. 191, (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104644.
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The advantages offered by natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning enable students to receive automated feedback on their argumentation skills, independent of educator, time, and location. Although there is a growing amount of literature on formative argumentation feedback, empirical evidence on the effects of adaptive feedback mechanisms and novel NLP approaches to enhance argumentative writing remains scarce. To help fill this gap, the aim of the present study is to investigate whether automated feedback and social comparison nudging enable students to internalize and improve logical argumentation writing abilities in an undergraduate business course. We conducted a mixed-methods study to investigate the impact of argumentative writing on 71 students in a field experiment. Students in treatment group 1 completed their assignment while receiving automated feedback, whereas students in treatment group 2 completed the same assignment while receiving automated feedback with a social comparison nudge that indicated how other students performed on the same assignment. Students in the control group received generalized feedback based on rules of syntax. We found that participants who received automated argumentation feedback with a social comparison nudge wrote more convincing texts with higher-quality argumentation compared to the two benchmark groups (p < 0.05). The measured self-efficacy, perceived ease of use, and qualitative data provide valuable insights that help explain this effect. The results suggest that embedding automated feedback in combination with social comparison nudges enables students to increase their argumentative writing skills by triggering psychological processes. Receiving only automated feedback in the form of in-text argumentative highlighting without any further guidance appears not to significantly influence students’ writing abilities when compared to syntactic feedback.
Wambsganss, T., Söllner, M., Koedinger, K., Leimeister, J.M.: Adaptive Empathy Learning Support in Peer Review Scenarios In: ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System (CHI). , New Orleans, Louisiana, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517740.
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Advances in Natural Language Processing offer techniques to de- tect the empathy level in texts. To test if individual feedback on certain students’ empathy level in their peer review writing pro- cess will help them to write more empathic reviews, we developed ELEA, an adaptive writing support system that provides students with feedback on the cognitive and emotional empathy structures. We compared ELEA to a proven empathy support tool in a peer review setting with 119 students. We found students using ELEA wrote more empathic peer reviews with a higher level of emotional empathy compared to the control group. The high perceived skill learning, the technology acceptance, and the level of enjoyment provide promising results to use such an approach as a feedback application in traditional learning settings. Our results indicate that learning applications based on NLP are able to foster empathic writing skills of students in peer review scenarios.
Wambsganss, T., Zierau, N., Söllner, M., Käser, T., Koedinger, K.R., Leimeister, J.M.: Designing Conversational Evaluation Tools: A Comparison of Text and Voice Modalities to Improve Response Quality in Course Evaluations Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (PACMHCI). 6, 1–27 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3555619.
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Conversational agents (CAs) provide opportunities for improving the interaction in evaluation surveys. To investigate if and how a user-centered conversational evaluation tool impacts users' response quality and their experience, we build EVA - a novel conversational course evaluation tool for educational scenarios. In a field experiment with 128 students, we compared EVA against a static web survey. Our results confirm prior findings from literature about the positive effect of conversational evaluation tools in the domain of education. Second, we then investigate the differences between a voice-based and text-based conversational human-computer interaction of EVA in the same experimental set-up. Against our prior expectation, the students of the voice-based interaction answered with higher information quality but with lower quantity of information compared to the text-based modality. Our findings indicate that using a conversational CA (voice and text-based) results in a higher response quality and user experience compared to a static web survey interface.
Wehr, F., Schmidt, L.: Evaluation von Icons für LED-basierte Haltestellenanzeiger im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr In: Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft e. V. (Hrsg.) Technologie und Bildung in hybriden Arbeitswelten: 68. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft (Magdeburg 2022). S. 1–6 (B.8.9). GfA-Press, Sankt Augustin (2022).
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In der hier vorgestellten Laborstudie wurde die Interpretierbarkeit von Fahrgastinformationen zur Belegung von Mehrzweckflächen (MZF) in einer Straßenbahn über einen realen LED-basierten Anzeiger und die Auswirkung dieser Fahrgastinformation auf das voraussichtliche Nutzungsverhalten untersucht. Dafür wurden im Within-Subject Design (N = 30) drei Darstellungsvarianten zur MZF-Belegung hinsichtlich Interpretationszeit, Fehlerfreiheit der Entscheidung und subjektiver Entscheidungssicherheit verglichen. Weiterhin wurde auf Basis des TAM-Modells die wahrgenommene Nützlichkeit erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Darstellungsvarianten. Die Fahrgastinformation zur Belegung von MZF wurde insgesamt als nützlich wahrgenommen.
Weinert, T., Billert, M., Thiel de Gafenco, M., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Designing a Co-creation System for the Development of Work-process-related Learning Material in Manufacturing Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). 32, 5–53 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10606-021-09420-5.
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The increasing digitalization and automatization in the manufacturing industry as well as the need to learn on the job has reinforced the need for much more granular learning, which has not yet impacted the design of learning materials. In this regard, granular learning concepts require situated learning materials to support self-directed learning in the workplace in a targeted manner. Co-creation approaches offer promising opportunities to support employees in the independent design of such situated learning materials. Using an action-design research (ADR) approach, we derived requirements from co-creation concepts and practice by conducting focus group workshops in manufacturing and vocational training schools to develop design principles for a co-creation system that supports employees through the creation process of work-process-related learning material. Consequently, we formulate four design principles for the design of a collaborative learning and qualification system for manufacturing. Using an innovative mixed methods approach, we validate these design principles and design features to demonstrate the success of the developed artifact. The results provide insights regarding the design of a co-creation system to support learners in the co-creation of learning material with the consideration of cognitive load (CL). Our study contributes to research and practice by proposing novel design principles for supporting employees in peer creation processes. Furthermore, our study reveals how co-creation systems can support the collaborative development of learning materials in the work process.
Weinert, T., Thiel de Gafenco, M., Billert, M.S., Janson, A., Klusmeyer, J., Leimeister, J.M.: Handlungsbroschüre. Ko-Kreative Entwicklung von Lernmaterialien im Arbeitsprozess in der Fertigungsindustrie – Eine anwenderzentrierte Betrachtung Kassel University Press, Kassel (2022). https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202206016269.
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Digitale Lernsysteme sind heute viel mehr als reine Wissensdatenbanken, in welchen Mitarbeitende zentral abgelegte Wissensbausteine abrufen können. Mithin geht es um die Entwicklung solcher Wissensbausteine durch Mitarbeitende als eine zentrale Herausforderung bei der Gestaltung von digitalen Lernsystemen. Insbesondere deshalb, da bestehende Lernmaterialien oftmals nicht den Erfordernissen eines arbeitsprozessintegrierten Lernansatzes folgen. Dies liegt daran, dass die Lernmaterialien von Mitarbeitern erstellt werden, die nicht unmittelbar mit den alltäglichen praktischen Arbeitsprozessen vertraut sind. Gleichzeitig bieten neue Technologien wie Virtual Reality (VR) die Möglichkeit, Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter eine ganz neue Art von Lernerfahrung anbieten zu können. Von diesen Möglichkeiten sind viele Unternehmen aber noch weit entfernt, da das hierfür notwendige Lernmaterial nicht vorhanden ist. Dies liegt insbesondere an der Tatsache, dass es Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern an den erforderlichen Kompetenzen für die Entwicklung solcher Lernmaterialien fehlt, welche notwendig für die Gestaltung dieser ist. Um diese Herausforderungen zu begegnen, können Ko-Kreationskonzepte eingesetzt werden, um die Entwicklung von arbeitsprozessintegriertem Lernmaterial zu unterstützen. Diese Ko-Kreationskonzepte sollen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter in die Lage versetzen, eigenständig hochwertige Lernmaterialien zu entwickeln (Weinert et al. 2022). Dabei fehlt es jedoch an konkreten Konzepten und Systemen, wie solche Ko-Kreationskonzepte für die Fertigungsindustrie gestaltet werden müssen, um Mitarbeitende strukturiert bei der Entwicklung eigener Lernmaterialien zu unterstützen. Dieser Problematik hat sich das Projektteam des BMBF-geförderten Projekts KoLeArn „Kontextsensitive Lerndienstleistungen im Arbeitsprozess der smarten industriellen Fertigung – Systematische Entwicklung und Pilotierung am Beispiel China“ gestellt. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde ein Ko-Kreationssystem entwickelt, welches Mitarbeitenden ermöglicht, selbstständig arbeitsprozessbegleitende Lernmaterialien zu entwickeln und sie bei deren Einbindung in eine virtuelle Lernumgebung unterstützt. Diese Handlungsbroschüre soll zunächst eine Einführung in das arbeitsprozessintegrierte Lernen und in die Prozesse der Ko-Kreation von Lernmaterial bieten. Aufbauend wird das methodische Vorgehen hin zur Entwicklung unseres Systems erläutert, um die Einrichtung eines eigenen Lernsystems zu verdeutlichen. Abschließend werden verschiedene Einsatzszenarien skizziert, in welchen das System eingesetzt werden kann.
Yetton, P., Henningsson, S., Böhm, M., Leimeister, J.M., Krcmar, H.: How IT carve-out project complexity influences divestor performance in M&As European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS). (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2085201.
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IT carve-out projects are complex and cost-intensive components of M&A transactions. Existing research sheds little light on the determinants of IT carve-out project complexity and/or its effects on divestor performance. Instead, research has focused on the post-acquisition IT integration project and acquirer performance. This paper presents the first divestor-centric model of IT transactions from the divestor to the acquirer when a Business Unit in a Multi-Business Organization (MBO) is carved out and integrated into another MBO. The model explains how divestor business and IT alignment pre-conditions contribute to increased IT carve-out project complexity. Such complexity increases IT carve-out project time to physical IT separation and creates IT stranded assets, which decrease post-divestment business, IT alignment and divestor performance. The current recommended strategy of adopting transitional service agreements (TSAs) to handle IT carve-out complexity is compared with two new proactive strategies derived from the model. TSA-based strategies restrict the divestor from both decommissioning IT stranded assets and reconfiguring its IT assets to support its new post-divestment business strategy. The two new strategies address IT carve-out complexity without incurring the negative effects from adopting TSAs.
Zernetsch, S., Reichert, H., Kress, V., Doll, K., Sick, B.: A Holistic View on Probabilistic Trajectory Forecasting -- Case Study: Cyclist Intention Detection In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). S. 265–272. IEEE (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/IV51971.2022.9827220.
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This article presents a holistic approach for probabilistic cyclist intention detection. By combining probabilities for the current cyclist motion states with a probabilistic ensemble trajectory forecast, we are able to generate reliable estimates of cyclists’ future positions. The probabilities are used as weights in the probabilistic ensemble trajectory forecast. The ensemble consists of specialized models, which produce individual forecasts in the form of Gaussian distributions under the assumption of a certain motion state of the cyclist (e.g. cyclist is starting). By weighting the specialized models, we create forecasts in the form of Gaussian mixtures that define regions within which the cyclists will reside with a certain probability. To evaluate our method, we rate the reliability, sharpness, and positional accuracy of our forecasted distributions. We compare our method to a widely used unimodal approach which produces forecasts in the form of Gaussian distributions and show that our method is able to produce more reliable and sharper outputs while retaining comparable positional accuracy. By comparing two different methods for basic movement detection, one based on the past cyclist trajectory and one using past image sequences, we demonstrate that the results can be further improved by incorporating video information. Our methods are evaluated using a dataset created at a public intersection. The code and the dataset are publicly available.
Zierau, N., Hildebrand, C., Bergner, A., Busquet, F., Schmitt, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Voice bots on the frontline: Voice-based interfaces enhance flow-like consumer experiences & boost service outcomes Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science (JAMS). (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-022-00868-5.
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Voice-based interfaces provide new opportunities for firms to interact with consumers along the customer journey. The current work demonstrates across four studies that voice-based (as opposed to text-based) interfaces promote more flow-like user experiences, resulting in more positively-valenced service experiences, and ultimately more favorable behavioral firm outcomes (i.e., contract renewal, conversion rates, and consumer sentiment). Moreover, we also provide evidence for two important boundary conditions that reduce such flow-like user experiences in voice-based interfaces (i.e., semantic disfluency and the amount of conversational turns). The findings of this research highlight how fundamental theories of human communication can be harnessed to create more experiential service experiences with positive downstream consequences for consumers and firms. These findings have important practical implications for firms that aim at leveraging the potential of voice-based interfaces to improve consumers' service experiences and the theory-driven ''conversational design'' of voice-based interfaces.

2021[ to top ]

Al-Falouji, G., Gruhl, C., Tomforde, S.: Digital Shadows in Self-Improving System Integration: A Concept Using Generative Modelling In: Workshop on Self-Improving System Integration (SISSY), ACSOS. S. 166–171. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/acsos-c52956.2021.00047.
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Alhamwy, Y.: Information Management for Multi-Agent Systems Electronic Communications of the EASST. 80, (2021).
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Anderson, C., Heinisch, J.S., Deldari, S., Salim, F.D., Ohly, S., David, K., Pejovic, V.: Towards Social Role-Based Interruptibility Management CoRR. abs/2106.04265, (2021).
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Bachmann, M., Morold, M., David, K.: On the Required Movement Recognition Accuracy in Cooperative VRU Collision Avoidance Systems IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 22, 1708–1717 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.2976593.
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Barev, T.J., Schöbel, S., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: DELEN – A Process Model for the Systematic Development of Legitimate Digital Nudges In: Chandra Kruse, L., Seidel, S., und Hausvik, G.I. (Hrsg.) International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). S. 299–312. Springer, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82405-1_30.
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Digital nudging is a promising approach from behavioral economics. In deci-sions where individuals tend to struggle, nudges can support users of digital systems by aligning their behavior with their preferences. Despite their wide use, most digital nudges are designed to support the intended behavior from the perspective of a company while neglecting potential legal, ethical, or individual constraints or preferences. With modern technologies such as artificial intelli-gence or big data, these issues multiply and with the increasing effectiveness of digital nudges and use of new technologies, this has become even more critical. Thus, in this paper we follow a Design Science Research approach to develop a process model for the systematic development of legitimate nudges (DELEN). Legitimacy requires that dealings between different entities shall be fair. Unlike other models, we set normative boundaries derived from literature, expert in-terviews, and target group segmentation as integral elements. Target group seg-mentation increases nudge effectiveness and avoids unnecessary burdens for other individuals. By doing so, the DELEN process model paves the way for legitimate and effective digital nudges.
Barev, T.J., Schwede, M., Janson, A.: The Dark Side of Privacy Nudging – An Experimental Study in the Context of a Digital Work Environment In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (2021).
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Privacy nudging is a promising method to get users to disclose less personal information in digital work environments. In this work, we tested two digital privacy nudges: a social and a framing nudge. To empirically measure the effectiveness of the two privacy nudges, we developed an online experiment. We evaluated 223 data sets with the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and a two-factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results indicate that privacy nudges negatively influence information disclosure behavior. The privacy framing nudge has a direct and indirect effect, while the privacy social nudge has only an indirect effect on the information disclosure behavior. Individuals exposed to the privacy nudges perceived the stimulus as threat. Importantly, both nudges spark negative feelings. With this research, we are contributing to the discussion of what drives privacy nudge effectiveness and influences information disclosure behavior in digital work environments.
Bellman, K., Botev, J., Diaconescu, A., Esterle, L., Gruhl, C., Landauer, C., Lewis, P.R., Nelson, P.R., Pournaras, E., Stein, A., Tomforde, S.: Self-improving system integration: Mastering continuous change Future Generation Computer Systems. 117, 29–46 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.11.019.
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The research initiative “self-improving system integration” (SISSY) was established with the goal to master the ever-changing demands of system organisation in the presence of autonomous subsystems, evolving architectures, and highly-dynamic open environments. It aims to move integration-related decisions from design-time to run-time, implying a further shift of expertise and responsibility from human engineers to autonomous systems. This introduces a qualitative shift from existing self-adaptive and self-organising systems, moving from self-adaptation based on predefined variation types, towards more open contexts involving novel autonomous subsystems, collaborative behaviours, and emerging goals. In this article, we revisit existing SISSY research efforts and establish a corresponding terminology focusing on how SISSY relates to the broad field of integration sciences. We then investigate SISSY-related research efforts and derive a taxonomy of SISSY technology. This is concluded by establishing a research road-map for developing operational self-improving self-integrating systems.
Benner, D., Elshan, E., Schöbel, S., Janson, A.: What do you mean? A Review on Recovery Strategies to Overcome Conversational Breakdowns of Conversational Agents In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) (2021).
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Since the emergence of conversational agents, this technology has seen continuous development and research. Today, advanced conversational agents are virtually omnipresent in our everyday lives. Albeit the numerous improvements in their conversational capabilities, breakdowns are still a persistent issue. Such breakdowns can result in a very unpleasant experience for users and impair the future success of conversational agents. This issue has been acknowledged by many researchers recently. However, the research on strategies to overcome conversational breakdowns is still inconclusive, and further research is needed. Therefore, we conduct a systematic literature analysis to derive conceptual conversational breakdown recovery strategies from literature and highlight future research avenues to address potential gaps. Thus, we contribute to theory of human-agent interaction by deriving and assessing recovery strategies and suggesting leads for novel recovery strategies.
Benner, D., Schöbel, S.: A Theory-Driven Design Science Research Agenda Towards Gamified Videos In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). , Duisburg-Essen, Germany (2021).
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Digitalization has opened new opportunities but also brought new challenges such as lower engagement of students in online training. Especially learning videos need to be changed in their design and structure to make them more engaging for users. So far, overarching design principles are missing that support the development of gamified learning videos. In our research in progress paper we present an overarching approach on how to develop meaningful gamified learning videos. With our design science research approach, we plan to derive design principles and design features from our state-of-the-art design requirements. Additionally, we will conduct a field experiment to put our theoretical contributions to test and gather practical insights. Our research contributes to theory, by clarifying how and why gamified videos can support better learning. In a long run, practical contributions can be given to developers about how to construct gamified learning videos.
Benner, D., Schöbel, S., Janson, A.: It is only for your own good, or is it? Ethical Considerations for Designing Ethically Conscious Persuasive Information Systems In: Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS). Association for Information Systems, Montreal, Kanada (2021).
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Persuasive designs, including gamification and digital nudging, have become well renowned during the last years and have been implemented successfully across different sectors including education, e-health, e-governance, e-finance and general information systems. In this regard, persuasive design can support desirable changes in attitude and behavior of users in order to achieve their own goals. However, such persuasive influence on individuals raises ethical questions as persuasive designs can impair the autonomy of users or persuade the user towards goals of a third party and hence lead to unethical decision-making processes. In human-computer interaction this is especially significant with the advent of advanced artificial intelligence that can emulate human behavior and thus bring new dynamics into play. Therefore, we conduct a systematic literature analysis with the goal to compile an overview of ethical considerations for persuasive system design, derive potential guidelines for ethical persuasive designs and shed light on potential research gaps.
Benner, D., Schöbel, S., Janson, A.: Exploring the State-of-the-Art of Persuasive Design for Smart Personal Assistants In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). , Duisburg-Essen, Germany (2021).
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Driven by technological advances, smart personal assistants (SPA) have gained importance in human-computer interaction. SPAs can influence user behavior and persuade them towards an outcome. However, users often lack motivated to interact with SPAs. One way to support this interaction is persuasive system design; considering concepts as gamification and/or digital nudging. Although SPA research has increased recently, there is still no shared knowledge about persuasive designs. Therefore, we aim to identify the current state-of-the-art for persuasive SPA design to understand how interactions and designs can be improved referring to persuasive system design. Thus, we conduct a systematic literature analysis to represent how gamification and digital nudging are used to design SPAs and conclude if and how those concepts can support SPA interactions. Consequently, we contribute to theory, providing better understanding about SPA interaction and design making SPAs more engaging and entertaining. Practitioners can use this contribution for persuasive SPA designs.
Bieshaar, M., Zernetsch, S., Riepe, K., Doll, K., Sick, B.: Cyclist Motion State Forecasting -- Going beyond Detection In: IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). IEEE, Orlando, FL, USA (2021).
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Bieshaar, M., Herde, M., Huselijc, D., Sick, B.: A Concept for Highly Automated Pre-Labeling via Cross-Domain Label Transfer for Perception in Autonomous Driving In: Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD (2021).
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Billert, M., Peters, C.: Gelebte Demokratie in der Stadt der Zukunft – Entwicklung einer digitalen Bürgerbeteiligungsplattform In: Sommer, J. (Hrsg.) Kursbuch Bürgerbeteiligung #4. S. 364–376 (2021).
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Um die Lebensverhältnisse der Bürger*innen in Städten zu verbessern, sollen diese als Expert*innen ihres Alltags eingebunden werden. Jedoch finden städtische Angebote oftmals bei Bürger*innen keinen Anklang und umgekehrt kämpfen Bürgerinitiativen um die Aufmerksamkeit und Unterstützung von Städten. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wurde eine digitale Bürgerbeteiligungsplattform in einer deutschen Großstadt etabliert. Sie unterstützt Bürger*innen bei ihren Anliegen und bietet Städten die Möglichkeit, bürger-initiierte Beiträge niederschwellig zu überprüfen und bereitzustellen. Mit dem anschließenden demokratischen Abstimmungsprozess handelt es sich um ein Stück gelebte Demokratie.
Bogdoll, D., Breitenstein, J., Heidecker, F., Bieshaar, M., Sick, B., Fingscheidt, T., Zöllner, J.M.: Description of Corner Cases in Automated Driving: Goals and Challenges In: Embedded and Real-World Computer Vision in Autonomous Driving (ERCVAD), ICCV. S. 1023–1028,. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/iccvw54120.2021.00119.
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Botache, D., Bethke, F., Hardieck, M., Bieshaar, M., Brabetz, L., Ayeb, M., Zipf, P., Sick, B.: Towards Highly Automated Machine-Learning-Empowered Monitoring of Motor Test Stands In: IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems (ACSOS). S. 120–130. IEEE, Washington, DC, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/acsos52086.2021.00031.
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Braud, A., Buzmakov, A., Hanika, T., Ber, F.L. Hrsg.: Formal Concept Analysis - 16th International Conference, ICFCA 2021, Strasbourg, France, June 29 - July 2, 2021, Proceedings Springer (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77867-5.
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Braun, T., Gehrke, M., Hanika, T., Hernandez, N. Hrsg.: Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning - 26th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2021, Virtual Event, September 20-22, 2021, Proceedings Springer (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86982-3.
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Bretschneider, U.: Exploring the Impact of Crowd Members’ Motivation on Idea Quality in Online Innovation Communities In: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM) (2021).
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Since many years, several firms host Virtual Idea Communities (VIC), in which the crowd focuses on voluntarily developing ideas for new product development (NPD). Both, scholars and practitioners share a strong interest in understanding the factors that enhance crowd members’ individual ideation outcome, meaning the quality of ideas, since the value of user ideas is not only essential for the survival of a VIC, but it also directly affects the innovation effects of firm’s NPD. Although there exist first insights on what influences idea quality, empirical studies that provide evidence of which forms of crowd members motivations are positively linked to higher ideation outcome are neglected. In this research, we build a theoretical model explaining which motives of crowd members for engaging in ideation have a positive impact on the quality of ideas they developed. To test our theory, we employed empirical data from users of the VIC by the software manufacturer SAP. For the first time, we found that crowd members of VIC are motivated to send capability signals through their ideas and thus be more creative. Further, crowd members with higher levels of fun and learning motivation produce ideas of higher quality, whereas this association depends on their level of flow experience. Our empirical results provide important contributions to IS research and practice. On the basis of our findings it is possible to design socio-technical artefacts for VICs that stimulate users’ capability-, fun- and learning motives and in turn will lead to ideas of higher quality.
Britton, L., Klumbytė, G., Draude, C., Paehr, I.: Getting a Handle on Critical Pedagogies: Notes on Interdependencies and Care in Interdisciplinary Technoscience In: Büssers, J., Faulhaber, A., Raboldt, M., und Wiesner, R. (Hrsg.) Gendered Configurations of Humans and Machines. S. 265–281. Barbara Budrich (2021).
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Buchmann, J., Hofmann, J., Simon, J., Anderl, R., André, E., Bäcker, M., Breiter, A., Dienlin, T., Faas, T., Hepp, A., Hertwig, R., Herzog, L., Kreuter, F., Lamla, J., Lengauer, T., Löw, M., Pfetsch, B., Spieker gen. Döhmann, I., Zürn, M., Geisse, J., Helmer, J., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Steinicke, H., Witt, E.: Digitalisierung und Demokratie. Stellungnahme Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina; acatech – Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften; Union der deutschen Akademien der Wissenschaften (2021).
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Dankwa, N.K.: “All Names Are Pseudonyms”: A Critical Reflection on Pseudonymizing Names in HCI: “All Names Are Pseudonyms” In: CHI EA ’21: Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. S. 1–6. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3450376.
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A person's name embodies identity. During user studies in Human Computer Interaction (HCI), persons are often renamed (pseudonymization) to hide their identity for privacy and ethical reasons. Pseudonymization occurs mostly as a “silent” affair of due diligence. Researchers barely give substantial information to the process nor reveal a reflexive position nor acknowledge the underlying elements of power and identity negotiation. As HCI advances in mitigating the design of biased technologies and breaking oppressive structures, I argue, in this paper, the need for the field to re-consider research requirements such as pseudonymization as possible to embody oppressive structures and erase identity. I present a review of papers from the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ‘20) that illustrate how silent the HCI approach is. My argument is built on Critical Race Theory, questioning the objectivity of such technical requirements. I use personal narratives to bolster this argument, ending with a call to the HCI community to acknowledge the power and privilege in renaming participants with three recommendations for consideration.
Dankwa, N.K., Draude, C.: Setting Diversity at the Core of HCI In: Antona, M. und Stephanidis, C. (Hrsg.) Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design Methods and User Experience. S. 39–52. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78092-0_3.
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The advancing awareness of diversity in HCI is touted as laudable in addressing inequality and the digital divide. This progress however has not been reflected in HCI research. Diversity in HCI has focused on giving underrepresented users voice and confronting homogeneity. By increasing representations, though a diversity affinity is immediately visible, the deconstruction of institutionalized prejudice fails. Additionally, underrepresented voices have the unsurmountable task of representing their group. These approaches to diversity become tokenistic fixes failing to tackle the systemic causes of inequality.
Dellermann, D., Lipusch, N., Ebel, P., Leimeister, J.M.: CrowdServ – Konzept für ein hybrides Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem zur Validierung von Geschäftsmodellen In: Beverungen, D., Schumann, J.H., Stich, V., und Strina, G. (Hrsg.) Dienstleistungsinnovationen durch Digitalisierung. S. 291–331. Springer Gabler, Germany, Berlin/Heidelberg (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63099-0_8.
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Eine der kritischsten Aufgaben für Start-ups ist die Validierung ihres Geschäftsmodells. Daher versuchen Gründer, Informationen wie z. B. Feedback von anderen Akteuren zu sammeln, um die Gültigkeit ihrer Annahmen zu bewerten und Entscheidungen zu treffen. Bisherige Arbeiten über Entscheidungshilfen für die Validierung von Geschäftsmodellen bieten jedoch keine Lösung für den höchst unsicheren und komplexen Kontext von Start-ups in der Frühphase. Der Zweck dieser Studie ist daher die Entwicklung von Entwurfsprinzipien für ein hybrides Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem (HIDSS), das die komplementären Fähigkeiten von menschlicher und maschineller Intelligenz kombiniert. Wir verfolgen einen gestaltungsorientierten Forschungsansatz, um ein Prototyp-Artefakt und eine Reihe von Designprinzipien zu entwerfen. Unsere Studie liefert präskriptives Wissen für HIDSS und trägt zu früheren Arbeiten über Entscheidungsunterstützung für Geschäftsmodelle, über die Anwendung der komplementären Stärken von Mensch und Maschine zur Entscheidungsfindung und über Unterstützungssysteme für extrem unsichere Entscheidungsprobleme bei.
Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: LEGIT Methodology: Towards Capturing Legal Compatibility of Design Science Artifacts In: Chandra Kruse, L., Seidel, S., und Hausvik, G.I. (Hrsg.) International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). S. 293–298. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Spring Cham), Kristiansand, Norway (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82405-1_29.
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Higher legal standards with regards to the data protection of individu-als such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are increasing the pressure on developers of IT artifacts. Typically, when developing systems, we subsequently evaluate them with users to elaborate aspects such as user experi-ence perceptions. However, nowadays, other evaluation aspects such as legality and data policy issues are also important criteria for system development. For this purpose, we introduce LEGIT (legal design science evaluation), which pro-vides developers with guidance when considering legal requirements. We use the case of the GDPR to illustrate the feasibility, applicability, and benefit to the de-velopment process. With this novel method adapted from law research, we are able to derive actionable guidance for developers to evaluate developer efforts in increasing legal compatibility. To illustrate our methodological approach, in this paper, we describe the key steps of the method with respect to the evaluation of a learning assistant. We develop an AI-based learning assistant for university stu-dents to demonstrate the application of the novel evaluation method. We briefly discuss how this procedure can serve as the foundation for a new evaluation method of legally compatible systems in design science research.
Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: The Hidden Value of Patterns – Using Design Patterns to Whitebox Technology Development in Legal Assessments In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). , University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (2021).
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Higher legal standards with regards to data protection of individuals such as the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) increase the pressure on developing lawful technologies. The development requires feedback from stakeholders such as legal experts that lack technical knowledge but are required to understand IT artifacts. As a solution, patterns can support interdisciplinary system development. We demonstrate how interdisciplinary patterns can support legal experts in arguing about technologies in court by introducing a law simulation study which is a well-known evaluation method in law. Our results show that patterns support legal experts in their argumentation about technologies in court. We provide theoretical contributions concerning cognitive fit theory about how patterns act as a bridge between the internal and external representation of problems and improve problem-solving performance related to the legal assessment of technology. In addition, we provide practical guidance for codifying and communicating design knowledge through patterns.
Dickhaut, E., Li, M.M., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Developing Lawful Technologies – A Revelatory Case Study on Design Patterns In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (2021).
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Higher legal standards regarding the data protection of individuals, such as the European General Data Protection Regulation, increase the pressure on developing lawful systems. In the development of technologies, not only developers are involved. It also requires knowledge from other stakeholders, such as legal experts, that lack technical knowledge but are required to understand IT artifacts. We see two strings that can benefit from the use of design patterns: first, the well-known use of design patterns to support developers in case of recurring problems. Second, we see potential that legal experts, who have to interact with and understand complicated, novel technologies, benefit from the same patterns. We conduct a revelatory case study using design patterns to develop and assess a smart learning assistant. We scaffolded the case interpretation through the human-centered view of socio-materiality and provide contributions concerning the use of design patterns in the development and assessment of lawful technologies.
Dingel, K., Huhnstock, R., Knie, A., Ehresmann, A., Sick, B.: AdaPT: Adaptable particle tracking for spherical microparticles in lab on chip systems Computer Physics Communications. 262, 107859 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2021.107859.
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Due to its rising importance in science and technology in recent years, particle tracking in videos presents itself as a tool for successfully acquiring new knowledge in the field of life sciences and physics. Accordingly, different particle tracking methods for various scenarios have been developed. In this article, we present a particle tracking application implemented in Python for, in particular, spherical magnetic particles, including superparamagnetic beads and Janus particles. In the following, we distinguish between two sub-steps in particle tracking, namely the localization of particles in single images and the linking of the extracted particle positions of the subsequent frames into trajectories. We provide an intensity-based localization technique to detect particles and two linking algorithms, which apply either frame-by-frame linking or linear assignment problem solving. Beyond that, we offer helpful tools to preprocess images automatically as well as estimate parameters required for the localization algorithm by utilizing machine learning. As an extra, we have implemented a technique to estimate the current spatial orientation of Janus particles within the x-y-plane. Our framework is readily extendable and easy-to-use as we offer a graphical user interface and a command-line tool. Various output options, such as data frames and videos, ensure further analysis that can be automated.
Dingel, K., Liehr, A., Vogel, M., Degener, S., Meier, D., Niendorf, T., Ehresmann, A., Sick, B.: AI - Based On The Fly Design of Experiments in Physics and Engineering In: Workshop on Self-Improving System Integration (SISSY), ACSOS. S. 150–153. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSOS-C52956.2021.00048.
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Dingel, K., Otto, T., Marder, L., Funke, L., Held, A., Savio, S., Hans, A., Hartmann, G., Meier, D., Viefhaus, J., Sick, B., Ehresmann, A., Ilchen, M., Helml, W.: Toward AI-enhanced online-characterization and shaping of ultrashort X-ray free-electron laser pulses arXiv e-prints. arXiv:2108.13979 (2021).
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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) as the world`s most brilliant light sources provide ultrashort X-ray pulses with durations typically on the order of femtoseconds. Recently, they have approached and entered the attosecond regime, which holds new promises for single-molecule imaging and studying nonlinear and ultrafast phenomena like localized electron dynamics. The technological evolution of XFELs toward well-controllable light sources for precise metrology of ultrafast processes was, however, hampered by the diagnostic capabilities for characterizing X-ray pulses at the attosecond frontier. In this regard, the spectroscopic technique of photoelectron angular streaking has successfully proven how to non-destructively retrieve the exact time-energy structure of XFEL pulses on a single-shot basis. By using artificial intelligence algorithms, in particular convolutional neural networks, we here show how this technique can be leveraged from its proof-of-principle stage toward routine diagnostics at XFELs, thus enhancing and refining their scientific access in all related disciplines.
Draude, C., Gruhl, C., Hornung, G., Kropf, J., Lamla, J., Leimeister, J.M., Sick, B., Stumme, G.: Social Machines Informatik Spektrum. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-021-01421-4.
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Dürrschnabel, D., Koyda, M., Stumme, G.: Attribute Selection Using Contranominal Scales In: Braun, T., Gehrke, M., Hanika, T., und Hernandez, N. (Hrsg.) Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning. S. 127–141. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2021).
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Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) allows to analyze binary data by deriving concepts and ordering them in lattices. One of the main goals of FCA is to enable humans to comprehend the information that is encapsulated in the data; however, the large size of concept lattices is a limiting factor for the feasibility of understanding the underlying structural properties. The size of such a lattice depends on the number of subcontexts in the corresponding formal context that are isomorphic to a contranominal scale of high dimension. In this work, we propose the algorithm ContraFinder that enables the computation of all contranominal scales of a given formal context. Leveraging this algorithm, we introduce {\$$}{\$$}{backslashdelta {\$$}{\$$}$$\delta$$-adjusting, a novel approach in order to decrease the number of contranominal scales in a formal context by the selection of an appropriate attribute subset. We demonstrate that {\$$}{\$$}{backslashdelta {\$$}{\$$}$$\delta$$-adjusting a context reduces the size of the hereby emerging sub-semilattice and that the implication set is restricted to meaningful implications. This is evaluated with respect to its associated knowledge by means of a classification task. Hence, our proposed technique strongly improves understandability while preserving important conceptual structures.
Dürrschnabel, D., Stumme, G.: Force-Directed Layout of Order Diagrams Using Dimensional Reduction In: Braud, A., Buzmakov, A., Hanika, T., und Le Ber, F. (Hrsg.) Formal Concept Analysis. S. 224–240. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2021).
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Order diagrams allow human analysts to understand and analyze structural properties of ordered data. While an expert can create easily readable order diagrams, the automatic generation of those remains a hard task. In this work, we adapt force-directed approaches, which are known to generate aesthetically-pleasing drawings of graphs, to the realm of order diagrams. Our algorithm ReDraw thereby embeds the order in a high dimension and then iteratively reduces the dimension until a two-dimensional drawing is achieved. To improve aesthetics, this reduction is equipped with two force-directed steps where one step optimizes the distances of nodes and the other one the distances of lines in order to satisfy a set of a priori fixed conditions. By respecting an invariant about the vertical position of the elements in each step of our algorithm we ensure that the resulting drawings satisfy all necessary properties of order diagrams. Finally, we present the results of a user study to demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms comparable approaches on drawings of lattices with a high degree of distributivity.
Eilers, K., Li, M.: Sense of Control for Empowerment in Hybrid Intelligence Service Systems In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Workshop: Service and Information Systems Research for a Better Future. , Austin, Texas, USA (2021).
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Eilers, K., Simmert, B., Peters, C., Leimeister, J.M.: Why the Agile Mindset Matters In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM) (2021).
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Volatility, uncertainty, ambiguity, and complexity (VUCA) are drivers in today’s business world. Therefore, an increasing number of organizations implement agility (agile methods) to cope with the rapid and accelerating change. However, these agile transformations do not succeed unhindered, and some fail. One reason for that is the employees lacking an agile mindset and they do not support or participate in the transformation. So far, knowledge of the agile mindset is in its infancy. A conceptualization for developing a measuring instrument on the individual level is lacking. Furthermore, the relevance of the agile mindset regarding organizational performance in a VUCA world is still unclear. Our study aims to close this gap. To do so, we examine the agile mindset with 15 qualitative interviews and conduct an online survey (N=449) to predict organizational agility and organizational performance based on the agile mindset. As for results, we conceptualize the agile mindset as an attitude that comprises four dimensions: ’learning spirit’, ‘collaborative exchange’, ‘empowered self-guiding’, and ‘iterative value creation’. We have found an indirect effect of the agile mindset affecting organizational performance towards organizational agility. These findings contribute to the agility and management research by providing both a conceptualization and a measuring instrument for the agile mindset. Furthermore, the agile mindset´s relevance in agile transformation is explained and its relation to organizational performance outlined. For successful agile transformation, executives must focus on the agile mindset of their employees and foster this by e.g. being a role model.
Elshan, E., Engel, C., Ebel, P.: Opening the Black Box of Music Royalties with the Help of Hybrid Intelligence In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICCS) (2021). https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.671.
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The ever-increasing complexity of the music industry and the intensified resentment of artists towards collecting societies call for a transformation and a change of behavior within the music ecosystem. This article introduces a hybrid intelligence system, that ameliorates the current situation by combining the intelligence of humans and machines. This study proposes design requirements for hybrid intelligence systems in the music industry. Using a design science research approach, we identify design requirements both inductively from expert interviews and deductively from theory and present a first prototypical instantiation of a respective hybrid intelligence system. Overall, this shall enrich the body of knowledge of hybrid intelligence research by transferring its concepts into a new context. Furthermore, the identified design requirements shall serve as a foundation for researchers and practitioners to further explore and design hybrid intelligence in the music industry and beyond.
Faulhaber, A.K., Ni, I., Schmidt, L.: The Effect of Explanations on Trust in an Assistance System for Public Transport Users and the Role of the Propensity to Trust In: Schneegass, S., Pfleging, B., und Kern, D. (Hrsg.) Mensch und Computer 2021 - Tagungsband (Ingolstadt 2021). S. 303–310. ACM, New York (2021).
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The present study aimed to investigate whether explanations increase trust in an assistance system. Moreover, we wanted to take the role of the individual propensity to trust in technology into account. We conducted an empirical study in a virtual reality environment where 40 participants interacted with a specific assistance system for public transport users. The study was in a 2x2 mixed design with the within-subject factor assistance system feature (trip planner and connection request) and the between-subject factor explanation (with or without). We measured trust as explicit trust via a questionnaire and as implicit trust via an operationalization of the participants’ behavior. The results showed that trust propensity predicted explicit trust, and explanations increased explicit trust significantly. This was not the case for implicit trust, though, suggesting that explicit and implicit trust do not necessarily coincide. In conclusion, our results complement the literature on explainable artificial intelligence and trust in automation and provide topics for future research regarding the effect of explanations on trust in assistance systems or other technologies.
Faulhaber, A.K., Schmidt, L.: Perception of Peripheral Visual Cues in Augmented Reality During Walking: A Pilot Study In: Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft e. V. (Hrsg.) Arbeit HUMAINE gestalten: 67. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft (Bochum 2021). S. 1–6 (B.5.6). GfA-Press, Dortmund (2021).
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Augmented Reality (AR) glasses may be used in diverse mobile and multitasking contexts, for example, while walking. In such contexts, it is particularly important to display information without obscuring essential areas of central vision. Information can, thus, be presented to the peripheral vision. The objective of the present study was to investigate how peripheral visual cues should be displayed in AR to achieve efficient perception during walking. We conducted a pilot study and tested three different versions of directional cues presented while walking or standing still: simply popping up, moving towards the indicated direction, or changing color. The results indicated that the perception of peripheral cues in AR is generally less efficient while walking than standing still. Within the walking condition, the color-changing cue was perceived best.
Felde, M., Stumme, G.: Triadic Exploration and Exploration with Multiple Experts In: Braud, A., Buzmakov, A., Hanika, T., und Le Ber, F. (Hrsg.) Formal Concept Analysis. S. 175–191. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77867-5_11.
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Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) provides a method called attribute exploration which helps a domain expert discover structural dependencies in knowledge domains that can be represented by a formal context (a cross table of objects and attributes). Triadic Concept Analysis is an extension of FCA that incorporates the notion of conditions. Many extensions and variants of attribute exploration have been studied but only few attempts at incorporating multiple experts have been made. In this paper we present triadic exploration based on Triadic Concept Analysis to explore conditional attribute implications in a triadic domain. We then adapt this approach to formulate attribute exploration with multiple experts that have different views on a domain.
Funk, J., Schmidt, L.: Vergleichende Evaluation von Augmented-Reality-Anwendungen zur Ergänzung von Lehrbüchern in der Berufsausbildung In: Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft e. V. (Hrsg.) Arbeit HUMAINE gestalten: 67. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft (Bochum 2021). S. 1–6 (B.2.1). GfA-Press, Dortmund (2021).
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In der hier vorgestellten Laborstudie wurden zwei Arten markerbasierter Augmented-Reality-Ergänzungen zu einem Lehrbuch mit einer konventionellen Ergänzung in Papierform verglichen. Hierbei wurden drei Unterthemen aus der Ausbildung zum Kraftfahrzeugmechatroniker ausbalanciert um je eine Art der Zusatzinformation ergänzt. Dabei wurde der Lernerfolg mit Multiple-Choice-Aufgaben kontrolliert sowie die Gebrauchstauglichkeit (SUS), die Beanspruchung (NASA-rTLX), die räumliche Vorstellung (RV) und das Nutzererlebnis (UEQ) mit Fragebögen im Within-Subject Design (N = 24) erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein höheres Nutzererlebnis und eine bessere räumliche Vorstellung bei Verwendung der AR im Vergleich zur konventionellen Ergänzung bei jeweils vergleichbarer niedriger Beanspruchung, hoher Gebrauchstauglichkeit sowie Lernleistung.
Funk, J., Schmidt, L.: Evaluation of an Augmented Reality Instruction for a Complex Assembly Task: Comparison of a Smartphone-Based Augmented Reality Instruction with a Conventional Paper Instruction for the Teach-in Phase in Manual Assembly i-com - Journal of Interactive Media. 20, 63–72 (2021).
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This study compares the use of a marker-based AR instruction with a paper instruction commonly used in manual assembly. Hypotheses were tested as to whether the instruction type affects assembly time, number of errors, usability, and employee strain. Instead of student participants and artificial assembly tasks (e. g. Lego assemblies), the study was conducted with 16 trainees in a real workplace for the assembly of emergency door release handles in rail vehicles. Five assembly runs were performed. Assembly times and assembly errors were determined from recorded videos. Usability (SUS) and strain (NASA-TLX) were recorded with questionnaires. After a slower assembly at the beginning, the AR group assembled significantly faster in the fifth run. The comparable number of errors, usability and strain make marker-based AR applications interesting for knowledge transfer in manual assembly, especially due to the easy entrance and low costs.
Geminn, C.: Japan: Nach der Reform ist vor der Reform Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. XI-XII (2021).
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Geminn, C.: Die Regulierung Künstlicher Intelligenz – Anmerkungen zum Entwurf eines Artificial Intelligence Act Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. 354–359 (2021).
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Geminn, C.: Datenschutz bei Sprachassistenten – Herausforderungen heute und morgen Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 509–514 (2021).
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Geminn, C.: Kommentierung von § 24 (Datenverarbeitung zu wissenschaftlichen oder historischen Forschungszwecken und zu statistischen Zwecken), § 28a (Datenverarbeitung bei öffentlichen Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen), § 28b (Datenverarbeitung in Gnadenverfahren) und §§ 80 bis 89 (Informationsfreiheit) HDSIG In: Roßnagel, A. (Hrsg.) Hessisches Datenschutz- und Informationsfreiheitsgesetz. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2021).
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Geminn, C.: Kommentierung von Art. 24 (Videoüberwachung) und 27 (Staatliche und kommunale Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen) BayDSG In: Schröder, M. (Hrsg.) Bayerisches Datenschutzgesetz. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2021).
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Geminn, C.: Anonymisierung zur Förderung Künstlicher Intelligenz (2021).
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Geminn, C.: Fairness und Transparenz im Datenschutzrecht ZD-Aktuell. 05557 (2021).
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Geminn, C.: Rechtsfragen eines offenen Web-Index – Freiheitsfördernde Infrastrukturen für die digitale Gesellschaft MultiMedia und Recht. 16–19 (2021).
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Geminn, C.: Kanada: Digital Charter Implementation Act Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. XVII-XVIII (2021).
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Geminn, C., Antonio, J., Parrilla, C.: Position Paper on the proposals for a Digital Services Act, a Digital Markets Act and a Data Governance Act Open Search Foundation (2021).
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Geminn, C., Bile, T.: Erfolgreicher Abschluss des Forschungsprojekts ‚Forum Privatheit: Selbstbestimmtes Leben in einer digitalen Welt ZD-Aktuell. 05139 (2021).
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Geminn, C., Erenli, K., Pfeiffer, L.: Legal Challenges of an Open Web Index International Cybersecurity Law Review. 183–194 (2021).
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Geminn, C., Ferrarese, B., Friedewald, M., Bile, T.: Forum Privatheit: Renommiertes Forschungsprojekt wird verlängert und deutlich ausgebaut ZD-Aktuell. 05168 (2021).
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Geminn, C., Johannes, P.: Kommentierung von § 45 (Datenverarbeitung zu wissenschaftlichen oder historischen Forschungszwecken, archivarischen oder statistischen Zwecken) HDSIG In: Roßnagel, A. (Hrsg.) Hessisches Datenschutz- und Informationsfreiheitsgesetz. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2021).
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Geminn, C., Johannes, P.: Abwägung zur Sicherheit der Datenverarbeitung durch technische und organisatorische Maßnahmen – Zur Schwierigkeit der Bestimmung des ausreichenden datenschutzrechtlichen Schutzniveaus InTeR – Zeitschrift für Innovations- und Technikrecht. 140–146 (2021).
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Geminn, C., Johannes, P.: LG Bonn: Authentifizierung im telefonischen Kontakt mit Kundencentern – 1&1 MultiMedia und Recht. 173–177 (2021).
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Geminn, C., Leon, F., Karl-Raban, H.: Die Informationspräsentation im Datenschutzrecht – Auf der Suche nach Lösungen ZD-Aktuell. 05335 (2021).
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Geminn, C., Szczuka, J., Artelt, A., Hammer, B., Manzeschke, A., Roßnagel, A., Slawik, P., Strathmann, C., Szymczyk, N., Varonina, L., Weber, C.: Können Kinder aufgeklärte Nutzer*innen von Sprachassistenten sein? – Rechtliche, psychologische, ethische und informatische Perspektiven Gehalten auf der , Universität Duisburg-Essen (2021).
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Gilga, C.: Automatisierte Kennzeichenerfassung in der Strafverfolgung - aktueller Regierungsentwurf ZD-Aktuell. 05041 (2021).
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Gilga, C.: Digitalisierung geschlechtergerecht gestalten - Das Zusammenspiel von Gleichstellung und Datenschutzrecht ZD-Aktuell. 05137 (2021).
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Gilga, C.: AIFER: KI zur Analyse und Fusion von Erdbeobachtungs- und Internetdaten zur Unterstützung bei der Lageerfassung und -einschätzung ZD-Aktuell. 05218 (2021).
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Grünenfelder, J.I., Zierau, N., Janson, A.: Alexa, are you still there? Understanding the Habitual Use of AI-Based Voice Assistants In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) (2021).
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Voice assistants are a novel class of information systems that fundamentally change human–computer interaction. Although these assistants are widespread, the utilization of these information systems is oftentimes only considered on a surface level by individuals. In addition, prior research has focused predominantly on initial use instead of looking deeper into post-adoption and habit formation. In consequence, this paper reviews how the notion of habit has been conceptualized in relation to biographical utilization of voice assistants and presents findings based on a qualitative study approach. From a perspective of post-adoption users, the study suggests that existing habits persist, and new habits hardly ever form in the context of voice assistant utilization. This paper outlines four key factors that help explain voice assistant utilization behavior and furthermore provides practical implications that help to ensure continued voice assistant use in the future.
Gruhl, C., Hannan, A., Huang, Z., Nivarthi, C., Vogt, S.: The Problem with Real-World Novelty Detection -- Issues in Multivariate Probabilistic Models In: Workshop on Self-Improving System Integration (SISSY), ACSOS. S. 204–209. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/acsos-c52956.2021.00055.
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Gruhl, C., Sick, B., Tomforde, S.: Novelty detection in continuously changing environments Future Generation Computer Systems. 114, 138–154 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.07.037.
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Self-improving system integration (SISSY) aims at mastering the challenges of system organisation decisions for subsystems with highly dynamic behaviours. This is achieved by increased decision freedom of these subsystems, i.e., by moving the corresponding design decisions from design-time to run-time and from engineers to the systems themselves. As a result, a more robust and efficient constellation of the overall system organisation is maintained even under the presence of continuous change and disturbed conditions. Appropriate integration decisions require a solid foundation of assessing the current conditions and their dynamics using identifying triggers for a necessary evaluation of their own integration status. With this article, we present mCANDIES, a modular novelty detection technique especially suited for SISSY systems that fulfils exactly these identification tasks. mCANDIES tackles an anomaly or novelty detection problem in a modular way by combining the advantages of different detection approaches by exploiting locality in different regions of the input space — depending on, e.g. the density or location of expected observations. This is augmented with information about changes in the underlying model of the observations, i.e., mCANDIES identifies concept drifts. The corresponding information can then be used to trigger online learning behaviour. We analyse the behaviour of mCANDIES on artificial and real-world data sets and compare it to other techniques from the state of the art.
Gruhl, C., Tomforde, S.: OHODIN -- Online Anomaly Detection for Data Streams In: Workshop on Self-Improving System Integration (SISSY), ACSOS. S. 193–197. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/acsos-c52956.2021.00046.
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Haase-Schütz, C., Stal, R., Hertlein, H., Sick, B.: Iterative Label Improvement: Robust Training by Confidence Based Filtering and Dataset Partitioning In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). S. 9483–9490. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9411918.
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Haesler, S., Mogk, R., Putz, F., Logan, K.T., Thiessen, N., Kleinschnitger, K., Baumgärtner, L., Stroscher, J.-P., Reuter, C., Knodt, M., Hollick, M.: Connected Self-Organized Citizens in Crises: An Interdisciplinary Resilience Concept for Neighborhoods CSCW ’21: Companion Publication of the 2021 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. 62–66 (2021). https://doi.org/https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3462204.3481749.
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Hanika, T., Hirth, J.: Quantifying the Conceptual Error in Dimensionality Reduction In: Braun, T., Gehrke, M., Hanika, T., und Hernandez, N. (Hrsg.) Graph-Based Representation and Reasoning - 26th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2021, Virtual Event, September 20-22, 2021, Proceedings. S. 105–118. Springer (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86982-3_8.
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Hanika, T., Hirth, J.: Exploring Scale-Measures of Data Sets In: Braud, A., Buzmakov, A., Hanika, T., und Ber, F.L. (Hrsg.) Formal Concept Analysis - 16th International Conference, ICFCA 2021, Strasbourg, France, June 29 - July 2, 2021, Proceedings. S. 261–269. Springer (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77867-5_17.
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Hannan, A., Gruhl, C., Sick, B.: Anomaly based Resilient Network Intrusion Detection using Inferential Autoencoders In: IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR). S. 1–7. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/csr51186.2021.9527980.
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He, Y., Huang, Z., Sick, B.: Toward Application of Continuous Power Forecasts in a Regional Flexibility Market In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). S. 1–8. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533626.
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He, Y., Sick, B.: CLeaR: An adaptive continual learning framework for regression tasks AI Perspectives. 3, 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42467-021-00009-8.
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Catastrophic forgetting means that a trained neural network model gradually forgets the previously learned tasks when being retrained on new tasks. Overcoming the forgetting problem is a major problem in machine learning. Numerous continual learning algorithms are very successful in incremental learning of classification tasks, where new samples with their labels appear frequently. However, there is currently no research that addresses the catastrophic forgetting problem in regression tasks as far as we know. This problem has emerged as one of the primary constraints in some applications, such as renewable energy forecasts. This article clarifies problem-related definitions and proposes a new methodological framework that can forecast targets and update itself by means of continual learning. The framework consists of forecasting neural networks and buffers, which store newly collected data from a non-stationary data stream in an application. The changed probability distribution of the data stream, which the framework has identified, will be learned sequentially. The framework is called CLeaR (Continual Learning for Regression Tasks), where components can be flexibly customized for a specific application scenario. We design two sets of experiments to evaluate the CLeaR framework concerning fitting error (training), prediction error (test), and forgetting ratio. The first one is based on an artificial time series to explore how hyperparameters affect the CLeaR framework. The second one is designed with data collected from European wind farms to evaluate the CLeaR framework's performance in a real-world application. The experimental results demonstrate that the CLeaR framework can continually acquire knowledge in the data stream and improve the prediction accuracy. The article concludes with further research issues arising from requirements to extend the framework.
Hegenberg, J., Schmidt, L.: Augmented-Reality-basierte Assistenz für das Anlernen manueller und roboterunterstützter Montageprozesse Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft. 75, 367–387 (2021).
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Durch eine zunehmend flexibilisierte Produktion und relativ hohe Personalfluktuation bei einfachen Tätigkeiten wird das Anlernen neuer Mitarbeitender bzw. für neue oder geänderte Produktionsprozesse zunehmend relevanter. Konventionelle Anlernmethoden, bspw. durch Demonstration oder Arbeitspläne, haben Schwächen (bspw. binden sie zusätzliche Arbeitskraft oder sind kognitiv anspruchsvoll), die durch ein Augmented-Reality-(AR-)basiertes Assistenzsystem kompensiert werden können. Ein AR-Assistenzsystem zum Anlernen eines tatsächlichen industriellen Montageprozesses wurde in einer vergleichenden Studie mit 16 Versuchspersonen gegenüber einer konventionellen Papieranleitung evaluiert. Bzgl. Gebrauchstauglichkeit und Beanspruchung deuten sich die Stärken des AR-Ansatzes an. In den Subskalen Anstrengung und Frustration zeigt sich eine statistisch signifikante Reduktion der Beanspruchung. Bezüglich der Montagezeiten konnten statistisch signifikante Vorteile erzielt werden. Ergänzend wurde in einer zweiten Studie eine Videoanleitung mit der AR-Anleitung verglichen. Praktische Relevanz: Die Digitalisierung der Produktion erlaubt nach Kundenwunsch individualisierte Produkte, die mit einer flexibilisierten Produktion einhergehen. Einfache Montageprozesse ändern sich daher häufiger vollständig oder in Teilen. Außerdem wechseln Mitarbeitende aufgrund der monotonen und repetitiven Tätigkeiten häufiger. All das führt zu einem Bedarf an regelmäßigen Anlernprozessen. Ein AR-Assistenzsystem erscheint als aussichtsreicher Ansatz, wobei die Gebrauchstauglichkeit besonders im Fokus stehen sollte, da wenig technische Kenntnisse vorausgesetzt werden können.
Heidecker, F., Breitenstein, J., Rösch, K., Löhdefink, J., Bieshaar, M., Stiller, C., Fingscheidt, T., Sick, B.: An Application-Driven Conceptualization of Corner Cases for Perception in Highly Automated Driving In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). S. 644–651. IEEE, Nagoya, Japan (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/iv48863.2021.9575933.
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Heidecker, F., Gruhl, C., Sick, B.: Novelty based Driver Identification on RR Intervals from ECG Data In: Workshop on Integrated Artificial Intelligence in Data Science, ICPR. S. 407–421. IEEE, Milan, Italy (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68799-1_29.
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Heidecker, F., Hannan, A., Bieshaar, M., Sick, B.: Towards Corner Case Detection by Modeling the Uncertainty of Instance Segmentation Networks In: Workshop on Integrated Artificial Intelligence in Data Science, ICPR. S. 361–374. IEEE, Milan, Italy (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68799-1_26.
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Herde, M., Huseljic, D., Sick, B., Calma, A.: A Survey on Cost Types, Interaction Schemes, and Annotator Performance Models in Selection Algorithms for Active Learning in Classification IEEE Access. 9, 166970–166989 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3135514.
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Pool-based active learning (AL) aims to optimize the annotation process (i.e., labeling) as the acquisition of annotations is often time-consuming and therefore expensive. For this purpose, an AL strategy queries annotations intelligently from annotators to train a high-performance classification model at a low annotation cost. Traditional AL strategies operate in an idealized framework. They assume a single, omniscient annotator who never gets tired and charges uniformly regardless of query difficulty. However, in real-world applications, we often face human annotators, e.g., crowd or in-house workers, who make annotation mistakes and can be reluctant to respond if tired or faced with complex queries. Recently, many novel AL strategies have been proposed to address these issues. They differ in at least one of the following three central aspects from traditional AL: 1) modeling of (multiple) human annotators whose performances can be affected by various factors, such as missing expertise; 2) generalization of the interaction with human annotators through different query and annotation types, such as asking an annotator for feedback on an inferred classification rule; 3) consideration of complex cost schemes regarding annotations and misclassification. This survey provides an overview of these AL strategies and refers to them as real-world AL. Therefore, we introduce a general real-world AL strategy as part of a learning cycle and use its elements, e.g., the query and annotator selection algorithm, to categorize about 60 real-world AL strategies. Finally, we outline possible directions for future research in the field of AL.
Herde, M., Kottke, D., Huseljic, D., Sick, B.: Multi-annotator Probabilistic Active Learning In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). S. 10281–10288. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412298.
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Hernandez Bark, A.S., Seliverstova, K., Ohly, S.: Getting credit for proactivity? The effects of gender Journal of Applied Social Psychology. (2021).
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Herrmann, R.: Gestensteuerungen zur teleoperierten Navigation von Servicerobotern Kassel University Press, Kassel (2021).
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Forscher versprechen sich durch die Verwendung von natürlichen Benutzungsschnittstellen eine Verbesserung der Mensch-Roboter-Interaktion gegenüber den konventionellen Eingabeparadigmen, die Joysticks, Mäuse oder Tastaturen verwenden. Gestensteuerungen, als eine Ausprägung von natürlichen Benutzungsschnittstellen, werden daher enorme Potenziale zugeschrieben. Aber ist dies gerechtfertigt? Rund um diese Frage ist eine Diskussion in der Wissenschaft entstanden. Auf der einen Seite gibt es Forscher, die versprechen, durch Gestensteuerungen konventionelle Eingabegeräte ersetzen zu können, auf der anderen Seite gibt es aber auch Forscher, die auf die Defizite von Gestensteuerungen hinweisen und deren Verwendung eher kritisch sehen. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit soll zu dieser Diskussion beitragen. Sie dokumentiert einerseits die vorhandenen Erkenntnisse über die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Gestensteuerungen und andererseits Erkenntnisse über den gebrauchstauglichen Einsatz von Gestensteuerungen für die teleoperierte Navigation von Servicerobotern. Insbesondere über den gebrauchstauglichen Einsatz von Gestensteuerungen für diesen Anwendungsfall liegen bisher nur wenige Erkenntnisse vor. Methodisch erfolgt nach einer Einführung in die Problemstellung eine wissenschaftliche und technische Grundlagenrecherche über die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten einer Gestensteuerung. Aufbauend auf bisher formulierten Anforderungen an eine gebrauchstaugliche Gestensteuerung erfolgt eine Bewertung dieser Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. Für den Erkenntnisgewinn über den Einsatz von Gestensteuerungen für die teleoperierte Navigation von Servicerobotern wurden aufbauend auf den Bewertungen der Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten empirische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Diese empirischen Untersuchungen adressieren zum einen die Navigation eines bodengestützten und zum anderen die eines fluggestützten Roboters. Das Ergebnis dieser empirischen Untersuchungen ist die Erkenntnis, dass Gestensteuerungen nicht per se besser abschneiden als konventionelle Eingabeparadigmen, allerdings auch nicht schlechter. Zudem werden Hinweise gegeben, welche Herausforderungen zu lösen sind, damit Gestensteuerungen tatsächlich besser abschneiden als konventionelle Eingabeparadigmen. Damit können die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit auch genutzt werden, um Gestaltungsempfehlungen für Gestensteuerungen für den Anwendungsfall der teleoperierten Navigation abzuleiten.
Hetzel, M., Reichert, H., Doll, K., Sick, B.: Smart Infrastructure: A Research Junction In: IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/isc253183.2021.9562809.
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Hofmann, K.: Assistenzsysteme in der Industrie 4.0: Arbeitsrechtliche und beschäftigtendatenschutzrechtliche Fragestellungen in einem automatisierten Arbeitsumfeld Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft (2021).
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Hofmann, K.: Assistenzsysteme in der Industrie 4.0. Arbeitsrechtliche und beschäftigtendatenschutzrechtliche Fragestellungen in einem automatisierten Arbeitsumfeld Gehalten auf der , Baden-Baden (2021).
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Hornung, G.: Datenschutzrechtliche Aspekte der Social Media In: Hornung, G. und Müller-Terpitz, R. (Hrsg.) Rechtshandbuch Social Media. S. 131–198. Springer, Heidelberg (2021).
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Hornung, G., Müller-Terpitz, F. Hrsg.: Rechtshandbuch Social Media Springer Verlag, Heidelberg (2021).
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Hornung, G., Müller-Terpitz, R.: Einführung in das Rechtshandbuch In: Hornung, G. und Müller-Terpitz, R. (Hrsg.) Rechtshandbuch Social Media. S. 1–12. Springer, Heidelberg (2021).
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Hornung, G., Stroscher, J.-P.: Datenschutz in der Katastrophe. Zulässigkeitstatbestände und Vorgaben für die Datenverarbeitung zur Katastrophenvorsorge und -bekämpfung - Teil 2 Zeitschrift für das Gesamte Sicherheitsrecht. 185–191 (2021).
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Hornung, G., Stroscher, J.-P.: Datenschutz in der Katastrophe. Anwendbarkeit, Systematik und Kompetenzfragen - Teil 1 Zeitschrift für das Gesamte Sicherheitsrecht. 149–154 (2021).
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Hornung, G.: Kommentierung von § 20 HDSIG In: Roßnagel, A. (Hrsg.) Hessisches Datenschutz- und Informationsfreiheitsgesetz. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden (2021).
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Hornung, G.: Das IT-Sicherheitsgesetz 2.0: Kompetenzaufwuchs des BSI und neue Pflichten für Unternehmen Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2021. 1985–1991 (2021).
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Hornung, G., Schindler, S.: Datenschutz bei der biometrischen Gesichtserkennung. Künstliche Intelligenz und Mustererkennung als Herausforderung für das Recht, Datenschutz und Datensicherheit Schwerpunkt. 515–521 (2021).
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Huang, Z., He, Y., Vogt, S., Sick, B.: Uncertainty and Utility Sampling with Pre-Clustering In: Workshop on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL), ECML PKDD (2021).
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Huhnstock, R., Reginka, M., Tomita, A., Merkel, M., Dingel, K., Holzinger, D., Sick, B., Vogel, M., Ehresmann, A.: Translatory and rotatory motion of exchange-bias capped Janus particles controlled by dynamic magnetic field landscapes Scientific Reports. 11, 21794 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01351-x.
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Magnetic Janus particles (MJPs), fabricated by covering a non-magnetic spherical particle with a hemispherical magnetic in-plane exchange-bias layer system cap, display an onion magnetization state for comparably large diameters of a few microns. In this work, the motion characteristics of these MJPs will be investigated when they are steered by a magnetic field landscape over prototypical parallel-stripe domains, dynamically varied by superposed external magnetic field pulse sequences, in an aqueous medium. We demonstrate, that due to the engineered magnetization state in the hemispherical cap, a comparably fast, directed particle transport and particle rotation can be induced. Additionally, by modifying the frequency of the applied pulse sequence and the strengths of the individual field components, we observe a possible separation between a combined or an individual occurrence of these two types of motion. Our findings bear importance for lab-on-a-chip systems, where particle immobilization on a surface via analyte bridges shall be used for low concentration analyte detection and a particle rotation over a defined position of a substrate may dramatically increase the immobilization (and therefore analyte detection) probability.
Huseljic, D., Sick, B., Herde, M., Kottke, D.: Separation of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty in Deterministic Deep Neural Networks In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). S. 9172–9179. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412616.
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Jahl, A., Jakob, S., Baraki, H., Alhamwy, Y., Geihs, K.: Blockchain-based Task-centric Team Building In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SciTePress (2021).
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Jakob, S., Baraki, H., Jahl, A., Chiadjeu, E.D.N., Alhamwy, Y., Geihs, K.: Adaptive Semantic Routing in Dynamic Environments In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SciTePress (2021).
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Jakob, S., Jahl, A., Baraki, H., Geihs, K.: Generating Commonsense Ontologies with Answer Set Programming In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SciTePress (2021).
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Janson, A., Kreidel, L., Schöbel, S., Hornung, G., Söllner, M., Leimeister, J.M.: Datenkompetenz durch edukatives Privacy Nudging: Zentrale Prinzipien und Effekte auf Lernprozesse In: Stapf, I., Quinn, R.A., Friedewald, M., Heesen, J., und Krämer, N. (Hrsg.) Aufwachsen in überwachten Umgebungen: Interdisziplinäre Positionen zu Privatheit und Datenschutz in Kindheit und Jugend. S. 255–277. Nomos, Baden-Baden, Germany (2021). https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748921639-255.
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Die Digitalisierung verändert nicht nur unser privates, sondern auch unser Arbeitsleben. Immer mehr Daten über Individuen sind online verfügbar und werden für die Nutzung von bestimmten Online Services vorausgesetzt. Hierbei verlieren die Nutzenden oft den Überblick, wie und welche Daten sie von sich preisgeben. Dies birgt nicht nur das Risiko der Preisgabe von privaten Daten, sondern auch unternehmensseitig das Risiko, dass wichtige Daten außerhalb des Unternehmens veröffentlicht werden. Hier kann das Konzept des digitalen Nudgings angewandt werden, welches nunmehr auch als edukatives Privacy Nudging genutzt werden kann. Das Konzept bezweckt, Individuen durch bestimmte Elemente wie beispielsweise Defaults zu Verhaltensänderungen anzuregen. Dieser Beitrag hat zum Ziel, einen Überblick darüber zu geben, welche Privacy Nudges es im edukativen Bereich gibt und wie diese mit verschiedenen Lerntheorien in Einklang gebracht werden können. Der Text soll Forschern und Praktikern eine Orientierung geben, selbst edukative Privacy Nudges zu gestalten und endet mit einem Fallbeispiel, das aufzeigt wie einfache Gestaltungsänderungen Individuen dazu anregen können, sich privatheitsfreundlicher zu verhalten und sorgsamer mit ihren privaten Daten umzugehen.
Johannes, P.: China: Zweiter Entwurf eines Datenschutzgesetzes veröffentlicht ZD-Aktuell. 05219 (2021).
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Johannes, P.: Quick Reference Guide to eIDAS-Regulation ZD-Aktuell. 05268 (2021).
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Johannes, P., Geminn, C.: Abwägung zur Sicherheit der Datenverarbeitung durch technische und organisatorische Maßnahmen InTeR – Zeitschrift für Innovations- und Technikrecht. 140–146 (2021).
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Johannes, P., Geminn, C.: Die Beauftragung externer Gutachter durch die Medizinischen Dienste NZS. (2021).
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Klee, S., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: How Data Analytics Competencies Can Foster Business Value – A Systematic Review and Way Forward Information Systems Management (ISM). 38, 200–217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2021.1894515.
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Several authors have illustrated the benefits of data in organizations. For realizing benefits, we see two major challenges for organizations. First, there are necessary investments, which have to be justified. Second, adequate data analytics competencies can be seen as enablers for realizing benefits. We aim to support organizations by showing relevant competencies and achievable business values. We present theoretical propositions and a research agenda on how to move the field of data analytics competencies forward.
Klumbyte, G., Draude, C., Taylor, A.: Critical Tools for Machine Learning: Situating, Figuring, Diffracting, Fabulating Machine Learning Systems Design In: CHItaly 2021: 14th Biannual Conference of the Italian SIGCHI Chapter. Association for Computing Machinery, Bolzano, Italy (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3464385.3467475.
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This workshop draws on feminist and other critical methodologies to construct interdisciplinary interventions in the design of machine learning systems. Theoretical concepts of “figuration”, “situating/situated knowledge”, “critical fabulation/speculation,” and “diffraction” are explored through hands-on experimentation to imagine and design machine learning systems in a more situated, inclusive, contextualize and accountable way. Through this “theory turned practice” approach the workshop aims to address systemic socio-cultural biases and develop more socially responsible frameworks of design. The workshop provides space for building a network for future research on interdisciplinary machine learning systems design.
Knote, R., Janson, A., Söllner, M., Leimeister, J.M.: Value Co-Creation in Smart Services: A Functional Affordances Perspective on Smart Personal Assistants Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 22, 418–458 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00667.
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In the realm of smart services, smart personal assistants (SPAs) have become a popular medium for value co-creation between service providers and users. The market success of SPAs is largely based on their innovative material properties, such as natural language user interfaces, machine-learning-powered request handling and service provision, and anthropomorphism. In different combinations, these properties offer users entirely new ways to intuitively and interactively achieve their goals and, thus, co-create value with service providers. But how does the nature of the SPA shape value co-creation processes? In this paper, we look through a functional affordances lens to theorize about the effects of different types of SPAs (i.e., with different combinations of material properties) on users' value co-creation processes. Specifically, we collected SPAs from research and practice by reviewing scientific literature and web resources, developed a taxonomy of SPAs' material properties, and performed a cluster analysis to group SPAs of a similar nature. We then derived 2 general and 11 cluster-specific propositions on how different material properties of SPAs can yield different affordances for value co-creation. With our work, we point out that smart services require researchers and practitioners to fundamentally rethink value co-creation as well as revise affordances theory to address the dynamic nature of smart technology as a service counterpart.
König, I., Bachmann, M., Bieshaar, M., Schindler, S., Lambrecht, F., David, K., Sick, B., Hornung, G., Sommer, C.: Traffic Safety in Future Cities by Using a Safety Approach Based on AI and Wireless Communications In: ITG-Symposium on Mobile Communication - Technologies and Applications. S. 1–6. , Osnabrück, Germany (2021).
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Koopmann, T., Stubbemann, M., Kapa, M., Paris, M., Buenstorf, G., Hanika, T., Hotho, A., Jäschke, R., Stumme, G.: Proximity Dimensions and the Emergence of Collaboration: A HypTrails Study on German AI Research Scientometrics. 126, 9847–9868 (2021). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03922-1.
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Kottke, D., Herde, M., Minh, T.P., Benz, A., Mergard, P., Roghman, A., Sandrock, C., Sick, B.: scikit-activeml: A Library and Toolbox for Active Learning Algorithms Preprints. 2021030194 (2021).
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Machine learning applications often need large amounts of training data to perform well. Whereas unlabeled data can be easily gathered, the labeling process is difficult, time-consuming, or expensive in most applications. Active learning can help solve this problem by querying labels for those data points that will improve the performance the most. Thereby, the goal is that the learning algorithm performs sufficiently well with fewer labels. We provide a library called scikit-activeml that covers the most relevant query strategies and implements tools to work with partially labeled data. It is programmed in Python and builds on top of scikit-learn.
Kottke, D., Herde, M., Sandrock, C., Huseljic, D., Krempl, G., Sick, B.: Toward optimal probabilistic active learning using a Bayesian approach Machine Learning. 110, 1199–1231 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-05986-9.
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Gathering labeled data to train well-performing machine learning models is one of the critical challenges in many applications. Active learning aims at reducing the labeling costs by an efficient and effective allocation of costly labeling resources. In this article, we propose a decision-theoretic selection strategy that (1) directly optimizes the gain in misclassification error, and (2) uses a Bayesian approach by introducing a conjugate prior distribution to determine the class posterior to deal with uncertainties. By reformulating existing selection strategies within our proposed model, we can explain which aspects are not covered in current state-of-the-art and why this leads to the superior performance of our approach. Extensive experiments on a large variety of datasets and different kernels validate our claims.
Koyda, M., Stumme, G.: Boolean Substructures in Formal Concept Analysis In: ICFCA: International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis. S. 38–53. Springer (2021).
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Krempl, G., Kottke, D., Pham, T.: Statistical Analysis of Pairwise Connectivity In: International Conference on Discovery Science (DS). S. 138–148. Springer (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88942-5_11.
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Kress, V., Zernetsch, S., Doll, K., Sick, B.: Pose Based Trajectory Forecast of Vulnerable Road Users Using Recurrent Neural Networks In: Workshop on Integrated Artificial Intelligence in Data Science, ICPR. S. 57–71. Springer (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68763-2_5.
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Kropf, J.: Zurück in die Zukunft der Künstlichen Intelligenz. Elemente einer digitalen Anthropologie am Beispiel Spotifys In: Beck, W., Nord, I., und Valentin, J. (Hrsg.) Theologie und Digitalität. Ein Kompendium. S. 50–72. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau (2021).
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Kropf, J.: Changing infrastructures of musical taste formation? In: Bachleitner, N. und Werner, J. (Hrsg.) Popular Music and the Poetics of Self in Fiction. S. 82–96. Brill, Leiden/Boston (2021).
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Kropf, J.: Schleichender Wandel mit ambivalenten Folgen. Rezension zu „Digitale Transformation“ von Jan-Felix Schrape In: Soziopolis - Gesellschaft beobachten. Auf soziopolis.de (2021).
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Lamla, J.: Kritische Bewertungskompetenzen. Selbstbestimmtes Verbraucherhandeln in KI-gestützten IT-Infrastrukturen JFF – Jugend Film Fernsehen e. V. (2021).
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Lamla, J.: Die symbolischen Ordnungen des Konsums – und die Fallstricke produktivistischer Soziologie In: Lenz, S. und Hasenfratz, M. (Hrsg.) Capitalism unbound. Ökonomie, Ökologie, Kultur. S. 283–299. Campus, Frankfurt/Main; New York (2021).
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Lamla, J.: Political Sociology In: Hollstein, B., Greshoff, R., Schimank, U., und Weiß, A. (Hrsg.) The state of sociology in the German-speaking world. S. 287–300. de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin (2021).
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Lamla, J.: Kultur In: Lorenz, S. (Hrsg.) In Gesellschaft Richard Sennetts. Perspektiven auf ein Lebenswerk. S. 69–82. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld (2021).
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Lamla, J., Büttner, B., Ochs, C., Pittroff, F., Uhlmann, M.: Privatheit und Digitalität. Zur soziotechnischen Transformation des selbstbestimmten Lebens In: Roßnagel, A. und Friedewald, M. (Hrsg.) Die Zukunft von Privatheit und Selbstbestimmung. Analysen und Empfehlungen zum Schutz der Grundrechte in der digitalen Welt. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden (2021).
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Lamla, J., Gertenbach, L., Laser, S.: Eating ourselves out of industrial excess? Degrowth, multi-species conviviality and the micro-politics of cultured meat Anthropological Theory. 21, 386–408 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499620981544.
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Lamla, J., Roschka, J.: Konsum In: Endreß, M. und Rampp, B. (Hrsg.) Handbuch Politische Soziologie. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2021).
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Leimeister, J.M.: Einführung in die Wirtschaftsinformatik Springer Gabler, Germany, Berlin/Heidelberg (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63560-5.
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Das Buch gibt eine fundierte und praxisbezogene Einführung in das Gesamtgebiet der Wirtschaftsinformatik. Aufbauend auf den bewährten Vorgängerauflagen von Stahlknecht und Hasenkamp wurde die 13. Auflage komplett überarbeitet, strukturell weiterentwickelt und aktualisiert. Die Schwerpunkte umfassen u.a. Datenmanagement, Big Data, Analytics und Systementwicklung, Digital Business, Digitale Transformation, IT-Management sowie IT-Anwendungssysteme.
Leimeister, J.M., Dickhaut, E., Janson, A.: Design Pattern as a Bridge Between Problem-Space and Solution-Space In: Aier, S., Rohner, P., und Schelp, J. (Hrsg.) Engineering the Transformation of the Enterprise - A Design Science Research Perspective. S. 137–150. Springer, Cham, Switzerland (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84655-8_9.
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Designing novel technologies provide challenges to developers. To support developers in designing these technologies, design knowledge must be codified and made applicable for the future. In systems development, design patterns provide proven solutions to solving recurring problems. They contain templates for describing design information, often in tabular form, and are established tools for making complex knowledge accessible and applicable. Design patterns play a critical role in both practice and research in finding potential solutions. For researchers, patterns can provide a method for codifying design knowledge for future research. For practitioners, design patterns provide established solutions to recurring problems. By applying them in a particular context, the pattern represents elements of both the problem-space and the solution-space, providing an opportunity to bridge the gap between the two spaces. Due to the abstraction of design patterns, they can be used for different application scenarios. The preparation of the design knowledge in the design pattern is a critical step to support the user in the best possible way, that determines the usefulness of the pattern.
Leimeister, J.M., Stieglitz, S., Matzner, M., Kundisch, D., Flath, C., Röglinger, M.: Quo Vadis Conferences in the Business and Information Systems Engineering (BISE) Community After Covid: What Can Stay, What Should Go, What Do We Need to Change for Our Future Scientific Conferences? Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE). 63, 741–749 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202112095208.
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The global Covid-19 pandemic has not only influenced the way we work and collaborate on our research but also how we present and exchange novel contributions at scientific conferences. Governmental lockdowns and (inter)-national travel restrictions have forced conference organizers to move from offline conference venues to virtual platforms quickly. Our discipline, the Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE) community, is an interdisciplinary field involving the more conference-driven computer sciences and the more journal-oriented social science. Thus, the impact of Covid-19 on—and the (needed) experience with—new conference formats require a differentiated discourse on the role of the future of our scientific conferences. Hence, we aim to contribute to a discussion on (1) what can stay offline / as on-site conference formats, (2) what we can learn from the experience with (new) online formats, and (3) what do we need for our future scientific conferences in the BISE community?
Löber, L.: KI-Lösungen gegen Desinformation in Social Networks – Fragen des grundrechtskonformen und transparenten Einsatzes (2021).
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Löber, L.: Digitales EU-COVID-Zertifikat und CovPass-App: Rückkehr zur Freiheit oder Überwachungsinstrument? ZD-Aktuell. 05220 (2021).
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Löber, L.: Kommentierung der §§ 49-51 HDSIG (Automatisierte Einzelentscheidung; Allgemeine Informationen zu Datenverarbeitungen; Benachrichtigung betroffener Personen) In: Roßnagel, A. (Hrsg.) Hessisches Datenschutz- und Informationsfreiheitsgesetz. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2021).
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Löber, L., Roßnagel, A., David, K., Lange, S.: Datenschutzfreundliche Algorithmen. Datenminimierung in der Kontextverarbeitung Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 616–622 (2021).
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Lurtz, H., Schomberg, S.: Betriebliches Datenschutz-Paradox oder betrieblicher Datenschutz-Calculus? ZD-Aktuell. 05269 (2021).
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Maier-Reinhardt, N.: Nationale Akkreditierungsanforderungen nach Art. 43 Abs. 3 DS-GVO iVm Art. 57 Abs. 1 lit. p DS-GVO – Vergleich Dänemark und Niederlande ZD-Aktuell 2021. 05559 (2021).
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Maier-Reinhardt, N.: Kommentierung von § 23 (Datenverarbeitung für Zwecke des Beschäftigungsverhältnisses), § 33 (Auskunftsrecht der betroffenen Person), § 34 (Recht auf Löschung), § 52 (Auskunftsrecht) und § 53 (Rechte auf Berichtigung und Löschung sowie Einschränkung der Verarbeitung) HDSIG In: Roßnagel, A. (Hrsg.) Hessisches Datenschutz- und Informationsfreiheitsgesetz (HDSIG). Nomos, Baden-Baden (2021).
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Maier-Reinhardt, N.: Vergleich nationaler Akkreditierungsanforderungen nach Art. 43 Abs. 3 i.V.m. 57 Abs. 1 lit. p DS-GVO ZD-Aktuell. 05169 (2021).
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Möller, F., Botache, D., Huseljic, D., Heidecker, F., Bieshaar, M., Sick, B.: Out-of-distribution Detection and Generation using Soft Brownian Offset Sampling and Autoencoders In: Workshop on Safe Artificial Intelligence for Automated Driving (SAIAD), CVPR. S. 1–10 (2021).
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Mrass, V., Peters, C., Leimeister, J.M.: How Companies Can Benefit from Interlinking External Crowds and Internal Employees Management Information Systems Quarterly Executive (MISQE). 20, 17–38 (2021).
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Based on insights from an engineering design project conducted by Airbus and Local Motors, we describe how companies can leverage hybrid working by interlinking external crowds and internal employees, to increase the agility, quality and speed of product development. We identify the benefits and risks of hybrid working and describe the different ways of interlinking external crowds and internal employees. Finally, we provide recommendations for company executives who want to explore the use of hybrid working.
Müller, J.: Der „digitale Zwilling“ ZD-Aktuell. 05096 (2021).
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Müller, J., Geminn, C.: Mobilität und Verkehr In: Hornung und Schallbruch (Hrsg.) IT-Sicherheitsrecht, Praxishandbuch. S. 520–553. , Baden-Baden (2021).
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Müller, J.: Pegasus und Smartphone: Formatierte Freiheit ZD-Aktuell. 05457 (2021).
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Nebel, M.: §§ 19, 54-56 HDSIG Gehalten auf der (2021).
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Nebel, M.: Digitales Lernen – Datenschutzrechtliche Rechtsgrundlagen von Lernplattformen für Kinder und Erwachsene In: Stapf, I., Ammicht Quinn, R., Friedewald, M., Heesen, J., und Krämer, N. (Hrsg.) Aufwachsen in überwachten Umgebungen, Interdisziplinäre Positionen zu Privatheit und Datenschutz in Kindheit und Jugend. Nomos (2021).
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Ochs, C.: Kode als Kultur. Zur praktischen Strukturiertheit und Strukturierung von Praktiken durch Kode Kuckuck. Notizen zur Alltagskultur. Code, (2021).
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Ochs, C.: Digital Infrastructures suck: Zur digitalen Absorption des Sozialen Hamburger Journal für Kulturanthropologie (HJK). 13, 127–138 (2021).
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Ochs, C.: Lost in Transformation? Einige Hypothesen zur Systematik der Strukturtransformation informationeller Privatheit vom 18. Jh. bis heute Abschlussmagazin des DFG-Graduiertenkollegs 1681/2 "Privatheit & Digitalisierung. 48–54 (2021).
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Ochs, C., Büttner, B.: Profilierungsdynamiken: eine ethnographische Bestandsaufnahme der datafizierten Moderne In: Berger, F.X., Deremetz, A., Hennig, M., und Michell, A. (Hrsg.) Autonomie und Verantwortung in digitalen Kulturen: Privatheit im Geflecht von Recht, Medien und Gesellschaft. S. 287–315. Academia/Nomos, Baden-Baden (2021).
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Oeste-Reiß, S., Bittner, E., Cvetkovic, I., Günther, A., Leimeister, J.M., Memmert, L., Ott, A., Sick, B., Wolter, K.: Hybride Wissensarbeit Informatik Spektrum. 44, 148–152 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-021-01352-0.
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Aufgrund der Fortschritte im Bereich der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) ergeben sich neue Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten zur Reorganisation von Wissensarbeit an der Schnittstelle von Menschen und Maschine. Durch die Verschmelzung von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz können komplementäre Stärken zum Lösen von Arbeitsaufgaben gebündelt werden. Neuartige Wissensarbeitssysteme sind erforderlich, die Wissensarbeitende sowohl bei der Ausübung von Routineaufgaben als auch Nichtroutineaufgaben unterstützen. Der Schlagwortartikel umreißt die Grundlagen von Wissensarbeit und arbeitet die Charakteristika von Routineaufgaben und Nichtroutineaufgaben innerhalb von Arbeitsprozessen auf. Es werden Grenzen klassischer IT-gestützter Wissensarbeitssysteme als Werkzeuge umrissen, die Wissensarbeitende im Arbeitsprozess unterstützen. Aufbauend darauf diskutiert der Artikel, dass technologische Fortschritte eine arbeitsprozessintegrierte und personalisierte Unterstützung von Wissensarbeitenden erlauben. Dazu verweist der Artikel auf die Charakteristika von kollaborativ interaktiv lernenden Systemen. Darauf aufbauend werden Hybride Wissensarbeitssysteme vorgestellt, die sowohl das KI-unterstützte menschliche Lernen als auch das Mensch-unterstützte maschinelle Lernen unterstützen. In diesem Zusammenhang beschreibt der Artikel definitorische Grundlagen von menschlicher, künstlicher und hybrider Intelligenz, stellt drei Archetypen von Mensch-Maschine-Aufgaben innerhalb von hybriden Wissensarbeitssystemen vor und umreißt drei Gestaltungsdimensionen solcher Systeme. Mittels eines Praxisbeispiels zum kollaborativen Schreiben von Journalist*innen beschreibt der Artikel exemplarisch die hybride Wissensarbeit. Der Artikel schließt mit einem Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschungsbedarfe.
Ohly, S., Draude, C.: The Impact of Gender in Flexible Work: From Highlighting Gender Differences to Understanding Gender Roles in Use of Information and Communication Technology In: Korunka, C. (Hrsg.) Flexible Working Practices and Approaches: Psychological and Social Implications. S. 79–92. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74128-0_5.
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ICT can contribute to flexible working, but the question arises if women and men differ in the way they use ICT. Re-analyzing data collected in two diary studies comparing men and women on the length of ICT use, the type of positive and negative events in relation to ICT during the day, on the way home and in the evening, revealed little to no gender differences. We conclude that the occupational role overrides potential differences that might occur due to different gender roles and discuss future research opportunities in this area. For example, the question arises against the background of the gendered division of labor if occupational role and other factors determine ICT use, calling for an intersectional analysis.
Ohly, S., Schneijderberg, C.: German professors’ motivation to act as peer reviewers in accreditation and evaluation procedures Minerva. 59, 217–236 (2021).
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Ohly, S., Venz, L.: Affective Events and Proactivity In: Peng, K.Z. und Wu, C.-H. (Hrsg.) Emotion and Proactivity at Work: Prospects and Dialogues. S. 101–128. Bristol University Press (2021).
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Peters, C.: Designing Work and Service Systems Habilitation Thesis, School of Management, University of St.Gallen (2021).
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Peters, C., Billert, M.: Government-as-a-Platform im Kontext Bürgerbeteiligung: Konzeption, Entwicklung und Integration am Beispiel einer deutschen Smart City In: Laumer, R. (Hrsg.) Kommunales Open Government - Grundlagen, Praxis, Perspektiven. S. 52–64. Büchner Verlag, Marburg, Germany (2021).
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Bürgerbeteiligung war und ist wichtig – insbesondere in Zeiten von Covid-19. Dabei bedarf es einer sinnvollen Kombination und einer guten Verzahnung von digitalen und analogen Angeboten, wobei insbesondere im Kontext von Covid-19 die Frage bezüglich digitaler Bürgerbeteiligung im Raum steht: Wenn nicht jetzt, wann dann? Wir sprechen uns für Formen digitaler Bürgerbeteiligung aus, die bestehende Formen nicht ersetzen, sondern synergetisch ergänzen. Um dies zu tun, zeigen wir in diesem Beitrag auf, wie das Konzept des Government-as-a-Platform hierbei zu verstehen ist und helfen kann. Außerdem beschreiben wir Konzeption, Entwicklung und Integration einer digitalen Bürgerbeteiligungsplattform, die sich unter anderem durch die Verzahnung von Top-down- und Bottom-up-Elementen wie auch durch Transparenz der Plattform-Prozesse auszeichnet. Bürger*innen werden dabei als Expert*innen ihres Alltags gesehen und dazu empowert, durch eigene Projektvorschläge ihre Stadt proaktiv mitzugestalten.
Peters, C., Eilers, K., Simmert, B., Leimeister, J.M.: Future Organization Report 2021 Institute of Information Management at University of St.Gallen and Campana & Schott Business Services GmbH, St.Gallen, Switzerland and Frankfurt, Germany (2021).
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What are the attributes of successful organizations? This is the question addressed by the Future Organization Report 2021. It focuses on the idea of “Organizational Excellence” and what organizations can do to achieve this goal.
Peters, C., Schmidt, S., Li, M., Leimeister, J.M.: Hybrid intelligenter Service Support: Wie die Mitarbeitenden selbstbestimmt den IT-Support durch künstliche Intelligenz aufwerten Service Today. 35, 66–67 (2021).
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Pham, T., Kottke, D., Krempl, G., Sick, B.: Stream-Based Active Learning for Sliding Windows Under Verification Latency Machine Learning. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10994-021-06099-z.
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Reginka, M., Hoang, H., Efendi, Özge, Merkel, M., Huhnstock, R., Holzinger, D., Dingel, K., Sick, B., Bertinetti, D., Herberg, F., Ehresmann, A.: Transport efficiency of biofunctionalized magnetic particles tailored by surfactant concentration Langmuir. 37, 8498–8507 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00900.
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Reichert, H., Lang, L., Rösch, K., Bogdoll, D., Doll, K., Sick, B., Reuss, H.-C., Stiller, C., Zöllner, J.M.: Towards Sensor Data Abstraction of Autonomous Vehicle Perception Systems In: IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). S. 1–4. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/isc253183.2021.9562912.
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Reinke, K., Ohly, S.: Double-edged effects of work-related technology use after hours on employee well-being and recovery: The role of appraisal and its determinants German Journal of Human Resource Management. 35, 224–248 (2021).
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Renner, M., Lins, S., Söllner, M., Thiebes, S., Sunyaev, A.: Achieving Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence: Multi-Source Trust Transfer in Artificial Intelligence-capable Technology In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) (2021).
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Contemporary research focuses on examining trustworthy AI but neglects to consider trust transfer processes, proposing that users’ established trust in a familiar source (e.g., a technology or person) may transfer to a novel target. We argue that such trust transfer processes also occur in the case of novel AI-capable technologies, as they are the result of the convergence of AI with one or more base technologies. We develop a model with a focus on multi-source trust transfer while including the theoretical framework of trust duality (i.e., trust in providers and trust in technologies) to advance our understanding about trust transfer. A survey among 432 participants confirms that users transfer their trust from known technologies and providers (i.e., vehicle and AI technology) to AI-capable technologies and their providers. The study contributes by providing a novel theoretical perspective on establishing trustworthy AI by validating the importance of the duality of trust.
Reuse, M., Simon, M., Sick, B.: About the Ambiguity of Data Augmentation for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving In: Embedded and Real-World Computer Vision in Autonomous Driving (ERCVAD), ICCV. S. 979–987. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCVW54120.2021.00114.
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Roßnagel, A. Hrsg.: Hessisches Datenschutz-und Informationsfreiheitsgesetz Nomos (2021).
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Roßnagel, A., Geminn, C.: Vertrauen in Anonymisierung – Regulierung der Anonymisierung zur Förderung Künstlicher Intelligenz Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. 487–490 (2021).
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Sander, R., Peters, C.: Artificial Intelligence in the Customer Journey: A Systematic Overview of the Most Popular Use Cases Through the Creation of AI Archetypes In: Conference of the European Association for Research on Services (RESER). , Heilbronn, Germany (2021).
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Schaefermeier, B., Stumme, G., Hanika, T.: Topological Indoor Mapping through WiFi Signals (2021).
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The ubiquitous presence of WiFi access points and mobile devices capable of measuring WiFi signal strengths allow for real-world applications in indoor localization and mapping. In particular, no additional infrastructure is required. Previous approaches in this field were, however, often hindered by problems such as effortful map-building processes, changing environments and hardware differences. We tackle these problems focussing on topological maps. These represent discrete locations, such as rooms, and their relations, e.g., distances and transition frequencies. In our unsupervised method, we employ WiFi signal strength distributions, dimension reduction and clustering. It can be used in settings where users carry mobile devices and follow their normal routine. We aim for applications in short-lived indoor events such as conferences.
Schaefermeier, B., Stumme, G., Hanika, T.: Topic space trajectories Scientometrics. 126, 5759–5795 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03931-0.
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The annual number of publications at scientific venues, for example, conferences and journals, is growing quickly. Hence, even for researchers it becomes harder and harder to keep track of research topics and their progress. In this task, researchers can be supported by automated publication analysis. Yet, many such methods result in uninterpretable, purely numerical representations. As an attempt to support human analysts, we present topic space trajectories, a structure that allows for the comprehensible tracking of research topics. We demonstrate how these trajectories can be interpreted based on eight different analysis approaches. To obtain comprehensible results, we employ non-negative matrix factorization as well as suitable visualization techniques. We show the applicability of our approach on a publication corpus spanning 50 years of machine learning research from 32 publication venues. In addition to a thorough introduction of our method, our focus is on an extensive analysis of the results we achieved. Our novel analysis method may be employed for paper classification, for the prediction of future research topics, and for the recommendation of fitting conferences and journals for submitting unpublished work. An advantage in these applications over previous methods lies in the good interpretability of the results obtained through our methods.
Scheiner, N., Kraus, F., Appenrodt, N., Dickmann, J., Sick, B.: Object Detection For Automotive Radar Point Clouds -- A Comparison AI Perspectives. 3, 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42467-021-00012-z.
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Schindler, S.: Biometrische Videoüberwachung: Zur Zulässigkeit biometrischer Gesichtserkennung in Verbindung mit Videoüberwachung zur Bekämpfung von Straftaten Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft (2021).
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Schindler, S.: Neues vom NetzDG ZD-Aktuell. 05097 (2021).
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Schindler, S.: EU-Kommission: Verordnungsentwurf zur Regulierung von KI - Das Ende polizeilicher Gesichtserkennung im öffentlichen Raum? ZD-Aktuell. 05221 (2021).
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Schindler, S., Hornung, G.: Datenschutz bei der biometrischen Gesichtserkennung. Künstliche Intelligenz und Mustererkennung als Herausforderung für das Recht Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 515–521 (2021).
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Schmidt, S.L., Li, M.M., Peters, C., Leimeister, J.M.: Nutzungszentrierte Gestaltung von HI-basierten Dienstleistungen am Beispiel des IT-Supports In: Bruhn, M. und Hadwich, K. (Hrsg.) Künstliche Intelligenz im Dienstleistungsmanagement. Springer Gabler (2021).
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Die Verbindung von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz, die wir hybride Intelligenz (HI) nennen, soll Mitarbeitende im IT-Support entlasten und unterstützen. In diesem Beitrag gestalten wir nutzungszentriert eine HI-basierte Dienstleistung am Beispiel des IT-Supports. Wir beginnen mit einer Problemidentifizierung am Beispiel von drei unterschiedlich groß aufgestellten Unternehmen. Basierend auf diesen identifizierten Herausforderungen des IT-Supports wurden die Interaktionen während der Dienstleistungserbringung zwischen allen Beteiligten (Mitarbeitende, Kund:innen und System) nutzungszentriert neu gestaltet.
Schmidt, S.L., Li, M.M., Weigel, S., Peters, C.: Knowledge is Power: Provide your IT-Support with Domain-Specific High-Quality Solution Material In: International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). Springer (2021).
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As more and more business processes are based on IT services the high availability of these processes is dependent on the IT-Support. Thus, making the IT-Support a critical success factor of companies. This paper presents how this department can be supported by providing the staff with domain-specific and high-quality solution material to help employees faster when errors occur. The solution material is based on previously solved tickets because these contain precise domain-specific solutions narrowed down to e.g., specific versions and configurations of hard-/software used in the company. To retrieve the solution material ontologies are used that contain the domain-specific vocabulary needed. Because not all previously solved tickets contain high-quality solution material that helps the staff to fix issues the designed IT-Support system separates lowfrom high-quality solution material. This paper presents (a) theory- and practicalmotivated design requirements that describe the need for automatically retrieved solution material, (b) develops two major design principles to retrieve domainspecific and high-quality solution material, and (c) evaluates the instantiations of them as a prototype with organic real-world data. The results show that previously solved tickets of a company can be pre-processed and retrieved to ITSupport staff based on their current queries.
Schmitt, A., Wambsganss, T., Söllner, M., Janson, A.: Towards a Trust Reliance Paradox? Exploring the Gap Between Perceived Trust in and Reliance on Algorithmic Advice In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) (2021).
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Beyond AI-based systems’ potential to augment decision-making, reduce organizational resources, and counter human biases, unintended consequences of such systems have been largely neglected so far. Researchers are undecided on whether erroneous advice acts as an impediment to system use or is blindly relied upon. As part of an experimental study, we turn towards the impact of incorrect system advice and how to design for failure-prone AI. In an experiment with 156 subjects we find that, although incorrect algorithmic advice is trusted less, users adapt their answers to a system’s incorrect recommendations. While transparency on a system’s accuracy levels fosters trust and reliance in the context of incorrect advice, an opposite effect is found for users exposed to correct advice. Our findings point towards a paradoxical gap between stated trust and actual behavior. Furthermore, transparency mechanisms should be deployed with caution as their effectiveness is intertwined with system performance.
Schmitt, A., Zierau, N., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Voice as a Contemporary Frontier of Interaction Design In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) (2021).
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Voice assistants’ increasingly nuanced and natural communication bears new opportunities for user experiences and task automation, while challenging existing patterns of human-computer interaction. A fragmented research field, as well as constant technological advancements, impede a common apprehension of prevalent design features of voice-based interfaces. As part of this study, 86 papers across domains are systematically identified and analysed to arrive at a common understanding of voice assistants. The review highlights perceptual differences to other human-computer interfaces and points out relevant auditory cues. Key findings regarding those cues’ impact on user perception and behaviour are discussed along with the three design strategies 1) personification, 2) individualization and 3) contextualization. Avenues for future research are lastly deducted. Our results provide relevant opportunities to researchers and designers alike to advance the design and deployment of voice assistants.
Schneegans, J., Bieshaar, M., Heidecker, F., Sick, B.: Intelligent and Interactive Video Annotation for Instance Segmentation using Siamese Neural Networks In: Workshop on Integrated Artificial Intelligence in Data Science, ICPR. S. 375–389. IEEE, Milan, Italy (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68799-1_27.
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Schneegans, J., Eilbrecht, J., Zernetsch, S., Bieshaar, M., Doll, K., Stursberg, O., Sick, B.: Probabilistic VRU Trajectory Forecasting for Model-Predictive Planning -- A Case Study: Overtaking Cyclists In: Workshop From Benchmarking Behavior Prediction to Socially Compatible Behavior Generation in Autonomous Driving, IV (2021).
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This work considers (deep) artiﬁcial feed-forward neural networks as parametric approximators in optimal control of discrete-time switched linear systems with controlled switching. The proposed approach is based on approximate dynamic programming and allows the fast computation of (sub-)optimal discrete and continuous control inputs, either by approximating the optimal cost-to-go functions or by approximating the optimal discrete and continuous input policies. An important property of the approach is the satisfaction of polytopic state and input constraints, which is crucial for ensuring safety, as required in many control applications. A numeric example is provided for illustration and evaluation of the approaches.
Schöbel, S., Mohammed, S., Janson, A.: Two decades of game concepts in digital learning environments – A bibliometric study and research agenda Computers & Education. 173, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104296.
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In recent years, using game concepts for educational purposes in digital environments has become continually more popular and relevant. Games can be used to motivate and engage users in regular system use and, in the end, support learners in achieving better learning outcomes. In this context, different kinds of game concepts exist, such as gamification or serious games, each with a different perspective and usefulness in digital learning environments. Because developing and using with game concepts in digital learning environments has recently become more important, and developing them is still not fully established, questions arise about future research directions involving games in digital learning. Therefore, this study aims to identify the state of the field and determine what is relevant when using game concepts in digital learning. To achieve this goal, we present the results of a bibliometric analysis considering more than 10,000 articles between 2000 and 2019 and summarize them to develop a research agenda. This agenda supports researchers and practitioners in identifying avenues for future research. We contribute to theory by providing a detailed understanding of the relevance of game concepts in digital learning. We propose a research agenda to assist researchers in planning future approaches with and about gamification concepts in digital learning. Practical implications are proposed by demonstrating what should be considered when using game concepts in learning environments.
Schomberg, S.: PRIDS: Forschungsprojekt zu den Auswirkungen von KI auf Privatheit, Demokratie und Selbstbestimmung ZD-Aktuell. 05270 (2021).
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Schomberg, S.: EU-Kommission: Entwurf eines Digital Markets Act ZD-Aktuell. 05042 (2021).
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Schomberg, S., Dickhaut, E., Barev, T.J., Janson, A.: Mithilfe von Privacy Nudging zu rechtsverträglichen Videokonferenztools In: INFORMATIK 2021 – 51. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Informatik. S. 979–994. Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), Berlin (2021).
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Die Covid-19 Pandemie hat zu enormen Veränderungen im Arbeitsalltag geführt. Videokonferenztools gewannen durch die Zusammenarbeit über Distanz an Bedeutung. In kürzester Zeit kamen in vielen Unternehmen Videokonferenztools verschiedener Hersteller zum Einsatz; der Datenschutz stand dabei in der Regel nicht an erster Stelle und es kam zu zahlreichen Datenschutzverstößen. Im Laufe der Pandemie rückte der Datenschutz mehr in den Fokus und es wurde nachgebessert. Wir wollen mit unserem Beitrag anregen Videokonferenztools nicht nur datenschutzkonform, sondern rechtsverträglich zu gestalten. Daher haben wir die Benutzeroberfläche eines Tools (Zoom) an den Stellen angepasst, an denen datenschutzsensibles Verhalten besonders kritisch ist. Wir zeigen, wie kleine Änderungen in der Benutzeroberfläche und die Integration von Privacy Nudges zu datenschutzsensiblem Verhalten führen können. Um diese sogenannten Privacy Nudges für Entwickelnde von Videokonferenztools so praktisch und zugänglich wie möglich zu machen, greifen wir auf das Konzept der Design Pattern aus der Systementwicklung zurück.
Schomberg, S., Stroscher, J.-P.: Digitale Kontaktnachverfolgung per App – ist ein Ende der Zettelwirtschaft in Sicht? ZD-Aktuell. 05138 (2021).
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Schöbel S., Schmidt-Kraepelin, M., Janson, A., Sunyaev, A.: Adaptive and Personalized Gamification Designs: Call for Action and Future Research AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction. 13, 479–494 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17705/1thci.00158.
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Gamification refers to the use of game-like elements in non-entertainment contexts to make activities more engaging and enjoyable to improve utilitarian outcomes. The gamification literature and the use of gamification in practice suggest that gamification can be a useful tool to support behavioral and psychological changes. Recent developments show that there is potential for new waves of gamification research. Therefore, we conducted a workshop at the International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI) 2021 to discuss the future of gamification with interested scholars. The discussion with 25 gamification experts led to a research agenda that supports the need for adaptive and personalized gamification designs. Together with the experts, we identify three clusters for future research: 1) the personalization of gamification concepts, 2) theories and concepts for gamified human-computer interaction, and 3) the “dark side” of gamification (e.g., addiction). We also address what the gamification concept means. Aligned with the three clusters, we provide valuable starting points for future research inquiries to help researchers better understand the nature of gamification. We also discuss the capabilities and limits of gamification.
Schreiber, J., Sick, B.: Emerging Relation Network and Task Embedding for Multi-Task Regression Problems In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). S. 2663–2670. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412476.
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Schreiber, J., Vogt, S., Sick, B.: Task Embedding Temporal Convolution Networks for Transfer Learning Problems in Renewable Power Time Series Forecast In: European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML PKDD): Applied Data Science Track. S. 118–134. Springer (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86514-6_8.
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Simmert, B., Peters, C., Leimeister, J.M.: Interne Crowd Work als innovative Form der Arbeitsorganisation Service today : das Magazin für Entscheider aus Service, Marketing, Logistik und Technik. 35, (2021).
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Söllner, M., Janson, A., Rietsche, R., Thiel de Gafenco, M.: Individualisierung in der beruflichen Bildung durch Hybrid Intelligence. Potentiale und Grenzen Zeitschrift für Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik. Beiheft 31, 163–181 (2021).
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Künstliche Intelligenz durchdringt immer stärker verschiedene Lebensbereiche und macht auch vor der beruflichen Bildung nicht halt. In diesem Zusammenhang gibt es derzeit vielfältige Diskussionen zur Rolle der menschlichen Intelligenz in zukünftigen Arbeitsprozessen und damit verknüpft Fragen zur Auswirkung auf die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Arbeitskräften. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es darzulegen, warum in den kommenden Jahrzehnten die effektive Kombination der komplementären Stärken von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz im Sinne des Hybrid Intelligence (HI)-Gedankens im Vordergrund stehen wird. Anschließend werden Potentiale und Grenzen von HI im Kontext der beruflichen Aus- und Weiterbildung mit besonderem Fokus auf die Individualisierung von Lehr-/Lernprozessen diskutiert.
Spieth, P., Klos, C., Röth, T., Schmidt, L., Funk, J., Klingauf, A., Robak, S., Knaut, M., Klimpel, M., Heidemann, L., Schüttler, F., Gringel, H.: Entwicklung eines digitalen Lehr- und Lernarrangements für das deutsche Handwerk In: Bauer, W., Mütze-Niewöhner, S., Stowasser, S., Zanker, C., und Müller, N. (Hrsg.) Arbeit in der digitalisierten Welt: Praxisbeispiele und Gestaltungslösungen aus dem BMBF-Förderschwerpunkt. S. 53–65. Springer Vieweg, Berlin (2021).
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Das BMBF/ESF Projekt FachWerk entwickelte während der dreijährigen Projektlaufzeit ein multimediales Lehr- und Lernarrangement zur Adoption von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien im deutschen Handwerk. Ziel ist die digitalisierte Fachkräftequalifizierung für die zukünftige Arbeitswelt. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurden verschiedene Mega- und Technologietrends sowie Erfolgsfaktoren identifiziert, Bedarfe für zukünftige Qualifikationen definiert, ein konkretes Lehrkonzept gestaltet und darauf basierend die digitale Lehr- und Lernplattform entwickelt, getestet und evaluiert. Die nachhaltige Verwertung der Plattform wird durch assoziierte Partner langfristig sichergestellt. Die Plattform dient somit als ein wichtiger Schritt zur digitalen Transformation des Handwerks.
Stein, T.: Vibrotaktile Codierung von Standardfunktionen in einer Menüführung zur Verbesserung der Interaktion mit Touchscreens Kassel University Press, Kassel (2021).
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Den taktilen Sinneskanal zu nutzen, um Informationen an den Menschen zu übermitteln und somit den visuellen und auditiven Kanal zu entlasten, wurde bereits in verschiedenen Anwendungen und Szenarien analysiert. Bisher wurden hierfür zwischengeschaltete Geräte, beispielsweise ein Gurt, genutzt oder die Rückmeldung erfolgte an nicht-interagierenden Körperteilen. Bei Touchscreens erscheint allerdings eine Rückmeldung an den interagierenden Finger des Nutzers sinnvoll. Hierbei stellt sich die Frage, ob auch komplexe, inhaltliche Informationen über den taktilen Sinneskanal an den Nutzer weitergegeben und von diesem eindeutig erkannt werden können. Im Rahmen diese Arbeit wird daher die Möglichkeit der vibrotaktilen Informationscodierung mittels sogenannter Tactons untersucht. Tactons sind Vibrationsmuster, welche durch Modifikation ihrer Parameter, wie z. B. Frequenz und Amplitude, Informationen codieren können. Gerade für häufig vorkommende Funktionen einer Menüführung auf Touchscreens ist es sinnvoll, eindeutig zu identifizierende Tactons zu entwerfen. Durch den Vorschlag eines Tacton-Sets für solche Standardfunktionen leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Standardisierung vibrotaktiler Informationsweitergabe. Zudem werden aus den Erkenntnissen der durchgeführten Studien übertragbare Empfehlungen bezüglich der Gestaltung von Tactons abgeleitet. Hierfür wurden sieben aufeinander aufbauende Forschungsfragen formuliert, für deren Beantwortung jeweils eine empirische Studie konzipiert, durchgeführt und ausgewertet wurde. Insgesamt 544 Personen im Alter von 15 bis 82 Jahren nahmen an diesen Evaluationen teil, sodass die Erkenntnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit auf einer fundierten Datengrundlage beruhen. Zunächst wurden Grundlagenexperimente bezüglich der taktilen Wahrnehmung des Menschen durchgeführt. Hierauf aufbauend wurden Möglichkeiten der vibrotaktilen Informationscodierung geprüft und ein solches Tacton-Set für Standardfunktionen erarbeitet und evaluiert. Dieses Tacton-Set kann in allen Anwendungen genutzt werden, in denen auf einem Touchscreen eine Menüführung verankert ist, die sich der untersuchten Standardfunktionen bedient und im Besonderen, wenn der visuelle und/oder auditive Fokus des Nutzers auf einer anderen Aufgabe liegt. Ein Einsatz des Tacton-Sets ist hierbei sowohl bei stationären als auch mobilen Endgeräten denkbar. Die aus den einzelnen Studien abgeleiteten, allgemeinen Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung von Tactons sind darüber hinaus auf unterschiedliche Anwendungskontexte übertragbar.
Stein, T., Schmidt, L.: Vibrotaktile Codierung von Standardfunktionen einer Menüführung Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft. 75, 15–28 (2021).
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Tactons sind taktile Nachrichten, die dem Nutzer Informationen über den haptischen Sinneskanal übermitteln, und können beispielsweise bei der Interaktion mit Touchscreens von Nutzen sein. In dieser Studie wird die systematische Erarbeitung eines Tacton-Sets für Standardfunktionen einer Menüführung (im Einzelnen die Funktionen Beenden, Bestätigen, Hauptmenü, Hilfe, Korrektur, Lauter, Leiser sowie Zurück) vorgestellt. Neben existierenden Erkenntnissen aus der Literatur wurden bei der Gestaltung des Tacton-Sets ebenfalls die Ergebnisse einer Gruppenbefragung berücksichtigt, in der die Teilnehmer Ideen zur konkreten Ausgestaltung der Tactons äußern konnten. Das zunächst entstandene Tacton-Set wurde unter drei standardisierten Versuchsbedingungen von 54 Probanden evaluiert und lieferte eine Gesamterkennungsrate von 0,70 ± 0,19. Die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Tactons wurden analysiert und Verbesserungen hinsichtlich deren Gestaltung umgesetzt. Anschließend wurde das weiterentwickelte Tacton-Set unter den gleichen Versuchsbedingungen wie zuvor erneut von 39 Probanden evaluiert. Die resultierende Gesamterkennungsrate verbesserte sich signifikant auf 0,79 ± 0,18. Praktische Relevanz In alltäglichen Umgebungen mit zunehmender Informationsdichte wird die Übermittlung von Informationen über den haptischen Sinneskanal immer wichtiger. Diese Studie beinhaltet wichtige Erkenntnisse für die Gestaltung und schrittweise Verbesserung von Tactons im Allgemeinen und liefert einen Vorschlag für die konkrete Umsetzung eines Tacton-Sets für genannte Standardfunktionen. Es wird zudem deutlich, dass weitere Forschung nötig ist, um den Einsatz von Tactons zu etablieren.
Stroscher, J.-P.: Telekommunikations-Telemedien-Datenschutzgesetz (TTDSG) – Was gibt es Neues? ZD-Aktuell. 05222 (2021).
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Stroscher, J.-P.: IT-Sicherheitsgesetz 2.0 – Was gibt’s Neues? ZD-Aktuell. 05098 (2021).
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Stroscher, J.-P., Schnaubelt, M., Sanchez Guinea, A., Fabian, S., von Willich, J., Alhamwy, Y., Bauer, M., von Stryk, O., Mühlhäuser, M., Geihs, K., Klingauf, U., Hornung, G.: Technical & Data Protection Aspects of a Smart Digital Control Center for Smart Cities In: für Informatik e.V. (GI), G. (Hrsg.) INFORMATIK 2021. S. 1047–1058. Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn (2021). https://doi.org/10.18420/informatik2021-086.
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Stubbemann, M., Stumme, G.: The Mont Blanc of Twitter: Identifying Hierarchies of Outstanding Peaks in Social Networks arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.13774. (2021).
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Stubbemann, M., Stumme, G.: LG4AV: Combining Language Models and Graph Neural Networks for Author Verification (2021).
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Thomas, J.M., Beddar-Wiesing, S., Moallemy-Oureh, A., Nather, R.: A Note on the Modeling Power of Different Graph Types arXiv e-prints. arXiv:2109.10708 (2021).
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Graphs can have different properties that lead to several graph types and may allow for a varying representation of diverse information. In order to clarify the modeling power of graphs, we introduce a partial order on the most common graph types based on an expressivity relation. The expressivity relation quantifies how many properties a graph type can encode compared to another type. Additionally, we show that all attributed graph types are equally expressive and have the same modeling power.
Tolmeijer, S., Zierau, N., Janson, A., Wahdatehagh, J., Leimeister, J.M., Bernstein, A.: Female by Default? – Exploring the Effect of Voice Assistant Gender and Pitch on Trait and Trust Attribution In: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). , Yokohama, Japan (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451623.
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Gendered voice based on pitch is a prevalent design element in many contemporary Voice Assistants (VAs) but has shown to strengthen harmful stereotypes. Interestingly, there is a dearth of research that systematically analyses user perceptions of different voice genders in VAs. This study investigates gender-stereotyping across two different tasks by analyzing the influence of pitch (low, high) and gender (women, men) on stereotypical trait ascription and trust formation in an exploratory online experiment with 234 participants. Additionally, we deploy a gender-ambiguous voice to compare against gendered voices. Our findings indicate that implicit stereotyping occurs for VAs. Moreover, we can show that there are no significant differences in trust formed towards a gender-ambiguous voice versus gendered voices, which highlights their potential for commercial usage.
Wambsganss, T., Guggisberg, S., Söllner, M.: ArgueBot: A Conversational Agent for Adaptive Argumentation Feedback In: 16th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI) (2021).
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By combining recent advances in Natural Language Processing and Conversational Agent (CAs), we suggest a new form of human-computer interaction for individuals to receive formative feedback on their argumentation to help them to foster their logical reasoning skills. Hence, we introduce ArgueBot, a conversational agent, that provides adaptive feedback on students' logical argumentation. We, therefore, 1) leveraged a corpus of argumentative student-written peer-reviews in German, 2) trained, tuned, and benchmarked a model that identifies claims, premises and non-argumentative sections of a given text, and 3) built a conversational feedback tool. We evaluated ArgueBot in a proof-of-concept evaluation with students. The evaluation results regarding technology acceptance, the performance of our trained model, and the qualitative feedback indicate the potential of leveraging recent advances in Natural Language Processing for new human-computer interaction use cases for scalable educational feedback.
Wambsganss, T., Haas, L., Söllner, M.: Towards the Design of a Student-Centered Question-Answering System in Educational Settings In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) 2021. ECIS (2021).
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Enrollments in distance-learning scenarios have been tremendously rising. Here, the ability of students to receive answers to questions is hindered due to an uneven educator-student ratio. Students often do not receive quick answers to simple questions, and educators feel stressed by answering the same questions repeatedly. However, advances in Natural-Language-Processing and Machine Learning bear the opportunity to design new forms of human-computer interaction by embedding question-answering (Q&A) models in conversational agents. Such a system enables students to receive personalized answers independent of an instructor, time, and location. This paper presents the first steps of our design science research project on designing a student-centered Q&A system that helps learners receive personalized answers in large-scale settings. Based on social response theory and user interviews, we propose five design principles for the design of a conversational Q&A system. Furthermore, we instantiate those principles as design features in a natively built prototype.
Wambsganss, T., Janson, A., Söllner, M., Leimeister, J.M.: AI-based Argumentation Tutoring – A Novel System Class to Improve Learners’ Argumentation Skills In: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM) (2021). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.10233abstract.
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Argumentation is an omnipresent foundation of our daily communication and thinking. The ability to form convincing arguments is not only the fundament for persuading an audience of novel ideas but also plays a major role in strategic decision-making, negotiation, and productive civil discourse. However, students often struggle to develop argumentation skills due to a lack of individual and instant feedback in their learning journey, since providing feedback on the individual argumentation skills of learners is very time consuming and not scalable if conducted manually by educators. Following a design science research approach, we propose a new class of argumentation learning systems that provide students with individual and ongoing tutoring to support them in learning how to argue. We build our socio-technical design on a combination of user-centered design principles, a conceptualization of argumentation structures in student-written text, and Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning classifiers to provide individual feedback. To investigate if the new system class of AI-based argumentation tutoring systems helps students to improve their argumentation skills, we evaluated the novel artifact class in two empirical studies in comparison to traditional argumentation learning systems. In a laboratory experiment (study 1), as well as in a field experiment in a large-scale lecture over three months (study 2), we found that AI-based argumentation tutoring systems based on our design principles, argumentation schemes, and algorithms improve the short- and long-term argumentation skills of students significantly compared to the traditional argumentation learning approaches.
Wambsganss, T., Küng, T., Matthias, S., Leimeister, J.M.: ArgueTutor: An Adaptive Dialog-Based Learning System for Argumentation Skills In: ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). , Yokohama, Japan (2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445781.
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Techniques from Natural-Language-Processing offer the opportunities to design new dialog-based forms of human-computer interaction as well as to analyze the argumentation quality of texts. This can be leveraged to provide students with adaptive tutoring when doing a persuasive writing exercise. To test if individual tutoring for students' argumentation will help them to write more convincing texts, we developed ArgueTutor, a conversational agent that tutors students with adaptive argumentation feedback in their learning journey. We compared ArgueTutor with 55 students to a traditional writing tool. We found students using ArgueTutor wrote more convincing texts with a better quality of argumentation compared to the ones using the alternative approach. The measured level of enjoyment and ease of use provides promising results to use our tool in traditional learning settings. Our results indicate that dialog-based learning applications combined with NLP text feedback have a beneficial use to foster better writing skills of students.
Wambsganss, T., Niklaus, C., Söllner, M., Handschuh, S., Leimeister, J.M.: Supporting Cognitive and Emotional Empathic Writing of Students In: Joint Conference of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (ACL-IJCNLP) (2021).
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We present an annotation approach to capturing emotional and cognitive empathy in student-written peer reviews on business models in German. We propose an annotation scheme that allows us to model emotional and cognitive empathy scores based on three types of review components. Also, we conducted an annotation study with three annotators based on 92 student essays to evaluate our annotation scheme. The obtained inter-rater agreement of alpha=0.79 for the components and the multi-pi=0.41 for the empathy scores indicate that the proposed annotation scheme successfully guides annotators to a substantial to moderate agreement. Moreover, we trained predictive models to detect the annotated empathy structures and embedded them in an adaptive writing support system for students to receive individual empathy feedback independent of an instructor, time, and location. We evaluated our tool in a peer learning exercise with 58 students and found promising results for perceived empathy skill learning, perceived feedback accuracy, and intention to use. Finally, we present our freely available corpus of 500 empathy-annotated, student-written peer reviews on business models and our annotation guidelines to encourage future research on the design and development of empathy support systems.
Wambsganss, T., Schmitt, A., Mahning, T., Ott, A., Soellner, S., Ngo, N.A., Geyer-Klingeberg, J., Nakladal, J., Leimeister, J.M.: The Potential of Technology-Mediated Learning Processes: A Taxonomy and Research Agenda for Educational Process Mining In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). , Austin, Texas, USA (2021).
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Educational process mining (EPM) offers new possibilities to discover, monitor, improve, or predict students’ learning processes using data about their learning activities captured in technology-mediated information systems (IS). Although EPM has recently attracted considerable research interest, there is still limited shared knowledge about the distinctive design characteristics of EPM from an integrative perspective. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify EPM characteristics. Building on a technology-mediated learning perspective, we develop a taxonomy that classifies EPM characteristics into four major categories (i.e., purpose, user, input, analysis). We evaluate and refine our taxonomy with ten domain experts, identified three clusters in the reviewed literature, and derived six archetypes of EPM scenarios based on our categorization. Finally, we formulate a novel research agenda to guide researchers in systematizing and synthesizing research on different technological embeddings of EPM in a students’ learning process.
Wambsganss, T., Weber, F., Söllner, M.: Design and Evaluation of an Adaptive Empathy Learning Tool In: Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2021). https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2021.007.
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Empathy is an elementary skill for daily interactions and for professional communication, agile teamwork and successful leadership and thus elementary for educational curricula. However, educational organizations face difficulties in providing the boundary conditions necessary for their students to develop empathy skills due to the lack of individual support in traditional large-scale and growing distance-learning scenarios. Drawing on cognitive dissonance theory, we propose an adaptive empathy learning tool that helps students develop their ability to react to other people's observed experiences through individual feedback in large-scale or distance learning scenarios. Based on a design science research project, we propose a set of design principles and instantiate and evaluate them with our prototype Eva in an online experiment with 65 students. The findings suggest that an adaptive empathy learning tool that follows our design principles is a promising approach to individually support students in their ability to react to other people's observed abilities in traditional learning scenarios.
Weigelt, O., Schmitt, A., Syrek, C.J., Ohly, S.: Exploring the Engaged Worker over Time—A Week-Level Study of How Positive and Negative Work Events Affect Work Engagement International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18, 6699 (2021).
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Weinert, T., Benner, D., Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Schöbel, S., Leimeister, J.M.: Unterstützung digitaler Bildungsprozesse durch interaktive gamifizierte Lernvideos - Wie innovative Lernvideos Motivation und Lernerfolg steigern können HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik. 58, 1483–1503 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-021-00798-w.
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Digitales Lernen ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der heutigen Bildungslandschaft geworden. Insbesondere Lernvideos haben in den letzten Jahren deutlich an Popularität gewonnen und Plattformen wie YouTube sind heute ein fester Bestandteil von Lernprozessen. Bildungseinrichtungen haben diese Entwicklung erkannt und Lernvideos in ihre Lernsysteme integriert. Allerdings sind die heutigen Lernvideos oft nicht sehr ansprechend, weil es an Gestaltungswissen mangelt, wie Interaktionen und gamifizierte Elemente die Motivation und den Lernerfolg steigern können. Dieser Mangel an Gestaltungswissen führt zu minderwertigen Lernvideos, die den Lernprozess der Lernenden meist nicht in dem Maße unterstützen, wie sie es könnten. Um effektive Lernvideos zu entwickeln, welche die Lernenden adäquat unterstützen, ist handfestes und praktisches Gestaltungswissen für die Lehrenden notwendig. Vor diesem Hintergrund entwickeln wir Entwurfsmuster für interaktive gamifizierte Lernvideos, um Praktiker*innen bei der Erstellung effektiver Lernvideos anzuleiten, die die Motivation und das Engagement von Lernenden zu fördern, welche sie aktiv in ihrem Lernprozess unterstützen zu können. Wir setzen damit zusätzlich die Grundlage für zukünftige Forschung zur Gestaltung effektiver Lernvideos. Dabei folgen wir einem gestaltungsorientierten Forschungsansatz, um die Entwicklung unserer Entwurfsmuster zu systematisieren.
Wessel, L., Peters, C., Niederman, F.: Using ‘Panel Reports’ to Advance Scholarly Discourse: A Change in Editorial Policy and Guidelines for Authors of ‘Panel Reports’ Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS). (2021).
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‘Panel reports’ reflect a particular category of submissions that can be made to the Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS). As stated online, panel reports differ from traditional research papers in that “CAIS is open to publishing reports of panels, debates, symposia, workshops and similar events. Such reports have to clearly position the matter of discussion at the event, highlight the relevance of event and topic and outline the different views on the topic that emanated at the events.” (https://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/panel_reports.pdf). While this definition has persisted for some time and still holds true, it leaves room for interpretation what constitutes a contribution and how one knows that a particular paper has made enough of one. The purpose of this editorial is to provide interpretation and elaboration of these principles based on our collective experience with such reports.
Wilde, D., Hupe, A., Trahan, S., Guinita Abel, C., Kjærsgaard Longueval, S., McLaughlin, C.: Rethinking Food: Co-Creating Citizen Science for Sustainability Transition In: Nordes (Nordic Design Conference). S. 228–237. , Kolding, Denmark (2021).
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Transforming human food practices to be more sustainable is not straightforward. The human food system and international sustainability advice are both global in scope. Whereas food practices are locally situated and personal. ReThinking Food grapples with this challenge, using co-creative citizen science and the Future 50 Foods Report. The research involves cooking with; sharing food, recipes and stories; surveys, interviews, online and in-person activities. Through these actions, participants exchange knowledges with the food, their families and each other; become agents of change in their social groups and workplaces. They enact agency, shifting scales from human to non- human; near to far; from one-to-few-to-many. Building on this insight, we propose a hybrid engagement strategy for fostering connections across scales, from the personal to the planetary. The strategy strengthens the effectiveness of bottom-up societal transformation efforts.
Winkler, R., Söllner, M., Leimeister, J.M.: Enhancing Problem-Solving Skills with Smart Personal Assistant Technology Computers & Education. 165, 104148 (2021). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104148.
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Smart Personal Assistants (SPAs; such as Amazon’s Alexa or Google’s Assistant) let users interact with computers in a more natural and sophisticated way that was not possible before. Although there exists an increasing amount of research of SPA technology in education, empirical evidence of its ability to offer dynamic scaffolding to enhance students problem-solving skills is still scarce. To fill this gap, the aim of this paper is to find out whether interactions with scaffolding-based SPA technology enable students to internalize and apply problem-solving steps on their own in a 10th grade high school and a vocational business school class. Students in the experiment classes completed their assignments using Smart Personal Assistants, whereas students in the control classes completed the same assignments using traditional methods. This study used a mixed-method approach consisting of two field quasi-experiments and one post-experiment focus group discussion. The empirical results revealed that students in the experiment classes acquired significantly more problem-solving skills than those in the control classes (Study 1: p = 0.0396, study 2: p < 0.001), and also uncovered several changes in students’ learning processes. The findings provide first empirical evidence for the value of using SPA technology on skill development in general, and on problem-solving skill development in particular.
Zernetsch, S., Schreck, S., Kress, V., Doll, K., Sick, B.: Image Sequence Based Cyclist Action Recognition Using Multi-Stream 3D Convolution In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). S. 2620–2626. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9413233.
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Zernetsch, S., Trupp, O., Kress, V., Doll, K., Sick, B.: Cyclist Trajectory Forecasts by Incorporation of Multi-View Video Information In: IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2). S. 1–7. IEEE (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/isc253183.2021.9562857.
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Zierau, N., Flock, K., Janson, A., Söllner, M., Leimeister, J.M.: The Influence of AI-Based Chatbots and Their Design on Users’ Trust and Information Sharing in Online Loan Applications In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (2021).
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Based on recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI), chatbots are now increasingly offered as an alternative source of customer service. For their uptake user trust in critical. However, little is known about how these interfaces fundamentally influence trust perceptions. In particular, it’s unclear what exactly causes perceptual differences - the change towards a conversational interface or the usage of anthropomorphic design elements. In this study, an online experiment with 160 participants was conducted to examine the differential effects of conversational interaction and anthropomorphism on trust in the interface or the provider within the context of online loan applications. The results show that both treatment conditions affect trust in the interface and the provider by increasing perceptions of social presence. Meanwhile, trust in the interface significantly effects the intention to share information, while trust in the provider has no effect on behavioral intention.

2020[ to top ]

Alt, R., Leimeister, J.M., Priemuth, T., Sachse, S., Urbach, N., Wunderlich, N.: Software-Defined Business – Implications for IT Management Business & Information Systems Engineering. 62, 609–621 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00669-6.
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In August 2011 the Wall Street Journal published an essay by Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen titled “Why software is eating the world”. He argues that “more and more major businesses and industries are being run on software and delivered as online services—from movies to agriculture to national defense. Many of the winners are Silicon Valley-style entrepreneurial technology companies that are invading and overturning established industry structures. […] Companies in every industry need to assume that a software revolution is coming.” (Andreessen 2011). By pointing at examples in various industries from automotive and banking to defense, healthcare, music, retailing, and telecommunications, he illustrates the transformational power of information technology (IT) and software in particular. The discussion is not new and dates back to the early 2000s. For example, Power and Jerjian (2001, p. 99) mention for Heathrow airport that “software is the thing that runs the airport” and in a biological analogy they consider software to be the nervous system. Meanwhile, the large “big tech” software companies (e.g., GAFAM, BATX) have impressively confirmed this development: their digital platforms have spread over many industries with an impact on processes (e.g., interaction and transaction), on products (e.g., app stores and services) as well as on business models (e.g., streaming and as-a-service models). The recent tech-portmanteaus (e.g., Fintech, Insurtech, Regtech) also reflect the attitude of these startup businesses, which perceive themselves rather as IT (tech) companies than as representatives of the industry they are aiming to transform (Meijer and Kapoor 2014). In the same vein, the high valuation of Tesla Motors since early 2020 spurred an intense debate of whether the company is in the automotive or the tech business (e.g., Klebnikov 2020). Obviously, these developments have numerous implications for the field of IT management, which were discussed during a panel at the 82nd Annual German Business Researcher Conference on March 18, 2020. The panel builds on prior discussions regarding the impact of digitalization on IT management. For example, a BISE discussion section in 2017 addressed the implications of the broad trend of digitalization for the field of Business Information Systems Engineering and pointed out new topics, such as digital innovation and transformation, which complement existing competencies (e.g., in modeling and managing enterprise IT). The discussion revealed strong arguments for the strategic role of IT and that business and IT departments as well as academia and practice need to collaborate more closely (Legner et al. 2017). While these statements adopted a rather broad perspective, another discussion section focused on “the impact of digitalization on the IT department” (Urbach et al. 2019). It mentioned important and intricate challenges: On the one hand, IT departments need to move closer to the business units and, on the other hand, they need to constantly update their technological skills in an environment with a high pace of technological innovation. In a world “eaten by software” these developments are equally prevalent and lead to the question how businesses address these challenges, in particular, how they assess the dominant role of software, how activities in managing the software lifecycle should be organized, and what the implications are for the BISE community.
Bachmann, M., Morold, M., Engel, S., Götz, J., David, K.: Camera vs. Cooperative VRU Collision Avoidance In: 2020 IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Spring). S. 1–5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2020-Spring48590.2020.9128854.
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Barev, T.J.: Theory-Motivated Design for Developing Privacy Nudges In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI) (2020).
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Using digital technologies, various data traces are left behind for collection, storage and analysis. Potential risks that the availability of personal information entails, like the vulnerability to discrimination, commercial exploitation and unwanted monitoring, is ubiquitous. Hence, modern IT systems are needed that ensure employees' privacy and informational self-determination. One mechanism to achieve this is the implementation of privacy nudges in modern working systems. Nudging is a mechanism to influence decisions in a predictable way. In this context, privacy nudging concepts should influence employees` behavior in digital working environments in such a way that they make more data protection-friendly decisions. In this research project I am focusing on building an integrative understanding of effective nudging in privacy-related decisions. From this, design knowledge for better privacy nudges in digital work systems should be derived, which can pave the way for more privacy-sensitive IT systems. Successfully implemented privacy nudges can increase acceptance, trust and usage of modern IT-systems. Privacy sensitive IT-systems can then constitute a competitive advantage for the company. On the side of society, informational self-determination can be ensured and the potential risks that the availability of personal information entails can be reduced.
Barev, T.J., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Designing Effective Privacy Nudges in Digital Environments: A Design Science Research Approach In: International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). S. 388–393. Springer, Cham - Vinton G. Cerf Award (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64823-7_37.
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When using digital technologies, various data traces are left behind for collection, storage and analysis. Innovative solutions for information systems are needed that mitigate privacy risks and foster information privacy. One mechanism to achieve this is using privacy nudges. Nudges are a concept from behavioral eco-nomics to influence individual’s decisions. However, many nudges show low or at least less effects than choice architects hope for and expect. Therefore, this de-sign science research (DSR) project focusses on developing evidence-based de-sign principles for privacy nudges to improve their effectiveness and pave the way for more privacy sensitive IT systems. In this context, we adopt a DSR ap-proach from Vaishnavi & Kuechler. From a theoretical perspective, we are con-tributing to the discussion of what drives privacy sensitive behavior. We extend generic nudge design models, making them applicable in the context of data dis-closure. For practitioners, we provide guidance on how to design and implement effective privacy nudges in the user interface of digital work systems.
Bereswill, M., Draude, C., Kuhn, H.-P.: Ungleiche Präferenzen? Zum Zusammenhang von Studienfachwahl und Geschlechterzuschreibungen ZSE Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation. 40, 227–230 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3262/ZSE2003227.
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Einführung in den Themenschwerpunkt
Bereswill, M., Draude, C., Kuhn, H.-P., Bläsing, L.M., Lumpp, G., Spitzner, J.: Ungleiche Präferenzen? Zum Zusammenhang von Studienfachwahl und Geschlecht aus sozialisations- und geschlechtertheoretischer Perspektive am Beispiel des Studienfachs Informatik ZSE Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation. 40, 231–253 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3262/ZSE2003231.
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Insgesamt zeigen sich bei der Studienfachwahl in Deutschland teilweise große Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern. So studieren Frauen deutlich seltener als Männer Fächer im MINT-Bereich, Männer dagegen deutlich seltener Fächer im sozialen Bereich. Der Beitrag stellt die Frage, warum solche Ungleichheiten trotz zahlreicher bildungspolitischer Interventionen stabil bleiben und sich auf der Ebene der individuellen Entscheidungen entsprechend konventionelle Orientierungen zeigen. Zunächst werden verschiedene Einflussfaktoren hinsichtlich der Studienfachwahl unter einer sozialisations- und entwicklungstheoretischen Perspektive in den Blick genommen. Im Anschluss daran werden die beharrlichen Unterschiede in den individuellen Orientierungen und Entscheidungen von Mädchen und Jungen aus einer geschlechtertheoretischen Perspektive als strukturelle Ungleichheiten eingeordnet. Zuletzt werden die mit diesen strukturellen Ungleichheiten zusammenhängenden Dynamiken von Öffnungen und Schließungen eines sozialen Feldes am Beispiel des Fachs Informatik weiter konkretisiert und es wird gezeigt, dass Veränderungen nur greifen können, wenn eine Fachkultur sich im Hinblick auf systematische Öffnungen wandelt. Im Fazit wird dafür plädiert, die verschiedenen Forschungsstränge und Theorieperspektiven, die im Beitrag aufgenommen werden, in Zukunft noch stärker zu verbinden.
Bile, T., Ebbers, F., Karaboga, M., Bremert, B.: Datenschutz in der Blockchain - Diskussion der Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze auf Basis der Blockchain-Konsultation der Bundesregierung Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe (2020).
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Bile, T., Roßnagel, A., Geminn, C., Nebel, M., Hallinan, D.: "Evaluation of the General Data Protection Regulation", Policy Paper, Schriftenreihe Forum Privatheit Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe (2020).
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Billert, M.S., Weinert, T., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Co-Creation durch Peers im digitalen Lernen – Wie Plattformen und Chatbots die Partizipation bei der Lernmaterialerstellung begleiten können HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik. 57, 722–743 (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-020-00636-5.
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Die Arbeit in Industrieunternehmen verändert sich auf Grund der Digitalisierung grundlegend. Entwicklungen in der Automatisierungstechnik können in naher Zukunft einen Teil der Arbeit von Arbeitnehmenden ersetzen. Dadurch wird es notwendig sein, sich auf die sich schnell wechselnden Qualifikationsanforderungen aus diesem Digitalisierungsprozess einzustellen. Hierzu gehört einerseits die schnelle Reaktionsfähigkeit auf die fortlaufenden Veränderungen, die in Unternehmen stattfinden, beispielsweise die Einbettung neuer Technologien in Arbeitsprozesse. Andererseits aber auch die notwendigen Upskilling-Prozesse, die durch den Einsatz neuer Technologien notwendig werden. Für beide Aspekte sind aber entsprechende Angebote zur Schulung notwendig, die sich flexibel auf die Bedarfe anpassen. Digitale Lernservices ermöglichen dabei auf die individuellen Arbeitssituation von Mitarbeitenden zu reagieren und im Sinne der Co-Creation den Prozess der gemeinsamen Erstellung von Lern- sowie Schulungsmaterialien durch die Einbindung mehrerer Akteure zu steuern.
Bläsing, L.M., Draude, C.: Geschlechterforschungen zwischen Reflexion und Reproduktion bestehender Bilder von Informatik ZSE Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation. 40, 276–295 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3262/ZSE2003276.
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Seit Jahrzehnten wird die geschlechtliche Verteilung von Studierenden in MINT bzw. der Informatik aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven in den Blick genommen. Aus Sicht geschlechtertheoretischer Forschungen werden dafür unter anderem geschlechtliche Codierungen der Fächer gesehen, in denen sich alltägliches Geschlechterwissen und strukturelle Ungleichheiten manifestieren. In Bildern und Annahmen, die Schüler*innen und Studierende über die jeweiligen Fächer haben, werden diese vergeschlechtlichten Codierungen sichtbar. Der Beitrag fasst Ergebnisse ausgewählter Literatur zu Bildern von Informatik zusammen. Sie zeigen, wie die Befragten Informatik als männliches, weißes und westliches Fach konstruieren, welches Zugangs- und Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten mindestens einschränkt und ‚das Andere‘, also beispielsweise Frauen/Weiblichkeit, alles nicht-westliche, nicht-weiße – bzw. was diesen Begriffen zugeschrieben wird – abwertet. Beiträge zu Informatikbildern laufen jedoch Gefahr, bestehende Bilder zu reproduzieren. Deshalb werden in der untersuchten Literatur Leerstellen und Perspektiven aufgezeigt, die zu einer intersektionalen, reflektierten Forschung über Informatik(bilder) beitragen können.
Blohm, I., Zogaj, S., Bretschneider, U., Leimeister, J.M.: How to Manage Crowdsourcing Platforms Effectively NIM Marketing Intelligence Review. 12, 18–23 (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/nimmir-2020-0003.
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Crowdsourced tasks are very diverse – and so are platform types. They fall into four categories, each demanding different governance mechanisms. The main goal of microtasking crowdsourcing platforms is the scalable and time-efficient batch processing of highly repetitive tasks. Crowdsourcing platforms for information pooling aggregate contributions such as votes, opinions, assessments and forecasts through approaches such as averaging, summation, or visualization. Broadcast search platforms collect contributions to solve tasks in order to gain alternative insights and solutions from people outside the organization, and are particularly suited for solving challenging technical, analytical, scientific, or creative problems. Open collaboration platforms invite contributors to team up to jointly solve complex problems in cases where solutions require the integration of distributed knowledge and the skills of many contributors. Companies establishing crowdsourcing platforms of any type should continuously monitor and adjust their governance mechanisms. Quality and quantity of contributions, project runtime, or the effort for conducting the crowdsourcing project may be good starting points.
Borchmann, D., Hanika, T., Obiedkov, S.: Probably approximately correct learning of Horn envelopes from queries Discrete Applied Mathematics. 273, 30–42 (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2019.02.036.
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We propose an algorithm for learning the Horn envelope of an arbitrary domain using an expert, or an oracle, capable of answering certain types of queries about this domain. Attribute exploration from formal concept analysis is a procedure that solves this problem, but the number of queries it may ask is exponential in the size of the resulting Horn formula in the worst case. We recall a well-known polynomial-time algorithm for learning Horn formulas with membership and equivalence queries and modify it to obtain a polynomial-time probably approximately correct algorithm for learning the Horn envelope of an arbitrary domain.
Bretschneider, U.: Which Motivations Boost Idea Quality? Exploring the Impact of Customers’ Motives for Participating in Virtual Ideas Communities on Ideation Outcome In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). , Marrakesch, Marokko (2020).
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For practice it is important to leverage ideas of high quality from Virtual Ideas Communities (VIC). Therefore, firms that run such VIC have a strong interest in understanding which factors impact customers’ ideation outcome. This research investigates the influence of customers’ motivation factors for developing ideas on the quality of their ideas. So far, empirical studies that provide evidence on this association are neglected, although these insights would be highly beneficial for firms in their role as operator of VIC. Knowing the factors that have a positive influence will provide valuable insights into how to design effective incentive strategies that attract corresponding customer motivations and, in turn, will lead to higher levels of idea quality. In this research-in-progress paper we build a theoretical model explaining which of customers‘ motives for developing ideas have a positive impact on their ideation outcome.
Bretschneider, U., Ebel, P.A., Leimeister, J.M.: Open Business Model Innovation via the Internet: How Digital Technologies Can Improve the Quality of Business Models International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management (IJITM). 18, 2040004 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877020400040.
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Increasingly, firms follow the strategy of open business model innovation via the Internet. In this form of digital innovation management, firms make use of Internet platforms that allow them to integrate external customers and other stakeholders for (re-)innovation of their business models. However, the used IT tools on these Internet platforms suffer from not being able to merge the content of multiple users in an adequate way, thus the resulting business models suffer from low degrees of quality. Against this backdrop, in this research, we propose to equip these Internet platforms with a wiki technology. This would allow users to add to each other’s content, to make changes or to correct mistakes. In our action design research (ADR), we could empirically validate that this leads to a higher quality in terms of business models’ degree of elaboration. Since research that focusses on the design of Internet-based open BMI is still neglected, our research contributes to the literature base by being the first that answers ongoing open calls for research on this phenomenon of interest.
Britton, L., Pritchard, H.: CS FIELD MANUAL Arts of the Working Class. (2020).
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Britton, L., Pritchard, H.: For CS Interactions. 27, 94–98 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3406838.
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Dankwa, N.K.: Investigating Smart Home Needs for Elderly Women Who Live Alone. An Interview Study In: Stephanidis, C., Antona, M., und Ntoa, S. (Hrsg.) HCI International 2020 - Late Breaking Posters - 22nd International Conference, HCI 2020, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19-24, 2020, Proceedings, Part II. S. 32–38. Springer (2020).
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Identity aspects such as gender, race, culture, and socio-economic status should be considered when technologies are designed with and for persons [9]. HCI research in ageing populations can benefit from considering the complexity of identity, use and context of older persons. This short paper draws attention to gender as an aspect of identity in working with ageing populations. It presents results from an interview study with elderly women who live alone in Germany. This study is part of a larger research project dedicated to innovating smart home technologies with and for elderly women who live alone. The research project has comprised of an “exploratory getting-to know each other” session, use experience of a smart speaker and interview studies. This paper presents insights from semi-structured interviews with 7 elderly women who live alone. These insights are also presented as design considerations for smart home technology for elderly women living alone. The study is the basis for further work with the elderly women, which are co-creation sessions to design smart home devices and develop prototypes.
Dankwa, N.K.: Diversifying Smart Home Contexts In: Proceedings of 18th European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET) (2020). https://doi.org/10.18420/ECSCW2020_DC06.
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Advances in smart home technological innovation over the years has seen an increase in consumer interests. However, research contexts for smart homes tend to skew towards “traditional”living and housing situations. Through my Ph.D. research, I raise awareness of the need to consider other user contexts and living situations. I do this by exploring opportunities for smart home innovation with elderly women who live alone. I work with the elderly women to understand their values, needs, and collaboratively create new smart home devices. The outcome of my research would be smart home devices that support the lives and contexts of elderly women living alone.
Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Wie können Systeme künstlicher Intelligenz ohne Qualitätsverlust rechtsverträglich gestaltet werden? Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management. 12, 90–100 (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1365/s35764-020-00249-z.
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Künstliche intelligente (KI)-Systeme erfreuen sich immer größerer Beliebtheit. Im Alltag erleben wir KI beispielsweise durch smarte persönliche Assistenten (SPAs), welche von Amazon, Google und Co. angeboten werden. Zwar haben diese KI-Systeme große Nutzungspotenziale, gleichzeitig gehen damit aber auch erhebliche Risiken einher, beispielsweise datenschutzrechtliche. Doch wie lassen sich diese Spannungsfelder auflösen? Interdisziplinäre Gestaltungsmuster im Systementwicklungsprozess können eine Lösung darstellen, welche nachfolgend mit Handlungsimplikationen für gesellschaftlich wünschenswerte „KI made in Germany“ skizziert wird.
Dickhaut, E., Janson, A., Roßnagel, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Interdisziplinäre Anforderungsmuster für smarte persönliche Assistenten - Mittel zu Erfassung divergenter Anforderungen aus Informatik und Recht Datenschutz und Datensicherheit (DuD). 44, 579–583 (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-020-1328-7.
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Bei der Entwicklung smarter persönlicher Assistenten können Anforderungsmuster helfen, die oftmals konfliktären Anforderungen zu systematisieren und miteinander in Einklang zu bringen. Sie können wiederkehrende rechtliche und qualitative Anforderungen in einer für Entwickler verständlichen Form darstellen und so helfen, sie im Entwicklungsprozess besser zu berücksichtigen.
Dickhaut, E., Miedzianowski, N., Jandt, S., Janson, A., Knote, R., Leimeister, J.M., Roßnagel, A., Söllner, M., Thies, L.F.: Handlungsbroschüre. Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster zur rechtsverträglichen und qualitätszentrierten Gestaltung kontextsensitiver Applikationen (AnEkA). Handlungsempfehlungen zur Gestaltung von Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmustern ITeG Technical Reports, Kassel, Germany (2020). https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202012082409.
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Im Rahmen des DFG-geförderten Projekts AnEkA „Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster zur rechtsverträglichen und qualitätszentrierten Gestaltung kontextsensitiver Applikationen“ wurden Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster für die Gestaltung rechtsverträglicher, aber gleichermaßen qualitätszentrierter smarter persönlicher Assistenten erstellt. Neben einem umfangreichen Musterkatalog hat das Projektteam ein Vorgehen für die Erstellung von Entwurfsmustern erarbeitet. Die Handlungsbroschüre soll zunächst eine Einführung in die Thematik der rechtsverträglichen und qualitätszentrierten Entwicklung geben und das Potential des Einsatzes von Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmustern aufzeigen. Darauf aufbauend werden das methodische Vorgehen, wie Muster zu erstellen sind, sowie die im Projekt erstellten Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster anhand von einigen Beispielen inhaltlich vorgestellt. Abschließend werden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Erstellung und den Einsatz von Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmustern gegeben. Im Anhang werden alle im Forschungsprojekt AnEkA erarbeiteten Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster zur weiteren Nutzung zur Verfügung gestellt.
Dickhaut, E., Thies, L.F., Janson, A.: Die Kodifizierung von Gestaltungswissen in interdisziplinären Entwurfsmustern - Lösungen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Rechtsverträglichkeit und Dienstleistungsqualität Datenschutz und Datensicherheit (DuD). 584–588 (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-020-1329-6.
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In der Entwicklung informationstechnischer Systeme entstehen oft Zielkonflikte, die durch Gestaltung der Systeme aufgelöst werden müssen. Hierfür fehlt es Entwicklern, insbesondere bei Konflikten zwischen Rechtsverträglichkeit und Dienstleistungsqualität, oft an dem notwendigen Wissen und der erforderlichen Gestaltungserfahrung. Hier können Entwurfsmuster weiterhelfen. Der Beitrag stellt am Beispiel Smarter Persönlicher Assistenten einen Ansatz vor, in dem Entwurfsmuster interdisziplinäres Gestaltungswissen zusammenführen, geht auf die Besonderheiten des Gestaltungswissens der beiden Disziplinen ein und stellt ein beispielhaftes Entwurfsmuster vor.
Dickhaut, E., Thies, L.F., Janson, A., Roßnagel, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Towards a New Methodology to Capture the Legal Compatibility of Conversational Speech Agents In: Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/ 3405755.3406160.
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Higher legal standards with regards to the data protection of individuals such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU-GDPR) are increasing the pressure on developers of IT artifacts. This is especially prevalent when considering conversational speech agents (CSA), which are collecting data in new ways and thus are oftentimes producing conflicts with existing law regulations. For this purpose, we introduce the law simulation method, which is a well-known evaluation method among law researchers for capturing the legal compatibility of IT artifacts such as CSA. With this rigorous method, we are able to derive actionable guidance for CSA developers to evaluate developer efforts for increasing legal compatibility. To illustrate our methodological approach, we describe in this paper key steps of the method with respect to the evaluation of CSA. We briefly discuss how this procedure can serve as the foundation for a new evaluation method of legally compatible systems in information systems.
Dickhaut, E., Thies, L.F., Janson, A., Roßnagel, A., Leimeister, J.M.: Judging Alexa - Towards a New Methodology to Capture the Legal Compatibility of Conversational Speech Agents In: Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI). S. 1–4 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3405755.3406160.
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Higher legal standards with regards to data protection of individuals such as EU-GDPR are increasing the pressure on developers of IT artifacts. This is especially prevalent when considering conversational speech agents (CSA) that are collecting data in new ways, and thus, are oftentimes producing conflicts with existing law regulations. For this purpose, we introduce the law simulation method which is a well-known evaluation method among law researchers for capturing legal compatibility of IT artifacts such as CSA. With this rigorous method, we are able to derive actionable guidance for CSA developers to evaluate developer efforts for increasing legal compatibility. To illustrate our methodological approach, we describe in this workshop paper key steps of the method with respect to the evaluation of CSA. We discuss how this can serve as the foundation for a new evaluation method of legally compatible systems in information systems.
Dierks, C., Roßnagel, A. Hrsg.: Sekundärnutzung von Sozial- und Gesundheitsdaten – Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin (2020).
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Draude, C.: ".but how do you formalize it?" - Gender Studies als konstruktive Intervention in der Informatik In: Bieling, T. (Hrsg.) Gender (&) Design. Positionen Zur Vergeschlechtlichung in Gestaltungskulturen. MIMESIS EDIZIONI (2020).
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Draude, C.: "Boundaries Do Not Sit Still" from Interaction to Agential Intra-action in HCI In: Kurosu, M. (Hrsg.) Human-Computer Interaction. Design and User Experience. S. 20–32. Springer International Publishing, Copenhagen, Denmark (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49059-1_2.
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We live in a world that is increasingly shaped through computational technology. The expansion and pervasiveness of computing brings along opportunities and challenges for the field of HCI. New application domains evolve and technological advances pose novel interaction possibilities. But with computing's shaping power comes also the need for increased responsibility and attention to the societal, political and ecological impact of technology. In this conceptual paper, new materialist thinking is employed to locate these societal etc. aspects as inextricably enmeshed within computing research and development. New materialism is a multi-vocal, cross-disciplinary field of doing-thinking. In contrast to Western dichotomic tradition, a monistic, post-anthropocentric perspective is provided and matter as an active agent in world-making is acknowledged. Central to this paper is the questioning of the human and computer dichotomy at the core of the field of HCI. For this, a material-semiotic perspective on human-computer interaction is elaborated upon. Furthermore, the paradigm of interaction is revisited and reworked as a conception of agential intra-action, a term coined by physicist Karen Barad. From this interrogation of dichotomies and the notion of intra-action follow further conceptual shifts that are discussed as productive for the future of HCI, namely responsibility as specification of ethical agency and performativity in contrast to representationalism.
Draude, C., Klumbytė, G., Lücking, P., Treusch, P.: Situated algorithms: a sociotechnical systemic approach to bias Online Information Review. 44, 325–342 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2018-0332.
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Durward, D., Blohm, I., Leimeister, J.M.: The Nature of Crowd Work and its Effects on Individuals’ Work Perception Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS). 37, 66–95 (2020).
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Crowd work reflects a new form of gainful employment on the Internet. We study how the nature of the tasks being performed and financial compensation jointly shape work perceptions of crowd workers in order to better understand the changing modes and patterns of digital work. Surveying individuals on 23 German crowd working platforms, this work is the first to add a multi-platform perspective on perceived working conditions in crowd work. We show that crowd workers need rather high levels of financial compensation before task characteristics become relevant for shaping favorable perceptions of working conditions. We explain these results by considering financial compensation as an informational cue indicating the appreciation of working effort that is internalized by well-paid crowd workers. Resulting boundary conditions for task design are discussed. These results help us understand when and under what conditions crowd work can be regarded as a fulfilling type of employment in highly developed countries.
Eilers, K., Simmert, B., Peters, C.: Doing Agile vs. Being Agile - Understanding Their Effects to Improve Agile Work In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). ICIS Proceedings (2020).
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Companies show a growing demand in corporate agility. The effects of so-called doing and being agile are the key for positive outcomes in agile work. Scrum is used by companies to make them more agile. The present study examines the interaction of doing agile (leadership, work design) and being agile (individual characteristics, empowerment) in relation to satisfaction and commitment based on an online survey of 129 Scrum development team members. The results show that work design and leadership impact empowerment and that the latter leads to both job satisfaction and commitment. Team orientation has no effect. Openness for new actions moderates the relationship between work design and the outcome variables. The results can be used in practice to increase the satisfaction and commitment within Scrum. They provide an insight into the impact structure within Scrum and are thus also the basis for future research.
Elshan, E., Ebel, P.: Let’s Team Up: Designing Conversational Agents as Teammates In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) (2020).
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The success of projects is, amongst others, highly depended on the team members skillset and ability to collaborate. Hence, education has to undergo a change to keep up with the shift in the compositions of skills and knowledge needed for students. To overcome scalability issues, we propose to develop Timmy-a conversational agents (CAs) that acts as a team member. As there is a lack of concrete design knowledge concerning CAs as peers in teams, we conduct a design science research project. Based on requirements from scientific literature and expert interviews, we develop a concise set of design principles for designing CAs in peer roles in educational settings. Furthermore, we present an initial proof of concept evaluation. These insights will support researchers and practitioners to understand better how CAs can be systematically built to ameliorate the collaborative skill of students in teamwork settings.
Ernst, S.-J., Janson, A.: Mobile Kompetenzentwicklung am Beispiel der „MoKe“ App In: Leimeister, J.M. und Klusmeyer, J. (Hrsg.) Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China. S. 71–88. SpringerGabler, Wiesbaden, Deutschland (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31501-6_5.
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Ernst, S.-J., Nölker, J., Janson, A.: Leitfaden für kultursensitives E-Learning - Entwicklung auf Basis qualitativer Interviews In: Leimeister, J.M. und Klusmeyer, J. (Hrsg.) Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China. S. 47–67. SpringerGabler, Wiesbaden, Deutschland (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31501-6_4.
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Felde, M., Hanika, T., Stumme, G.: Null Models for Formal Contexts Information. 11, 135 (2020).
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Funk, J., Schmidt, L.: Evaluation einer Augmented-Reality-Anleitung für eine komplexe Montageaufgabe In: Zender, R., Ifenthaler, D., Leonhardt, T., und Schumacher, C. (Hrsg.) DELFI 2020: 18. Fachtagung Bildungstechnologien (Online 2020). S. 25–36 *** Best Paper Award ***. Gesellschaft für Informatik, Bonn (2020).
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Die vorliegende Studie vergleicht den Einsatz einer markerbasierten AR-Anleitung mit einer in der manuellen Montage üblichen Papieranleitung. Es wurden die Hypothesen geprüft, ob sich die Anleitungsart auf die Montagezeit, die Anzahl der Fehler, die Gebrauchstauglichkeit und die Beanspruchung der Mitarbeiter auswirkt. Statt mit studentischen Stichproben und künstlichen Montageaufgaben (z. B. Legobaugruppen) wurde die Studie mit 16 Auszubildenden an einem realen Arbeitsplatz für die Montage von Notgriffen zur Türentriegelung in Schienenfahrzeugen durchgeführt. Es wurden fünf Montagedurchgänge durchgeführt. Die Montagezeit und die gemachten Fehler wurden aus Videoaufzeichnungen ermittelt. Die Gebrauchstauglichkeit (SUS) und die Beanspruchung (NASA-TLX) wurden mit Fragebögen erhoben. Nachdem die AR-Gruppe zu Beginn langsamer montierte als die Papier-Gruppe, war diese im fünften Durchgang signifikant schneller. Die vergleichbare Fehleranzahl, Gebrauchstauglichkeit und Beanspruchung machen markerbasierte AR-Anwendungen besonders durch den leichten Einstieg und die geringen Kosten interessant für die Wissensvermittlung in der manuellen Montage.
Funk, J., Schmidt, L.: Vergleichende Usability-Evaluation einer Lernplattform In: Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft e. V. (Hrsg.) Digitaler Wandel, digitale Arbeit, digitaler Mensch? 66. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft (Berlin 2020). S. 1–6 (C.8.1). GfA-Press, Dortmund (2020).
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Im Rahmen der hier vorgestellten Studie wurden die Gebrauchstauglichkeit, die Gestaltung und der Aufbau einer zuvor an die Bedürfnisse der Lernenden angepassten Lernplattform bei Nutzung mit typischen Aufgaben, wie der Anmeldung mit Login-Daten, im Vergleich zu der unveränderten Moodle-Lernplattform untersucht. Neben Fragebögen für die Gebrauchstauglichkeit (SUS), die visuelle Gestaltung (VisAWI) und den Aufbau und die Struktur der Lernplattform wurden die Aufgabenerfüllung (Effektivität) und die dafür benötigten Zeiten (Effizienz) sowie teilweise Blickbewegungsdaten erfasst. Mit 29 Studienteilnehmenden zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede.
Geihs, K.: Engineering Challenges Ahead for Robot Teamwork in Dynamic Environments Applied Sciences. 10, 1368 (2020).
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Geihs, K., Baraki, H., de la Oliva, A.: Performance analysis of edge-fog-cloud architectures in the Internet of Things In: Proceedings of the 13th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion. IEEE/ACM (2020).
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We present a general performance model for communication architectures in Internet of Things scenarios. The architecture involves three processing layers, i.e., edge, fog, and cloud computing. According to the objectives of edge and fog computing, we assume that a certain percentage of the data is finally processed at the edge and fog layer. The rest is forwarded to the next higher layer for further processing. Data processing is modeled as a sequence of queueing stations. This allows us to compute performance parameters such as throughput and response times at all layers. The main contribution of this paper is an easy to use method for IoT application designers that provides a very fast and very flexible parametric support for evaluating design trade-offs in edge-fog-cloud configurations.
Geminn, C.: Kommentierung von § 24 (Datenverarbeitung zu wissenschaftlichen oder historischen Forschungszwecken und zu statistischen Zwecken), § 28a (Datenverarbeitung bei öffentlichen Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen), § 28b (Datenverarbeitung in Gnadenverfahren) und §§ 80 bis 89 (Informationsfreiheit) HDSIG In: Roßnagel, A. (Hrsg.) Hessisches Datenschutz- und Informationsfreiheitsgesetz. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Digitalisierung und verletzliche Gruppen im Recht Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft. 103, 254–288 (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Gesetzesinitiative zur Schaffung einer Federal Data Protection Agency in den USA ZD-Aktuell. 07025 (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Der Mensch in Recht und Technik – eine Bestandsaufnahme In: Hentschel, A., Hornung, G., und Jandt, S. (Hrsg.) Mensch – Technik – Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft – Festschrift für Alexander Roßnagel zum 70. Geburtstag. S. 63–80. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Japan: Evaluation des Act on the Protection of Personal Information Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. XVI-XVII (2020).
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Geminn, C.: USA: Entwurf eines Data Accountability and Transparency Act of 2020 vorgelegt Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. XI (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Frankreich: Bewertung der Tracing-App ‚StopCovid‘ durch die CNIL ZD-Aktuell. 07175 (2020).
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Geminn, C.: CNIL schließt Bewertung der App ‚StopCovid‘ ab Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. VII-VIII (2020).
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Geminn, C.: EU-Kommission: Leitlinien zu Datenschutzstandards für Corona-Apps ZD-Aktuell. 07112 (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Japan: Nach der Reform ist vor der Reform ZD-Aktuell. 07391 (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Menschenwürde und menschenähnliche Maschinen und Systeme Die Öffentliche Verwaltung. 73, 172–181 (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Leitlinien der Europäischen Kommission zu Datenschutzstandards für Corona-Apps (2020).
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Geminn, C.: Betroffenenrechte verbessern – Überarbeitungsbedarf der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 307–311 (2020).
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Geminn, C., Charalampos, L.: Stellungnahmen zur Evaluation der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung ZD-Aktuell. 07024 (2020).
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Geminn, C., Jessica, S., Carina, W., André, A., Lina, V.: Kinder als Nutzende smarter Sprachassistenten – Spezieller Gestaltungsbedarf zum Schutz von Kindern Datenschutz und Datensicherheit. 600–605 (2020).
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Geminn, C., Johannes, P.: Kommentierung von § 45 (Datenverarbeitung zu wissenschaftlichen oder historischen Forschungszwecken, archivarischen oder statistischen Zwecken) HDSIG In: Roßnagel, A. (Hrsg.) Hessisches Datenschutz- und Informationsfreiheitsgesetz. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2020).
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Geminn, C., Johannes, P., Miedzianowski, N.: Datenschutz nach Corona – was ist da, was bleibt, was kommt? ZD-Aktuell. 07073 (2020).
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Geminn, C., Müller, J.: Mobilität und Verkehr In: Hornung, G. und Schallbruch, M. (Hrsg.) Handbuch IT-Sicherheitsrecht – Rechtsfragen der IT- und Cybersicherheit. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2020).
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Geminn, C., Müller, J.: Anonymität und Corona-App aus Sicht des Datenschutzrechts (2020).
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Geminn, C., Roßnagel, A.: Datenschutz-Grundverordnung verbessern! – Änderungsvorschläge aus Sicht der Verbraucher Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden (2020).
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Gilga, C.: EDSB: Überwachung sozialer Medien - Social Media Monitoring ZD-Aktuell. 07022 (2020).
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Gilga, C.: Beschäftigtendatenschutz und Covid-19: Daten sicher im Homeoffice? ZD-Aktuell. 07113 (2020).
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Grotherr, C., Li, M., Schymanietz, M., Fritzsche, A., Semmann, M., Peters, C., Böhmann, T., Leimeister, J.M., Möslein, K.M.: Gestaltungsdimensionen der Digitalisierung – Wie Dienstleistungssysteme den Wandel antreiben und welche Faktoren eine Rolle spielen In: Dienstleistungsinnovationen durch Digitalisierung. S. 277–325. Springer Gabler, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62144-8_6.
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In Zeiten der Digitalisierung nimmt Informationstechnologie eine Schlüsselrolle im Modernisierungsprozess von Unternehmen ein. Zugleich bringt die Softwareeinführung das Risiko mit sich, den intendierten Nutzen nicht zu realisieren. Durch eine Dienstleistungssystem-Perspektive erscheint die Einbindung der Nutzer in die Softwareeinführung ein vielversprechender Ansatz. Das Ziel des Projektes ExTEND – Engineering von Dienstleistungssystemen für nutzergenerierte Dienstleistungen ist es daher, Nutzer in die Softwareeinführung nach dem Leitbild „Dienstleistungen von Nutzern für Nutzer“ zu befähigen, aktiv einen Beitrag zu der Gestaltung der Arbeitsumgebung zu leisten. Hieraus resultieren IT-gestützte Servicebausteine, in denen Nutzer sich gegenseitige Hilfestellungen geben und Handlungsalternativen in der Softwareeinführung aufzeigen. Durch ein Pilotierungsvorgehen werden die Servicebausteine in drei Anwendungsfeldern entwickelt und pilotiert. Hieraus resultiert evidenzbasiertes Gestaltungswissen für die Entwicklung von nutzergenerierten Dienstleistungen. Darüber hinaus wird ein Mehrebenenmodell für die Gestaltung von Dienstleistungssystemen vorgestellt, welches die Entwicklung von Dienstleistungssystemen unterstützt und über traditionelle Ansätze des Service Engineerings hinausgeht.
Gruhl, C., Schmeißing, J., Tomforde, S., Sick, B.: Normal-Wishart clustering for novelty detection In: Workshop on Self-Improving System Integration (SISSY), ACSOS. S. 64–69. IEEE (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/acsos-c51401.2020.00032.
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Hagendorff, T., Geminn, C., Lamla, J., Karaboga, M., Krämer, N., Nebel, M., Uhlmann, M.: Risiken Künstlicher Intelligenz für die menschliche Selbstbestimmung Forum Privatheit und selbstbestimmtes Leben in der digitalen Welt; Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung ISI (2020).
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Hanika, T., Schneider, F.M., Stumme, G.: Intrinsic Dimension of Geometric Data Sets Accepted for publication in: Tohoku Mathematical Journal. (2020).
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The curse of dimensionality is a phenomenon frequently observed in machine learning (ML) and knowledge discovery (KD). There is a large body of literature investigating its origin and impact, using methods from mathematics as well as from computer science. Among the mathematical insights into data dimensionality, there is an intimate link between the dimension curse and the phenomenon of measure concentration, which makes the former accessible to methods of geometric analysis. The present work provides a comprehensive study of the intrinsic geometry of a data set, based on Gromov's metric measure geometry and Pestov's axiomatic approach to intrinsic dimension. In detail, we define a concept of geometric data set and introduce a metric as well as a partial order on the set of isomorphism classes of such data sets. Based on these objects, we propose and investigate an axiomatic approach to the intrinsic dimension of geometric data sets and establish a concrete dimension function with the desired properties. Our mathematical model for data sets and their intrinsic dimension is computationally feasible and, moreover, adaptable to specific ML/KD-algorithms, as illustrated by various experiments.
He, Y., Henze, J., Sick, B.: Forecasting Power Grid States for Regional Energy Markets with Deep Neural Networks In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207536.
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He, Y., Henze, J., Sick, B.: Continuous Learning of Deep Neural Networks to Improve Forecasts for Regional Energy Markets In: International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) World Congress. S. 12175–12182. Elsevier (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.1017.
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Hegenberg, J., Krause, P., Schmidt, L.: Verbesserung eines omnidirektionalen Laufeingabegerätes für die virtuelle Realität In: Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft e. V. (Hrsg.) Digitaler Wandel, digitale Arbeit, digitaler Mensch? 66. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft (Berlin 2020). S. 1–6 (B.1.2). GfA-Press, Dortmund (2020).
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Ein Prototyp eines omnidirektionalen Laufeingabegerätes wurde insbesondere hinsichtlich des Regelungskonzeptes auf Basis von Empfehlungen aus der Literatur optimiert. Der Beitrag stellt die relevanten Rahmenbedingungen des Einsatzes solcher Systeme vor und berichtet über die Ergebnisse einer vergleichenden Studie, die auf die Verbesserung der Nutzung, insbesondere bzgl. der Regelung der translatorischen und der rotatorischen Bewegungsrichtung, abzielt. Dabei wurden zwei neuentwickelte Regelungsvarianten der bestehenden Lösung des Herstellers gegenübergestellt. Die Effekte wurden mit gängigen Standardfragebögen sowie Befragungsinstrumenten zu anderen Laufeingabegeräten untersucht. Es konnte ein signifikanter Vorteil des neuen Regelungskonzeptes belegt werden.
Hentschel, A., Hornung, G., Jandt, S. Hrsg.: Mensch – Technik – Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft, Festschrift für Alexander Roßnagel zum 70. Geburtstag Nomos (2020).
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Henze, J., Schreiber, J., Sick, B.: Representation Learning in Power Time Series Forecasting In: Pedrycz, W. und Chen, S.-M. (Hrsg.) Deep Learning: Algorithms and Applications. S. 67–101. Springer International Publishing (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31760-7_3.
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Henze, J., Siefert, M., Bremicker-Trübelhorn, S., Asanalieva, N., Sick, B.: Probabilistic upscaling and aggregation of wind power forecasts Energy, Sustainability and Society. 10, 15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-020-00247-4.
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Wind power forecasts of the expected wind feed-in for the next hours or days are necessary to integrate the generated volatile wind energy into power systems. Most forecasting models predict in some sense the best value, but they ignore the other possible outcomes which may arise because of forecasting uncertainties. Probabilistic forecasts, on the other hand, also predict a distribution of possible outcomes with their respective probabilities that specific power values will occur and therefore have higher information content. In this work, we address two problems that hinder the introduction of probabilistic forecasts in practice: (1) no measurement data are available for some wind farms and (2) the flexible aggregation of probabilistic forecasts for changing wind farm portfolios.
Hornung, G., Wagner, B.: Anonymisierung als datenschutzrelevante Verarbeitung? Rechtliche Anforderungen und Grenzen für die Anonymisierung personenbezogener Daten Zeitschrift für Datenschutz. 5, 223–228 (2020).
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Jakob, S., Jahl, A., Baraki, H., Geihs, K.: A Self-Organizing Multi-Agent Knowledge Base In: The IEEE 2020 International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2020). IEEE (2020).
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Janson, A., Ernst, S.-J., Söllner, M.: Kulturelle Werte im Rahmen der Aneignung von IT-gestütztem Lernen In: Leimeister, J.M. und Klusmeyer, J. (Hrsg.) Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China. S. 21–46. SpringerGabler, Wiesbaden, Deutschland (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31501-6_3.
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Janson, A., Söllner, M., Leimeister, J.M.: Ladders for Learning: Is Scaffolding the Key to Teaching Problem Solving in Technology-mediated Learning Contexts? Academy of Management Learning & Education (AMLE). 19, 439–468 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2018.0078.
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The success of innovative teaching/learning approaches aiming to foster problem solving in management education depends on useful and easy-to-use IT components in the learning process. However, the complexity of problem solving in self-regulated learning approaches may overwhelm the learner and can lead to unsatisfying learning outcomes. Research suggests the implementation of technology-enhanced scaffolds as a mechanism to guide the learners in their individual problem-solving process to enhance their learning outcomes. We present a theoretical model based on adaptive structuration theory and cognitive load theory that explains how technology-enhanced scaffolding contributes to learning outcomes. We test the model with a fully randomized between-subject experiment in a flipped classroom for management education focusing on individual problem solving. Our results show that technology-enhanced scaffolding contributes significantly to the management of cognitive load as well as to learning process satisfaction and problem-solving learning outcomes. Thereby, our paper provides new conceptual and empirically tested insights for a better understanding of technology-enhanced scaffolds and their design to assist problem solving and its respective effects in flipped classrooms for management education.
Janson, A., Thiel de Gafenco, M., Klusmeyer, J., Leimeister, J.M.: Aufbau und Ablauf des kuLtig-Projektes In: Leimeister, J.M. und Klusmeyer, J. (Hrsg.) Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China. S. 13–17. SpringerGabler, Wiesbaden, Deutschland (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31501-6_2.
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Johannes, P.: Vertrauensdienste oder Bärendienste? Rechtssicherheit von Kundenportalen Blockchain & Co durch oder neben der eIDAS-VO In: Hentschel, Hornung, und Jandt (Hrsg.) Mensch – Technik – Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft. S. 587–602. , Baden-Baden (2020).
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Johannes, P.: Gegenüberstellung – Schadensersatz nach BDSG, JI-Richtlinie und DS-GVO ZD-Aktuell. 06925 (2020).
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Johannes, P.: § 40 DSG NRW In: Pabst und Schwartmann (Hrsg.) Datenschutzgesetz NRW (2020).
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Johannes, P.: Art. 24, 25 BayDSG In: Schröder (Hrsg.) Landesdatenschutzgesetz Bayern. , Baden-Baden (2020).
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Johannes, P.: USA: Mögliche Auswirkungen der Präsidentschaft Joe Bidens auf den Datenschutz ZD-Aktuell. 07441 (2020).
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Johannes, P.: Zertifizierung von Datenverarbeitungsvorgängen bei der Polizei Die Polizei. 409 – 415 (2020).
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Johannes, P.: Sicherheit der Datenverarbeitung nach § 64 BDSG im Vergleich zur JI-Richtlinie und DS-GVO ZD-Aktuell. 06875 (2020).
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Johannes, P.: GEMIMEG II: Sensoren und digitale Zwillinge – sichere und robuste kalibrierte Messsysteme ZD-Aktuell. 07280 (2020).
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Johannes, P.: Bedarf an und Inhalt eines Gesetzes für Corona-Tracing-Apps ZD-Aktuell. 07114 (2020).
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Johannes, P.: §§ 25, 39, 40, 44 - 48, 58, 59, 62 - 72, 77, 78 HDSIG In: Roßnagel, A. (Hrsg.) Landesdatenschutzgesetz Hessen mit Informationsfreiheitsrecht. , Baden-Baden (2020).
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Johannes, P., D., Z.: Gegenüberstellung HDSIG zu BDSG, DS-GVO und JI-RL ZD-Aktuell. 06977 (2020).
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Johannes, P., Weinhold, R.: §§ 37- 39, 41 -44, 62 – 65 DSG NRW In: Pabst und Schwartmann (Hrsg.) Datenschutzgesetz NRW. , Baden-Baden (2020).
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Johannes, P., Weinhold, R.: §§ 45, 47, 49, 51–53, 62–81 BDSG In: Sydow (Hrsg.) Bundesdatenschutzgesetz. , Baden-Baden (2020).
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Klumbytė, G., Britton, L.: Said the Bot to the Computer: 57th collected significant residue transmission between MIT and SliMoSA3 Arts of the Working Class. 26–27 (2020).
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Klumbytė, G., Britton, L.: Abstracting Otherwise: In Search for a Common Strategy of Arts and Computing ASAP/Journal. 5, 19–43 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1353/asa.2020.0001.
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Klumbytė, G., Draude, C., Britton, L.: Re-Imagining HCI: New Materialist Philosophy and Figurations as Tool for Design, https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02312, (2020).
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In this paper we interrogate the practices of imagining in human-computer interaction (HCI), particularly in scenario building (SBE) and persona construction. We discuss the philosophical premises of HCI imaginings in rationalism, cognitivism and phenomenology, and we propose (feminist) new materialist philosophy as an enriching perspective that helps generate a holistic, relational perspective of users, imaginaries and technologies. In the end we explore the method of figurations as a potential tool for HCI design.
Klumbyte, G., Lücking, P., Draude, C.: Reframing AX with Critical Design: The Potentials and Limits of Algorithmic Experience as a Critical Design Concept In: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society. Association for Computing Machinery, Tallinn, Estonia (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420120.
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This paper investigates how Algorithmic Experience (AX) can be used as a conceptual tool to help make algorithms and experiences of them visible through systems design and how interactions might be designed in order to elicit conscious and critical examination. Can algorithmic systems be positioned as critical artifacts? If so, to what extent? The paper reflects on interactions between users and the Social Privilege Estimator– a social scoring system based on facial recognition and classification that was built as a critical design artifact in order to raise awareness of existing inequalities and adverse effects of facial recognition systems. We argue that critical design can and should be used for AX and human-algorithm interaction design in order to support algorithmic literacy and critical capacity of the users and we suggest some conceptual reframings of AX towards this goal.
Klumbytė, G., Lücking, P., Draude, C.: Reframing AX with Critical Design: The Potentials and Limits of Algorithmic Experience as a Critical Design Concept In: Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society. S. 1–12. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3419249.3420120.
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This paper investigates how Algorithmic Experience (AX) can be used as a conceptual tool to help make algorithms and experiences of them visible through systems design and how interactions might be designed in order to elicit conscious and critical examination. Can algorithmic systems be positioned as critical artifacts? If so, to what extent? The paper reflects on interactions between users and the Social Privilege Estimator– a social scoring system based on facial recognition and classification that was built as a critical design artifact in order to raise awareness of existing inequalities and adverse effects of facial recognition systems. We argue that critical design can and should be used for AX and human-algorithm interaction design in order to support algorithmic literacy and critical capacity of the users and we suggest some conceptual reframings of AX towards this goal.
Knote, R., Thies, L.F., Söllner, M., Jandt, S., Leimeister, J.M., Roßnagel, A.: Rechtsverträgliche und qualitätszentrierte Gestaltung für ‚KI made in Germany‘ – Ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz am Beispiel smarter persönlicher Assistenten Informatik Spektrum. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-020-01252-9.
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Künstlich intelligente (KI) Systeme erfreuen sich immer größerer Beliebtheit. Insbesondere smarte persönliche Assistenten (SPAs) von Amazon, Google und vielen weiteren verzeichnen ein stetiges Marktwachstum. Den vielfältigen Potenzialen dieser KI-Systeme stehen jedoch auch zahlreiche Risiken gegenüber. Berichte von Datenpannen und -lecks häufen sich und haben bei Nutzern eine zunehmende Skepsis zur Folge, was zu einem gespaltenen Bild von KI in der Gesellschaft beiträgt. Diesem Problem stellt sich das Forschungsprojekt AnEkA mit einem interdisziplinären Gestaltungsansatz. Auf Basis von Rechts- und Qualitätszielen werden Anforderungen an rechtsverträgliche und qualitativ hochwertige SPAs abgeleitet. Zusätzlich werden Gestaltungsalternativen identifiziert, die diese Anforderungen unter Berücksichtigung möglicher Zielkonflikte umsetzen. Ergebnis des Projekts sind Entwurfsmuster, die Entwicklern von SPAs dabei helfen sollen, rechtsverträgliche und qualitativ hochwertige SPAs und KI-Systeme im Allgemeinen zu entwickeln. Dadurch soll das Alleinstellungsmerkmal einer „KI made in Germany`` entstehen, welche sowohl die Bedürfnisse von Nutzern berücksichtigt und sie ebenfalls bestmöglich vor Risiken der Systemnutzung schützt. Dieser Beitrag erläutert das interdisziplinäre Vorgehen anhand eines Szenarios zur Nutzung von SPAs.
Knote, R., Thies, L.F., Söllner, M., Jandt, S., Leimeister, J.M., Roßnagel, A.: Rechtsverträgliche und qualitätszentrierte Gestaltung für „KI made in Germany“ Informatik Spektrum. (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-020-01252-9.
- [ Abstract ]
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Künstlich intelligente (KI) Systeme erfreuen sich immer größerer Beliebtheit. Insbesondere smarte persönliche Assistenten (SPAs) von Amazon, Google und vielen weiteren verzeichnen ein stetiges Marktwachstum. Den vielfältigen Potenzialen dieser KI-Systeme stehen jedoch auch zahlreiche Risiken gegenüber. Berichte von Datenpannen und -lecks häufen sich und haben bei Nutzern eine zunehmende Skepsis zur Folge, was zu einem gespaltenen Bild von KI in der Gesellschaft beiträgt. Diesem Problem stellt sich das Forschungsprojekt AnEkA mit einem interdisziplinären Gestaltungsansatz. Auf Basis von Rechts- und Qualitätszielen werden Anforderungen an rechtsverträgliche und qualitativ hochwertige SPAs abgeleitet. Zusätzlich werden Gestaltungsalternativen identifiziert, die diese Anforderungen unter Berücksichtigung möglicher Zielkonflikte umsetzen. Ergebnis des Projekts sind Entwurfsmuster, die Entwicklern von SPAs dabei helfen sollen, rechtsverträgliche und qualitativ hochwertige SPAs und KI-Systeme im Allgemeinen zu entwickeln. Dadurch soll das Alleinstellungsmerkmal einer „KI made in Germany“ entstehen, welche sowohl die Bedürfnisse von Nutzern berücksichtigt und sie ebenfalls bestmöglich vor Risiken der Systemnutzung schützt. Dieser Beitrag erläutert das interdisziplinäre Vorgehen anhand eines Szenarios zur Nutzung von SPAs.
Knote, R., Thies, L.F., Söllner, M., Jandt, S., Leimeister, J.M., Roßnagel, A.: Rechtsverträgliche und qualitätszentrierte Gestaltung für „KI made in Germany“ Informatik Spektrum. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00287-020-01252-9.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
- [ BibSonomy-Post ]
Künstlich intelligente (KI) Systeme erfreuen sich immer größerer Beliebtheit. Insbesondere smarte persönliche Assistenten (SPAs) von Amazon, Google und vielen weiteren verzeichnen ein stetiges Marktwachstum. Den vielfältigen Potenzialen dieser KI-Systeme stehen jedoch auch zahlreiche Risiken gegenüber. Berichte von Datenpannen und -lecks häufen sich und haben bei Nutzern eine zunehmende Skepsis zur Folge, was zu einem gespaltenen Bild von KI in der Gesellschaft beiträgt. Diesem Problem stellt sich das Forschungsprojekt AnEkA mit einem interdisziplinären Gestaltungsansatz. Auf Basis von Rechts- und Qualitätszielen werden Anforderungen an rechtsverträgliche und qualitativ hochwertige SPAs abgeleitet. Zusätzlich werden Gestaltungsalternativen identifiziert, die diese Anforderungen unter Berücksichtigung möglicher Zielkonflikte umsetzen. Ergebnis des Projekts sind Entwurfsmuster, die Entwicklern von SPAs dabei helfen sollen, rechtsverträgliche und qualitativ hochwertige SPAs und KI-Systeme im Allgemeinen zu entwickeln. Dadurch soll das Alleinstellungsmerkmal einer „KI made in Germany`` entstehen, welche sowohl die Bedürfnisse von Nutzern berücksichtigt und sie ebenfalls bestmöglich vor Risiken der Systemnutzung schützt. Dieser Beitrag erläutert das interdisziplinäre Vorgehen anhand eines Szenarios zur Nutzung von SPAs.
Kress, V., Schreck, S., Zernetsch, S., Doll, K., Sick, B.: Pose Based Action Recognition of Vulnerable Road Users Using Recurrent Neural Networks In: IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). S. 2723–2730. IEEE (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ssci47803.2020.9308462.
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Kröger, J.L., Lutz, O.H.-M., Mueller, F.H.: What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking In: M., F., M., Önen, E., L., S., K., und S., F. (Hrsg.) Privacy and Identity Management. Data for Better Living: AI and Privacy. Privacy and Identity 2019. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Springer, Cham (2020).
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Kropf, J.: Stratifikation in der digitalen Bewertungsgesellschaft. Eine Fallanalyse der Folge "Nosedive" aus der SF-Serie "Black Mirror" Berliner Debatte Initial. 31, 18–31 (2020).
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Kunz, M.M., Bretschneider, U., Leimeister, J.M.: Reward-based Crowdfunding In: Kollmann, T. (Hrsg.) Handbuch Digitale Wirtschaft. S. 755–787. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden, Germany (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-17291-6_88.
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Crowdfunding unterstützt neue Start-ups dabei, den Finanzierungsbedarf der ersten Unternehmensphase zu überwinden. Dieser Bedarf wird über die Unterstützung einer Vielzahl an Geldgebern mit kleinen Geldbeträgen realisiert. Das Ziel dieses Beitrages ist, den aktuellen Stand der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung im reward-based Crowdfunding zu reflektieren und auf Basis einer qualitativen Expertenbefragung um noch nicht betrachtete Aspekte zu erweitern. Durch dieses Vorgehen erhalten Projektinitiatoren einen Katalog an die Hand, der ihnen dabei hilft die Erfolgschancen eigener Kampagnen zu steigern.
Lamla, J.: Gesellschaft als digitale Sozialmaschine? Infrastrukturentwicklung von der Plattformökonomie zur kybernetischen Kontrollgesellschaft In: Hentschel, A., Hornung, G., und Jandt, S. (Hrsg.) Mensch – Technik – Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft. Festschrift für Alexander Roßnagel zum 70. Geburtstag. S. 477–496. Nomos, Baden-Baden (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748910770.
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Lamla, J.: Verbraucherteilhabe durch digitale Bewertungspraktiken? Zur Soziologie der Infrastrukturen der Verbraucherpartizipation In: Hellmann, K.-U., Klein, A., und Baule, B. (Hrsg.) Verbraucherpolitik von unten. Konsumsoziologie und Massenkultur. S. 87–100. Springer VS, Wiesbaden (2020).
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Leimeister, J.M., Dickhaut, E., Janson, A.: Der Ansatz von Mustern zur systematischen Steigerung der Rechtsverträglichkeit und Dienstleistungsqualität bei der Entwicklung soziotechnischer Systeme In: Hentschel, A., Hornung, G., und Jandt, S. (Hrsg.) Mensch - Technik - Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft. Festschrift für Alexander Roßnagel zum 70. Geburtstag. S. 131–147. Nomos, Baden-Baden, Deutschland (2020).
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Leimeister, J.M., Durward, D., Simmert, B.: Die interne Crowd - Mitarbeiter/innen im Spannungsfeld neuer Arbeitsformen. Study der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung , Dusseldorf, Germany (2020).
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Leimeister, J.M., Klusmeyer, J.: Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China SpringerGabler, Wiesbaden, Deutschland (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31501-6.
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Im diesem Sammelband adressieren die Autoren charakteristische Herausforderungen des Exports von digitalen Lerndienstleistungen im Bereich der beruflichen Aus- und Weiterbildung. Sie stellen disziplinübergreifende Methoden und Modelle vor, mit denen die erforderliche Flexibilität auf Seiten der Dienstleister in der Planung, Vermarktung und Evaluation für einen wachsenden internationalen Markt erreicht wird. Im Verbundprojekt kuLtig wurden anhand kulturangepasster, digitaler Lerndienstleistungen für die Aus- und Weiterbildung in China die Praktikabilität und Transferfähigkeit der entwickelten Lösungen aufgezeigt und wissenschaftlich begleitet.
Leimeister, J.M., Klusmeyer, J.: Hintergrund und Zielsetzung des kuLtig-Projektes In: Leimeister, J.M. und Klusmeyer, J. (Hrsg.) Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China. S. 3–11. SpringerGabler, Wiesbaden, Deutschland (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31501-6_1.
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Lena, L.: NORA: Gestaltung von kollaborativen kontextsensitiven mobilen Anwendungen ZD-Aktuell. 07387 (2020).
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Li, M.M., Bronner, E., Peters, C., Leimeister, J.M.: Künstliche Intelligenz und menschliche Kompetenz zur Automatisierung und Personalisierung von Dienstleistungen am Beispiel des Support In: Bruhn, M. und Hadwich, K. (Hrsg.) Automatisierung und Personalisierung von Dienstleistungen. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden, Deutschland (2020). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-30168-2_9.
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Der Beitrag beleuchtet Möglichkeiten, wie der zunehmenden Komplexität digitaler Dienstleistungen und den einhergehenden Herausforderungen für den IT-Support mithilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz, begegnet werden kann, um personalisiert Nutzerprobleme durch das Automatisierungspotenzial von Chatbots, lösen zu können. Der Beitrag stellt somit die Grundlagen dar, um theoriegeleitet ein Support-System zu entwickeln, das klassischen Support mit Crowdsupport kombiniert und um einem Chatbot ergänzt. Es werden Potenziale aufgezeigt die Effizienz und Qualität im IT-Support zu erhöhen, IT-Mitarbeitende zu entlasten sowie Mitarbeitenden in die Support-Struktur miteinzubeziehen.
Lipusch, N., Dellermann, D., Bretschneider, U., Ebel, P., Leimeister, J.M.: Designing for Crowdfunding Co-creation: How to Leverage the Potential of Backers for Product Development Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE). 62, 483–499 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-019-00628-w.
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Crowdfunding is now established as a valid alternative to conventional methods of financing for startups. Unfortunately, to date, research has not investigated how backers can be encouraged to support entrepreneurs beyond funding. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate certain design elements for reward-based crowdfunding platforms that can engage backers in co-creational activities for product development. The study uses a design science research (DSR) approach and the theoretical concept of psychological ownership to inform a new design and then experimentally test that design. The results suggest that the derived artifacts positively influence co-creational activities in crowdfunding and that feelings of psychological ownership play an important mediating role. The contribution of this research is threefold. First, this paper extends crowdfunding’s application potential from merely a method of financing to a method of value creation with customers for product development. Second, the study advances DSR by applying a new DSR approach that shows whether a design performs as hypothesized by theory. Third, this research allows the exploration of backers’ individual behavior as opposed to their collective behavior.
Löber, L.I.: Abschluss des Forschungsprojekts ‚Desinformation aufdecken und bekämpfen‘ (DORIAN) ZD-Aktuell. 06980 (2020).
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Lowry, P.B., Petter, S., Leimeister, J.M.: Desperately Seeking the Artefacts and the Foundations of Native Theory in Gamification Research: Why Information Systems Researchers Can Play a Legitimate Role in this Discourse and How They Can Better Contribute European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS). 29, 609–620 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2020.1841574.
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Gamification has taken the world by storm. Regardless of where one stands on gamification, it can aptly be described as interesting but also galvanising and controversial. We are pleased to write a provocative editorial to kick off this special issue on gamification in the European Journal of Information Systems. Our position is that the information systems (IS) discipline has the opportunity to play an outsized role in navigating the discourse of gamification-an increasingly influential, interdisciplinary discourse in research and practice. We assert that active engagement in the gamification discourse is a compelling IS research opportunity, given the growing, globalised platform-based economy. Consequently, we frame our editorial with the knowledge we have gained as IS researchers who engage in gamification research in an effort to share what we have learned about artefacts and original theorisation with both IS and gamification scholars. We do so by proposing a pragmatic path forward for gamification and IS researchers who wish to contribute to these related discourses, both individually and in the form of the combined IS-gamification discourse. We propose a framework of three practices that we are confident can more systematically generate the key theoretical artefacts needed to generate native theory in the IS-gamification discourse and hence to improve the associated research and practice. Foundational to this framework is our paradigm, which advocates active engagement with IS-gamification research and practice, as bridged by a strong focus on design thinking and generating artefacts that are foundational to theory generation.
Lücking, P.: Automatisierte Ungleichheit - Wie algorithmische Entscheidungssysteme gesellschaftliche Machtverhältnisse (re)produzieren In: netzforma e.V. (Hrsg.) Wenn KI, dann feministisch. S. 65–76. , Berlin (2020).
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Lurtz, H.: Bewertungstechnologien im Beschäftigungsverhältnis – eine (erste) datenschutzrechtliche Bewertung ZD-Aktuell. 06926 (2020).
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Lurtz, H.: Positionspapier des Rates der Europäischen Union zur Anwendung der DS-GVO ZD-Aktuell. 06978 (2020).
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Lurtz, H., Bicer, E.: Im Auge des Datenschutzes - Haushaltsausnahme bei Datenbrillen ZD-Aktuell. 07115 (2020).
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Lurtz, H., Stroscher, J.-P.: Enquete-Kommission: Wie steht es um die „Künstliche Intelligenz“ in Deutschland? ZD-Aktuell. 07440 (2020).
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Mack, N.A., Schmidt, L.: Gebrauchstauglichkeit einer Augmented-Reality-Reiseassistenzanwendung und Vergleich mit herkömmlicher Unterstützung in einem Echtweltszenario In: Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft e. V. (Hrsg.) Digitaler Wandel, digitale Arbeit, digitaler Mensch? 66. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft (Berlin 2020). S. 1–6 (B.3.4). GfA-Press, Dortmund (2020).
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Im Rahmen des Projektes RadAR+ wurde eine Augmented-Reality-(AR)-Reiseassistenzanwendung für eine Datenbrille entwickelt und prototypisch umgesetzt, welche ein Routing für den öffentlichen Verkehr sowie eine AR-Fußgängernavigation vereint und dadurch eine vollständige Navigation vom Start- zum Zielort ermöglicht. Der Prototyp wurde in einem Echtweltszenario mit 37 Probanden vergleichend zur herkömmlichen Unterstützung evaluiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Gebrauchstauglichkeit der AR-Reiseassistenzanwendung von den Probanden als "gut" bewertet wird. Des Weiteren ist feststellbar, dass keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der subjektiv empfundenen Beanspruchung beim Prototyp und der herkömmlichen Unterstützung bestehen. Jedoch gab es eine signifikant geringere Schrittzahl bei der Gruppe, die das Reiseassistenzsystem nutzte.
Maier, N., Lins, S., Teigeler, A., Roßnagel, A., Sunyaev, A.: AUDITOR: Einreichung des Zertifizierungsprogramms bei der deutschen Akkreditierungsstelle ZD-Aktuell. 07119 (2020).
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Maier-Reinhardt, N.: Die Zertifizierung von Verarbeitungsvorgängen nach der DSGVO – Anforderungen an Zertifizierungsprogramme In: Hentschel, Hornung, und Jandt (Hrsg.) Mensch – Technik – Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft, Festschrift für Alexander Roßnagel zum 70. Geburtstag. S. 401–417. , Baden-Baden (2020).
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Meier, D., Hartmann, G., Völker, J., Viefhaus, J., Sick, B.: Reconstruction of offsets of an electron gun using deep learning and an optimization algorithm In: Advances in Computational Methods for X-Ray Optics V. S. 71–77. SPIE (2020). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2568001.
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Miedzianowski, N.: Arbeitsrecht und Covid-19 ZD-Aktuell. 07071 (2020).
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Miedzianowski, N.: Rechtliche Anforderungen an ein System zur Erreichbarkeitssteuerung In: Daum, M., Wedel, M., Zinke-Wehlmann, C., und Ulbrich, H. (Hrsg.) Gestaltung vernetzt-flexibler Arbeit. Beiträge aus Theorie und Praxis für die digitale Arbeitswelt. , Berlin (2020).
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Moerman, I., Zeghlache, D., Shahid, A., Santos, J.F., DaSilva, L.A., David, K., Farscrotu, J., de Ridder, A., Liu, W., Hoebeke, J.: Mandate-driven Networking Eco-system: A Paradigm Shift in End-to-End Communications In: 2020 2nd 6G Wireless Summit (6G SUMMIT). S. 1–6 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/6GSUMMIT49458.2020.9083766.
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Morold, M., Nguyen, Q.-H., Bachmann, M., David, K., Dressler, F.: Requirements on Delay of VRU Context Detection for Cooperative Collision Avoidance In: 2020 IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Fall). S. 1–5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2020-Fall49728.2020.9348627.
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Mrass, V., Peters, C., Leimeister, J.M.: Crowdworking Platforms in Germany: Business Insights from a Study & Implications for Society In: Jahrestagung des Verbands der Hochschullehrer für Betriebswirtschaft (VHB). , Frankfurt am Main, Germany (2020).
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The competitiveness of organizations and whole economies depends on how successfully they are able to cope with the digital transformation and new technological trends. In the area of digital work, crowdworking platforms emerged as intermediaries that support a new form of service delivery and work organization. Despite their increasing importance, there is only few data about key characteristics of such platforms such as number of employees or revenues. Furthermore, extant data often focusses only on a few platfo