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Veröffentlichungen des Fachgebiets

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2025[ to top ]

Tolzin, A.; & Janson, A. (2025): Uncovering the mechanisms of common ground in human–agent interaction: review and future directions for conversational agent research. In: Internet Research.
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Purpose Human–agent interaction (HAI) is increasingly influencing our personal and work lives through the proliferation of conversational agents (CAs) in various domains. As such, these agents combine intuitive natural language interactions by also delivering personalization through artificial intelligence capabilities. However, research on CAs as well as practical failures indicates that CA interaction oftentimes fails miserably. To reduce these failures, this paper introduces the concept of building common ground for more successful HAIs. Design/methodology/approach Based on a systematic literature analysis, we identified 38 articles meeting the eligibility criteria. We critically reviewed this body of knowledge within a formal narrative synthesis structured around the use of common ground in the interaction with CAs. Findings Based on the systematic review, our analysis reveals five mechanisms for achieving common ground: embodiment, social features, joint action, knowledge base and mental model of conversational agent. We point out the relationships between these mechanisms as they are related to each other in directional and bidirectional ways. Research limitations/implications Our findings contribute to theory with several implications for CA research. First, we provide implications about the organization of common ground mechanisms for CAs. Second, we provide insights into the mechanisms and nomological network for achieving common ground when interacting with CAs. Third, we provide a broad research agenda for future CA research that centers around the important topic of common ground for HAI. Originality/value We offer novel insights into grounding mechanisms and highlight the potentials when considering common ground in different HAI processes. Consequently, we secure further understanding and deeper insights of possible mechanisms of common ground to shape future HAI processes.
Karst, F. S.; Li, M. M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2025): SynDEc: A Synthetic Data Ecosystem. In: Electronic Markets (EM).
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Given the critical role of data availability for growth and innovation in financial services, especially small and mid-sized banks lack the data volumes required to fully leverage AI advancements for enhancing fraud detection, operational efficiency, and risk management. With existing solutions facing challenges in scalability, inconsistent standards, and complex privacy regulations, we introduce a synthetic data sharing ecosystem (SynDEc) using generative AI. Employing design science research in collaboration with two banks, among them UnionBank of the Philippines, we developed and validated a synthetic data sharing ecosystem for financial institutions. The derived design principles highlight synthetic data setup, training configurations, and incentivization. Furthermore, our findings show that smaller banks benefit most from SynDEcs and our solution is viable even with limited participation. Thus, we advance data ecosystem design knowledge, show its viability for financial services, and offer practical guidance for privacy-resilient synthetic data sharing, laying groundwork for future applications of SynDEcs.
Dittmar, A.; Reinhard, P.; Li, M. M.; Karst, F.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2025): Integrating Brand Identity Into AI-Based Conversational Agents: A Systematic Literature Review. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Big Island, Hawaii.
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A company's brand identity is vital for fostering meaningful interactions with customers in a digital economy. As generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) becomes increasingly integrated into our daily lives, AI-based assistants are evolving into the primary channel for representing a brand's identity. Consequently, brand departments face the challenge of translating their company's brand identity into highly interactive AI-based assistants effectively. While there is diverse research on single cues that influence user perceptions, the literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of conversational cues and their impact on brand-related outcomes. Hence, we conduct a systematic literature review to identify verbal and visual cues in the design of AI-based chatbots and examine how they influence the perceptions of the assistants and the brand. We contribute a conceptual framework that summarizes the independent and dependent variables as well as their interrelationships and provides researchers and practitioners with a basis for designing and studying conversational design in the age of GenAI.
Meywirth, S.; Janson, A.; & Söllner, M. (2025): Personalized Coaching For Lifestyle Behavior Change through Large Language Models: A Qualitative Study. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (Vol. 58, pp. 3379–3388). Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA.
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This paper investigates the impact of large language model (LLM)-based coaching interventions on enhancing physical activity and nutritional habits, following motivational interviewing guidelines. By exploring user perceptions through qualitative research involving eight interviews, five key themes emerged: the tension between the need for authenticity and reservations about AI humanization, the desire for personalized coaching and autonomy, the necessity of simplifying daily tasks, the aspiration for self-development, and the need for perceived privacy and trust. The findings reveal that perceptions of LLM-based coaching are multifaceted and cannot be easily classified as purely beneficial or concerning; they vary based on the specific implementation. This complexity indicates that certain aspects can simultaneously present both benefits and risks. The paper discusses theoretical implications and offers practical recommendations to enhance the advantages and mitigate the risks associated with LLM-based coaching interventions.
Neshaei, S. P.; Tolzin, A.; Berkle, Y.; Leuchter, M.; Leimeister, J. M.; Janson, A.; & Wambsganss, T. (2025): Leveraging Learner Errors in Digital Argumentation Learning: How ALure Helps Students Learn from their Mistakes and Write Better Arguments. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW). Association for Computing Machinery.
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Providing argumentation feedback is considered helpful for students preparing to work in collaborative environments, helping them with writing higher-quality argumentative texts. Domain-independent natural language processing (NLP) methods, such as generative models, can utilize learner errors and fallacies in argumentation learning to help students write better argumentative texts. To test this, we collect design requirements, and then design and implement two different versions of our system called ALure to improve the students’ argumentation skills. We test how ALure helps students learn argumentation in a university lecture with 305 students and compare the learning gains of the two versions of ALure with a control group using video tutoring. We find and discuss the differences of learning gains in argument structure and fallacies in both groups after using ALure, as well as the control group. Our results shed light on the applicability of computer-supported systems using recent advances in NLP to help students in learning argumentation as a necessary skill for collaborative working settings.
Freise, L. R.; Bruhin, O.; Ritz, E.; Li, M. M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2025): Code and Craft: How Generative AI Tools Facilitate Job Crafting in Software Development. In: 58th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Hawaii, USA.
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The rapid evolution of the software development industry challenges developers to manage their diverse tasks effectively. Traditional assistant tools in software development often fall short of supporting developers efficiently. This paper explores how generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools, such as Github Copilot or ChatGPT, facilitate job crafting—a process where employees reshape their jobs to meet evolving demands. By integrating GAI tools into workflows, software developers can focus more on creative problem-solving, enhancing job satisfaction, and fostering a more innovative work environment. This study investigates how GAI tools influence task, cognitive, and relational job crafting behaviors among software developers, examining its implications for professional growth and adaptability within the industry. The paper provides insights into the transformative impacts of GAI tools on software development job crafting practices, emphasizing their role in enabling developers to redefine their job functions.

2024[ to top ]

Reinhard, P.; Neis, N.; Kolb, L.; Wischer, D.; Li, M. M.; Winkelmann, A.; … Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Augmenting Frontline Service Employee Onboarding via Hybrid Intelligence: Examining the Effects of Different Degrees of Human-GenAI Interaction. In: Mandviwalla, M. Y., Söllner, M., & Tuunanen, T. (Eds.), International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST 2024). Trollhättan, Sweden.
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High turnover rates within help desks, caused by excessive workloads, make the efficient onboarding of novices a persistent and recurring challenge. Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) possesses the potential to augment novice frontline service employees (FSE) during their onboarding phase. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how to design the interaction of FSE and GenAI. Thus, following design science research (DSR), we propose a conversational (co-)agent that leverages the capabilities of large language models and the concept of hybrid intelligence to augment novice FSE. To examine the interaction between novices and GenAI given various task difficulties, we derive and instantiate two hybrid intelligence meta-designs - a supporter that provides recommendations and a collaborator that allows for prompting the coagent. The results from an online experiment with 75 laypeople show that novices interact with GenAI more frequently and show a higher engagement, especially in difficult tasks. Overall, we uncover a paradox: Despite an increased interaction and a greater time investment, FSEs experience a lower perceived workload with a GenAI-based collaborator. From that, we derive implications for designing employee-facing co-agents in customer services.
Reinhard, P.; Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Generative AI in Customer Support Services: A Framework for Augmenting the Routines of Frontline Service Employees. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikiki, Hawaii, USA.
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Customer support service employees are facing an increased workload, while artificial intelligence (AI) appears to possess the potential to change the way we work. With the advent of modern types of generative AI, new opportunities to augment frontline service employees have emerged. However, little is known about how to integrate generative AI in customer support service organizations and purposefully change service employee work routines. Following multi-method qualitative research, we performed a literature review, conducted workshops, and interviewed IT support agents, managers, and AI experts. Thereby, we examine AI augmentation for frontline service employees in the context of IT support to carve out where and how GenAI can be leveraged to develop more efficient and higher-quality customer support. Our resulting framework reveals that especially adapting solutions and retaining knowledge is subject to a high degree of AI augmentation.
Tingelhoff, F.; Valentino, J.; & Zierau, N. (2024): Metaverse Offerings and Their Impact on Stock Returns: Evidence from an Event Study. In: Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMICS) (pp. 1–10). Salt Lake City, USA.
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The metaverse represents a novel customer channel that disrupts business models and operations. This creates a variety of questions to managers and researchers, such as whether and when the addition of this new customer channel creates value for firms. This study uses event study methodology to examine the impact of 508 metaverse announcements on the stock market returns of 65 publicly traded firms across six industries. It also explores the moderating effect of different types of metaverse offerings. As research on metaverse benefits from an investors' perspective is scarce, this study provides insight into investors' perceptions of metaverse value propositions to firms. The study considers how certain offerings may utilize or be constrained by metaverse technologies, indicated by investor evaluations. It proposes important future research directions to understand metaverse implications for firms, preparing for the rapidly changing channel that will likely impact business models and operations in the coming years.
Tingelhoff, F.; Klug, S.; & Elshan, E. (2024): The Diffusion of the Metaverse: How YouTube Influencers Shape Mass Adoption. In: California Management Review (CMR), 4, Vol. 66. pp. 23–50.
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The metaverse, although yet to be fully realized, offers a compelling vision: a scalable and interoperable ecosystem of virtual worlds that can be simultaneously accessed by multiple users using continuous, user-generated, and embodied identities (i.e., avatars). Since the metaverse will likely achieve widespread user adoption once innovators and early adopters recognize its values, it must evolve in a direction that appeals to these groups. However, it remains unsure what aspects of the metaverse innovators perceive as opportunities and challenges when engaging with early adopters. This article describes the opinions of users who influence the metaverse’s mass adoption, clarifying their perception of what already works well, holds high potential, and presents challenges. By synthesizing and critically evaluating this information, the article offers guidance for the future development and use of the metaverse and provides insights concerning its diffusion in society.
Roth, A.; Benz, C.; Wilga, M.; Hottum, P.; Langes, B.; Lewandowski, T.; … Satzger, G. (2024): Value Creation in the Information Economy: Shaping the Triad of AI, Service, and Human Work. In: Journal of Service Management Research (SMR).
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Bruhin, O.; Dickhaut, E.; Elshan, E.; & Li, M. M. (2024): The Rise of Generative AI in Low Code Development Platforms – An Analysis and Future Directions. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikiki, Hawaii, USA.
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This study investigates the relationship between Generative AI (GenAI) and Low Code Development Platforms (LCDPs), providing preliminary insights into Gen's transformative potential in this context. It is based on expert interviews and provides insight into the changing landscape of LCDPs influenced by GenAI. The findings highlight the promising benefits of GenAI in LCDPs, such as increased efficiency and decreased errors, while also emphasizing the importance of human oversight and collaboration. The findings also highlight the importance of interpersonal skills in IT, even in an increasingly automated environment. While the economic efficiency and broader implications of GenAI are still being investigated, the study lays the groundwork for future research in this rapidly evolving domain.
Bruhin, O.; Ebel, P.; Müller, L.; & Li, M. (2024): GenAI and Software Engineering: Strategies for Shaping the Core of Tomorrow’s Software Engineering Practice. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Bangkok, Thailand.
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The rapid integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) into Software Engineering (SE) transforms how software is designed, developed, and maintained, introducing significant managerial challenges. This study examines these emerging challenges and proposes strategic actions for managing SE in the future. We provide an overview of the current GenAI development within SE and analyze its implications across three critical pillars: People, Process, and Technology. Our findings indicate that GenAI introduces a dynamic complexity to these elements, demanding a combined managerial approach. We propose six strategic actions essential for shaping the future of SE practice.This study aims to help practitioners make strategic decisions regarding GenAI implementation and offers researchers insights into past findings and opportunities for further investigation.
Weinert, T.; Benner, D.; Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; Schöbel, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Engaging Students through Interactive Learning Videos in Higher Education: Developing a Creation Process and Design Patterns for Interactive Learning Videos. In: Communications of the AIS (CAIS), Vol. 55. pp. 475–506.
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The use of learning videos has grown dramatically in the last decades. However, there is also increasing criticism against the use of learning videos concerning the harmful effects on the learning process, such as a decrease in motivation, engagement, and learning success. Although interactive learning videos can be helpful in supporting students' learning process, the design of such videos is still challenging for instructional designers. To overcome these challenges, we follow a Design Science Research (DSR) approach and develop a design pattern-based process to support the development of interactive learning videos. To this end, we engage in multiple DSR cycles where we conduct a systematic literature review, collect practical and theoretical requirements, as well as develop and evaluate our artifact in two cycles. Finally, we codify our results into design patterns and a creation process for interactive learning videos. With our contribution, we make design knowledge for such learning materials accessible by including tangible and applicable practices during our interactive learning video creation process. Our contribution aims to support developers and educators in designing more effective learning videos.
Freise, L. R.; Bretschneider, U.; & Oeste-Reiss, S. (2024): Skills in Flux – Challenges in AI-based Skills Management and Skills Profiles. In: 19. Internationale Tagung der Wirtschaftsinformatik (Wi24). Würzburg, Germany.
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The changing world of work, driven by automation and digital tech-nologies, requires a workforce that continuously adapts its skills in order to be competitive and employable. This dynamic environment has fueled the demand for advanced skills management, with artificial intelligence (AI) playing a critical role in measuring and supporting individual skills development. This paper looks at AI-based competency profiles as a strategic tool for talent acquisition, reten-tion, and development and highlights their potential challenges. Using semi-structured interviews with experts from HR, education, and industry, we explore the multiple challenges of AI-based skills management from a theoretical, con-ceptual, and practical perspective. Our findings reveal complex problems at the individual, team, organizational, and systemic levels that form a basis for the de-velopment of effective AI-based skills management strategies. This research highlights the importance of using AI to foster an adaptable and skilled workforce that meets both current needs and future challenges.
Göppinger, S. M. M.; Meier, A.; Elshan, E.; Malekan, O.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Beyond Trial and Error: Strategic Assessment of Decentralized Identity in US Healthcare. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Bangkok, Thailand.
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The US healthcare system relies on trustworthy and effective data exchange. Yet its data flows are impaired by pervasive conflicting interests and incentives and the lack of authentic data, leading to persistent inefficiencies. By ensuring authentic data, decentralized identity (ID) presents a potential solution. However, information systems (ISs) have historically shown high rates of unsuccessful deployment in healthcare. Since formative use case evaluation frameworks can enhance deployment success rates, this paper conducted a participatory action research study to develop and test an evidence-based, theory-informed, and practical framework for assessing healthcare use cases' amenability to decentralized ID. The framework serves healthcare organizations as a decision-support tool in choosing suitable use cases for decentralized ID and planning corresponding initiatives. For researchers, the socio-technical factors that determine use cases's amenability to decentralized ID enhance their understanding of this novel IS and the socio-technical change it brings about.
Lowry, P. B.; Boh, W.; Petter, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Long Live the Metaverse: Identifying the Potential for Market Disruption and Future Research. In: Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS), p. 62.
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The Metaverse represents a transformative frontier, blending physical and virtual realities into immersive, persistent digital environments. This article explores the foundational components, emerging markets, and critical challenges shaping the Metaverse’s evolution. Although initial industry enthusiasm has been tempered by financial setbacks and shifting priorities toward generative AI, the Metaverse remains nascent, following a familiar hype cycle with other disruptive technologies. Drawing parallels with historical technological breakthroughs, we argue that continued hardware, software, and telecommunications advancements will unlock the Metaverse’s potential for profound societal and economic impact. We explore the potential for business approaches and collaborative efforts across various market sectors, including consumer goods and commercial services, as well as healthcare and industrial realms. To do so, we explain how technologies like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and extended reality (XR) increase user participation through consuming content that creates a sense of presence while at the same time outlining Metaverse challenges, risks, technological difficulties, and sociotechnical factors. By dissecting specific use cases and proposing strategies for managing challenges like data privacy, security, and inclusivity, we chart a path for researchers and practitioners to foster innovation. The article concludes with a call to action for researchers to lead visionary efforts, urging them to anticipate and shape the future possibilities of the Metaverse beyond current technological and market constraints. By breaking down the Metaverse into targeted applications, this work provides a roadmap for advancing theory, design, and practice to unlock the Metaverse’s full disruptive potential. We challenge the notion that the Metaverse is “dead,” instead framing it as an enduring societal and economic transformation catalyst.
Geffers, K.; Bretschneider, U.; & Eilers, K. (2024): Conceptualizing the Agile Mindset in Agile Software Development Teams. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI 2024). Würzburg, Germany.
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Agile Software Development Teams (ASDTs) employ agile method-ologies to navigate the dynamic landscape of the software industry, responding effectively to constant change and innovation. The success of ASDTs relies sig-nificantly on the individuals’ mindset, referred to as the agile mindset (AM). Yet, a clear conceptualization of the AM remains elusive, as existing approaches do not meet scientific standards and fail to produce consistent results. This paper addresses this gap by systematically conceptualizing the AM within the context of ASDTs. Through a systematic review and evaluation of existing definitions and initial conceptualizations, we identify dimensions and consolidate insights, resulting in a comprehensive conceptualization of the AM. Our work represents a crucial step towards understanding the AM’s role in ASDTs and lays the foun-dation for our planned future work: the empirical validation and development of a standardized measurement instrument for the AM.
Tingelhoff, F.; Brugger, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): A guide for structured literature reviews in business research: The state-of-the-art and how to integrate generative artificial intelligence. In: Journal of Information Technology (JIT), pp. 1–23.
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Generative arti cial intelligence (Gen.AI) is capable of signi cantly improving the breadth and depth of structured literature reviews (SLRs). However, its inclusion raises essential questions regarding the review’s methodology, quality, and ethical implications. Previous research predominantly focused on the capabilities and limitations of Gen.AI to establish guidelines for research practices. However, the rapid evolution of Gen.AI often outpaces the publication of methodological papers. In response, our study adopts a criteria-centric approach, scrutinizing the scienti c quality standards that Gen.AI must meet. In other words, instead of discussing what Gen.AI can and cannot do, we discuss what we should allow Gen.AI to do, irrespective of its capabilities. Our study informs researchers in the art and science of SLRs. First, we analyze the established state-of-the-art processes and associated quality standards in SLRs. From this, we synthesize a uni ed process and criterion set, not only underpinning a comprehensive understanding of the extant SLR methodologies but also serving as the foundational framework for integrating Gen.AI. Second, we delineate the specific scenarios conducive to incorporating Gen.AI into this fundamental framework, as well as situations where its integration may not be suitable. Our contribution is further solidi ed by providing a detailed, step-by-step guide—akin to a“cooking recipe”—to effectively integrate Gen.AI in SLRs, ensuring adherence to established quality criteria.
Tingelhoff, F.; Schultheiss, R.; Schöbel, S. M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Qualitative Insights into Organizational Value Creation: Decoding Characteristics of Metaverse Platforms. In: Information Systems Frontiers (ISF), pp. 1–20.
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The significance of metaverse platforms is growing in both research and practical applications. To utilize the chances and opportunities metaverse platforms offer, research and practice must understand how these platforms create value, which has not been adequately explored. Our research explores the characteristics of metaverse platforms that facilitate value creation for organizations in both B2B and B2C sectors. Employing a qualitative inductive approach, we conducted 15 interviews with decision-makers from international corporations active in the metaverse. We identified 26 metaverse platform characteristics, which we categorized into six dimensions based on the DeLone and McLean Information Systems success model. Subsequently, we provide examples to illustrate the application of these identified characteristics within metaverse platforms. This study contributes to the academic discourse by uncovering the characteristics that shape the competitive landscape of emerging metaverse platforms. Leveraging these characteristics may offer metaverse providers a competitive edge in attracting complementary organizations to their platforms.
Ritz, E.; Mühlheim, J.; Freise, L. R.; & Li, M. M. (2024): Prompting for Perks: Enhancing Generative AI-Enabled Job Crafting in Knowledge Work. In: Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS). Canberra, Australia.
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The increasing use of Generative AI (GAI) has captivated industries seeking to enhance productivity, particularly among white-collar workers. Drawing upon job crafting theory from occupational psychology, prior research suggests that GAI applications can also enhance employee well-being by modifying their work environment for self-perceived benefits. However, the conditions facilitating job crafting behaviours in this context remain underexplored. This study posits that prompt engineering can promote job crafting behaviour. To explore this, we conducted a between-subjects online experiment, manipulating a prompt support intervention through worked examples. Additionally, we examined the moderating role of participants' AI literacy in influencing the effectiveness of the prompt intervention. A pre-test with 42 participants indicated that prompt support can increase GAI-enabled job crafting, but only for those with high AI literacy. The findings underscore the importance of AI literacy and prompt engineering in optimising job crafting behaviour, advocating for organisational training programs to support these skills.
Wambsganss, T.; Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; Koedinger, K.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Improving Students’ Argumentation Skills Using Dynamic Machine-Learning–Based Modeling. In: Information Systems Research (ISR).
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Argumentation is an omnipresent rudiment of daily communication and thinking. The ability to form convincing arguments is not only fundamental to persuading an audience of novel ideas but also plays a major role in strategic decision making, negotiation, and constructive, civil discourse. However, humans often struggle to develop argumentation skills, owing to a lack of individual and instant feedback in their learning process, because providing feedback on the individual argumentation skills of learners is time-consuming and not scalable if conducted manually by educators. Grounding our research in social cognitive theory, we investigate whether dynamic technology-mediated argumentation modeling improves students’ argumentation skills in the short and long term. To do so, we built a dynamic machine-learning (ML)–based modeling system. The system provides learners with dynamic writing feedback opportunities based on logical argumentation errors irrespective of instructor, time, and location. We conducted three empirical studies to test whether dynamic modeling improves persuasive writing performance more so than the benchmarks of scripted argumentation modeling (H1) and adaptive support (H2). Moreover, we assess whether, compared with adaptive support, dynamic argumentation modeling leads to better persuasive writing performance on both complex and simple tasks (H3). Finally, we investigate whether dynamic modeling on repeated argumentation tasks (over three months) leads to better learning in comparison with static modeling and no modeling (H4). Our results show that dynamic behavioral modeling significantly improves learners’ objective argumentation skills across domains, outperforming established methods like scripted modeling, adaptive support, and static modeling. The results further indicate that, compared with adaptive support, the effect of the dynamic modeling approach holds across complex (large effect) and simple tasks (medium effect) and supports learners with lower and higher expertise alike. This work provides important empirical findings related to the effects of dynamic modeling and social cognitive theory that inform the design of writing and skill support systems for education. This paper demonstrates that social cognitive theory and dynamic modeling based on ML generalize outside of math and science domains to argumentative writing.
Geffers, K.; Bretschneider, U.; & Eilers, K. (2024): Exploring Individuals’ Psychological Factors as Predictors of Workforce Agility in Software Development Teams. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Bangkok, Thailand.
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In the rapidly evolving automotive sector, software development teams (SDTs) face the challenge of swiftly adapting to unpredictable changes driven by globalization, customer expectations, and innovation. This study delves into the influence of psychological factors — particularly attitudes, emotions, and perceptions — on the workforce agility of employees working in SDTs, crucial for adeptly navigating dynamic shifts. Despite the central role of psychological factors in shaping behavior, existing research overlooks their impact on workforce agility. Through interviews with 27 employees from a leading software company serving the automotive industry, we empirically identified three key factors: agile mindset, psychological empowerment, and agile leadership. Subsequently, drawing upon the literature, we explore the correlations among these factors. By investigating these previously unexplored psychological predictors and their correlations, this study enriches our understanding of workforce agility and provides actionable insights for SDT leaders to nurture desired behaviors.
Ritz, E. (2024): Balancing Bytes with Brains: Exploring the Role of Learners’ Control in Personalized Learning Tasks. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Paphos, Cyprus.
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The increasing prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI)-based learning systems unleashes new potentials in designing personalized learning experiences that enhance learning outcomes. However, prior research indicates that such systems can negatively impact engagement due to issues in human information processing. This study examines whether giving learners control over task difficulty selection in personalized learning systems can mitigate these effects. A laboratory within-subjects experiment involving 80 participants explored how control over personalized vocabulary learning affects learning performance and autonomy satisfaction. As such a control feature may lead to deeper information processing, I investigate the mediating effect of cognitive workload on the main effect. The study aims to contribute to human-AI interaction literature by shedding light on the importance of control in personalized system design and investigating its effects on cognitive workload, overall task performance, and autonomy satisfaction.
Freise, L. R.; & Bretschneider, U. (2024): Completing the Skills Puzzle: Developing a Skills Profile Data Model. In: 19. Internationale Tagung der Wirtschaftsinformatik (Wi24). Würzburg, Germany.
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In today’s working world, driven by technological progress, there is a growing need to adapt and update skills to remain competitive. Employers need qualified employees, and employees want to develop their job-related skills, so skills profiles are becoming more prevalent. These profiles comprise skills that individuals bring to their jobs and develop over employment. When used effectively, they offer benefits in attracting, retaining, and developing talent, as well as in staffing and performance management. This paper proposes a data model for such profiles. Drawing upon a systematic literature review and interviews with employees, we derived the critical aspects of a skill profile data model. We further demonstrate the complexity and the need for a structured approach to include a bottom-up perspective. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of skills profile data models by including the employee perspectives. It further provides insights for organizations to develop a skilled workforce.
Ritz, E.; Joas, A.; Wambsganss, T.; Rietsche, R.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): How a Swiss luxury retailer implements process mining to improve data-driven customer excellence. In: Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases, pp. 1–9.
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Knoth, N.; Tolzin, A.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): AI Literacy and its Implications for Prompt Engineering Strategies. In: Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence.
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Artificial intelligence technologies are rapidly advancing. As part of this development, large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used when humans interact with systems based on artificial intelligence (AI), posing both new opportunities and challenges. When interacting with LLM-based AI system in a goal-directed manner, prompt engineering has evolved as a skill of formulating precise and well-structured instructions to elicit desired responses or information from the LLM, optimizing the effectiveness of the interaction. However, research on the perspectives of non-experts using LLM-based AI systems through prompt engineering and on how AI literacy affects prompting behavior is lacking. This aspect is particularly important when considering the implications of LLMs in the context of higher education. In this present study, we address this issue, introduce a skill-based approach to prompt engineering, and explicitly consider the role of non-experts' AI literacy (students) in their prompt engineering skills. We also provide qualitative insights into students’ intuitive behaviors towards LLM-based AI systems. The results show that higher-quality prompt engineering skills predict the quality of LLM output, suggesting that prompt engineering is indeed a required skill for the goal-directed use of generative AI tools. In addition, the results show that certain aspects of AI literacy can play a role in higher quality prompt engineering and targeted adaptation of LLMs within education. We, therefore, argue for the integration of AI educational content into current curricula to enable a hybrid intelligent society in which students can effectively use generative AI tools such as ChatGPT.
Benner, D.; Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Engaging Minds – How Gamified Chatbots can Support and Motivate Learners in Digital Education. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikiki, Hawaii, USA.
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Blended and online learning is growing, and self-regulated learning is becoming more relevant. Most often, students struggle with organizing their own learning processes, lose focus or procrastinate. Keeping learners motivated and engaged can be a real challenge. Therefore, we present gamified chatbots as a potential solution. On the one hand, chatbots can provide a more engaging learning experience. On the other hand, gamification can provide motivational incentives to keep learners engaged and motivated. So far, not many studies have elaborated on how gamification can be effectively used to make a chatbot interaction more engaging or improve the learning experience. This study uses an experimental approach to distinguish how a combination of badges and a progress bar can support and motivate learners to stay engaged with their learning activities. We elaborate on the effects of gamified chatbots and support practitioners with guidance on how to design gamified chatbots in education.
Benner, D. (2024): Introducing Generative Feedback to Chatbots in Digital Higher Education. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). Würzburg, Germany.
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The rapid evolution of the educational landscape, accentuated by the rise of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), calls for a re-evaluation of digital education methodologies to harness new technologies and meet the changing needs of learners. Focusing on the potential of GAI, this study introduces a novel approach called generative feedback and explores its impact on the motivation, learning experience and performance of students in higher education. Therefore, this study presents a prototype that implements a GAI-driven chat using OpenAI’s GPT-4 turbo model to provide feedback to students. Using an overlap�ping study design that combines a longitudinal field study and a two-stage online experiment, this study investigates how generative feedback affects learners. Initial findings suggest that GAI-driven chatbots can provide meaningful feedback to students and enhance their learning experience, setting the stage for further investigation towards a better theoretical understanding of the design and practical application of GAI-driven chatbot feedback.
Li, M.; Dickhaut, E.; Bruhin, O.; Wache, H.; & Weritz, P. (2024): More Than Just Efficiency: Impact of Generative AI on Developer Productivity. In: Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS). Utah, USA.
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The collaboration between genAI and humans in the field of information systems holds transformative potential echoing the co-creation ethos in digital ecosystems. GenAI's automated code generation capabilities present an opportunity for seamless cooperation with human developers. As genAI evolves, it can contribute to the generation of code with minimal human input, enabling developers to focus on higher-level conceptualization and problem-solving. The individual work changes by GenAI also have wider-reaching effects, which requires a holistic understanding of its impact. Our interview study with 15 software developers presents a shift towards a more balanced viewpoint on measuring the effects of genAI in software development environments, specifically the importance of human-centric indicators (e.g. satisfaction and wellbeing) in addition to traditional efficiency and effectiveness indicators. This insight underscores the balancing act between enhancing productivity and potentially undermining it, reflecting the interplay of co-creation and co-destruction in service ecosystems and calling for a more holistic socio- technical perspective.
Hupe, A. (2024): When to Use Smart Contracts Instead of Traditional Contracts – A Conceptual Analysis. In: 19th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). Würzburg, Germany.
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Smart contracts are code-based representations of business logic that encapsulate predefined rules that they verify and execute autonomously. As self-executing agreements, these contracts running on a blockchain facilitate interactions between untrusted parties, eliminating the need for intermediaries. They speed processes, increase transparency, and facilitate data exchange across national and organizational boundaries, providing a competitive advantage. However, there are significant costs associated with implementing smart contracts. In our study, we conduct a comparative analysis of these costs and compared them to traditional contracts. Using a combination of literature review and expert interviews, we dissect the cost structures of both approaches at an abstract level. We then construct a matrix to systematically compare traditional contracts with smart contracts. This framework allows us to model the conditions that favor the use of smart contracts over traditional ones, and to identify instances where each approach has a distinct advantage.
Hennrich, J.; Ritz, E.; Hofmann, P.; & Urbach, N. (2024): Capturing artificial intelligence applications’ value proposition in healthcare – a qualitative research study. In: Capturing artificial intelligence applications’ value proposition in healthcare – a qualitative research study.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) applications pave the way for innovations in the healthcare (HC) industry. However, their adoption in HC organizations is still nascent as organizations often face a fragmented and incomplete picture of how they can capture the value of AI applications on a managerial level. To overcome adoption hurdles, HC organizations would benefit from understanding how they can capture AI applications’ potential. We conduct a comprehensive systematic literature review and 11 semi-structured expert interviews to identify, systematize, and describe 15 business objectives that translate into six value propositions of AI applications in HC. Our results demonstrate that AI applications can have several business objectives converging into risk-reduced patient care, advanced patient care, self-management, process acceleration, resource optimization, and knowledge discovery. We contribute to the literature by extending research on value creation mechanisms of AI to the HC context and guiding HC organizations in evaluating their AI applications or those of the competition on a managerial level, to assess AI investment decisions, and to align their AI application portfolio towards an overarching strategy.
Khosrawi-Rad, B.; Keller, P.; Grogorick, L.; Benner, D.; Janson, A.; & Robra-Bissantz, S. (2024): Let’s Play with AI! A 2x2 Experiment on Collaborative vs. Competitive Game Elements for Pedagogical Conversational Agents. In: Pre-ICIS SIG Services Workshop on Synergizing Service Ecosystems with AI. Bangkok, Thailand.
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Technological advances in generative artificial intelligence (GAI) have increased the relevance of pedagogical conversational agents (PCAs) like chatbots to support students. Despite their potential for learning as a service, PCAs are rarely used by educational institutions. They often neglect the benefits of group learning, like collaborative problem- solving, and insufficiently address learners’ motivational challenges in digital environments. To tackle these issues, we designed and evaluated a gamified PCA for information systems (IS) education with collaborative and competitive group learning capabilities. We investigated the effects of collaborative and competitive elements in PCA design using a 2x2 experiment (n = 120). Our findings show that collaborative game elements foster learners’ motivation and highlight the PCA’s role as a group learning moderator. This study contributes new knowledge on GAI in IS education, meaningful gamification in the PCA context, and computer-supported collaborative learning.
Geffers, K.; Bretschneider, U.; Eilers, K.; & Oeste-Reiß, S. (2024): Leading Teams in Today’s Dynamic Organizations: The Core Characteristics of Agile Leadership. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikiki, Hawaii, USA.
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Agile leadership (AL) is essential for leading agile transformations. So far, a conceptualization of AL is still lacking. To investigate its core characteristics, we conduct an exploratory single case study. Our study examines a senior executive training program within a young European automotive software company, with the objective of establishing AL throughout the organization. Our study’s primary findings reveal that AL can be categorized into five perspectives: person-based, purpose-based, result-based, position-based, and process-based. Agile leaders are humble, adaptable, visionary, and engaged. AL focuses on aligning employees with a clear vision, fostering a learning organization, increasing transparency, and establishing decision-making in teams. It is practiced by executives, agile accountabilities, and team members. Agile leaders operate as experimenters, collaborators, facilitators, enablers, and resilient leaders. Our findings provide a foundational basis for organizations to implement AL, thereby enhancing their adaptability and overall success.
Ritz, E.; Freise, L.; Elshan, E.; Rietsche, R.; & Bretschneider, U. (2024): What to Learn Next? Designing Personalized Learning Paths for Re-&Upskilling in Organizations. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikiki, Hawaii, USA.
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The fast-paced acceleration of digitalization requires extensive re-&upskilling, impacting a significant proportion of jobs worldwide. Technology-mediated learning platforms have become instrumental in addressing these efforts, as they can analyze platform data to provide personalized learning journeys. Such personalization is expected to increase employees’ empowerment, job satisfaction, and learning outcomes. However, the challenge lies in efficiently deploying these opportunities using novel technologies, prompting questions about the design and analysis of generating personalized learning paths in organizational learning. We, therefore, analyze and classify recent research on personalized learning paths into four major concepts (learning context, data, interface, and adaptation) with ten dimensions and 34 characteristics. Six expert interviews validate the taxonomy’s use and outline three exemplary use cases, undermining its feasibility. Information Systems researchers can use our taxonomy to develop theoretical models to study the effectiveness of personalized learning paths in intra-organizational re-&upskilling.
Schmitt, A.; Wambsganss, T.; Janson, A.; & Gajos, K. (2024): The Promise of Evaluative Algorithmic Advice: A Field Experiment on Writing Improvement. In: Academy of Management (AOM) Meeting. Chicago, IL, USA.
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The design and impact of algorithmic advice has become more important than ever with generative artificial intelligence’s (AI) diffusion in organizational and private realms. Unfortunately, challenges associated with the computational nature of AI-based systems and human sensemaking can hinder augmentation of human work. Prevalent forms of algorithmic advice commonly provide a user with ‘one best’ solution that can induce the user to fixate on the advice and neglect own critical reasoning. To overcome such interaction challenges, we explore the potential of evaluative algorithmic advice that provides users with more open-ended and engaging feedback. As part of two controlled experiments, we find that humans prefer evaluative over contrastive advice for writing feedback. We then conducted a field experiment in the context of an educational business pitch writing task with two conditions: (i) contrastive algorithmic advice improving users’ writing without any further feedback; and (ii) evaluative algorithmic advice providing feedback in form of open-ended questions and pro and contra arguments. Users’ writing could be improved regardless of the type of algorithmic advice, yet we show that users exposed to evaluative advice engaged significantly more with the task and the advice. Our study explores how algorithmic advice may serve as a critical stimulator rather than attenuating human agency in AI augmentation.
Karst, F.; Li, M. M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): FinDEx: A Synthetic Data Sharing Platform for Financial Fraud Detection. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikiki, Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
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The rising number of financial frauds inflicted in the last year more than 800 billion USD in damages on the global economy. Although financial institutions possess advanced AI systems for fraud detection, the time required to accumulate a sufficient volume of fraudulent data for training models creates a costly vulnerability. Combined with the inability to share fraud detection training data among institutions due to data and privacy regulations, this poses a major challenge. To address this issue, we propose the concept of a synthetic data-sharing ecosystem platform (FinDEx). This platform ensures data anonymity by generating synthesized training data based on each institution's fraud detection datasets. Various synthetic data generation techniques are employed to rapidly construct a shared dataset for all ecosystem members. Using design science research, this paper leverages insights from financial fraud detection literature, data sharing practices, and modular systems theory to derive design knowledge for the platform architecture. Furthermore, the feasibility of using different data generation algorithms such as generative adversarial networks, variational auto encoder and Gaussian mixture model was evaluated and different methods for the integration of synthetic data into the training procedure were tested. Thus, contributing to the theory at the intersection between fraud detection and data sharing and providing practitioners with guidelines on how to design such systems.
Geffers, K. (2024): Overcoming People-related Challenges in Large-scale Agile Transformations: The Role of Online Communities of Practice. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2024). Paphos, Cyprus.
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The contemporary business landscape is shaped by complexity, ongoing change, and disruptions. To remain competitive, an increasing number of organizations are embracing the company-wide adoption of agile methodologies, known as large-scale agile transformations (LSATs). However, these transformations face significant challenges, such as employees’ lack of skills and motivation. While Communities of Practice (CoPs) are recognized as supportive mechanisms for LSATs, their role in addressing transformational challenges lacks adequate academic exploration. Our research bridges this gap by conducting an exploratory qualitative case study in a European automotive software company undergoing a LSAT. Through interviews with 33 actively participating employees across several internal online CoPs, we have found that these CoPs play a fundamental role in developing relevant employee abilities (workforce agility), perceptions (psychological empowerment), and attitudes (agile mindset). These findings contribute to understanding agile transformations and online CoPs and offer insights into effective strategies for managing and mitigating LSATs’ challenges.
Bittner, E. A. C.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; Kirmse, R.; Poser, M.; & Wiethof, C. (2024): Cognitive Load Theory Approach to Hybrid Intelligence: Tackling the Dual Aim of Task Performance and Learning. In: Forty-Fifth International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Bangkok, Thailand.
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Knowledge workers in information-rich work environments face cognitive challenges as they must deal with multitasking, interruptions, and time pressure. In domains like customer support with high turnover rates and increasingly diverse and complex products, employees need to rapidly develop from novices to experts while showing high task performance. The objective of this paper is to develop design knowledge for hybrid intelligence systems that tackle the dual aim of task performance and learning in knowledge work. We follow a design science research approach and build on theoretical and empirical knowledge on cognitive load theory. We propose a task-user matrix that classifies expertise and task difficulty to identify cognitive challenges. We develop four intervention strategies in the form of design patterns specified through design principles to address these challenges in system design. A pattern evaluation with system developers initially supports the effectiveness, plausibility and feasibility of our patterns.
Blohm, I.; Schulz, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): Hedonic Signals in Crowdfunding. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), Vol. 66. pp. 757–775.
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This study draws on signaling theory to investigate the effect of hedonic signals in crowdfunding projects on funding performance. It compares the effect of hedonic signals across reward-, equity-, and donation-based crowdfunding platforms by combining archival data from 18 platforms and a large-scale panel of 64 experts that rate the strength of hedonic signals in 108 crowdfunding projects. Through the application of mixed linear modeling, the findings indicate a positive influence of stronger hedonic signals on funding performance. However, there are substantial differences across platform types. Increasing the strength of hedonic signals by one standard deviation increases funding performance by 28.9% on reward platforms, while there are no systematic effects on equity and donation platforms. This study contributes to existing crowdfunding research by clarifying the role of hedonic signals in crowdfunding and shedding light on the increasing need to better consider the characteristics of different crowdfunding platforms in crowdfunding research.
Tolzin, A.; Knoth, N.; & Janson, A. (2024): Worked Examples to Facilitate the Development of Prompt Engineering Skills. In: Thirty-Second European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2024). Paphos, Cyprus.
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This paper explores the evolving field of prompt engineering in Artificial Intelligence (AI), with a focus on Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs exhibit remarkable potential in various educational domains, their effective use requires adept prompt engineering skills. We introduce a skill-based approach to prompt engineering and explicitly investigate the impact of using worked examples to facilitate prompt engineering skills among students interacting with LLMs. We propose hypotheses linking prompt engineering, worked examples, and perceived anthropomorphism to the quality of LLM output. Our initial findings support the critical relationship between proficient prompt engineering and the resulting output quality of LLMs. Subsequent phases will further explore the role of worked examples in prompt engineering, aiming to provide practical recommendations for educational improvement and industry application. Additionally, this research aims to shed light on the responsible utilization of LLMs in education and contribute insights to educational practice, research, and organizational development.
Reinhard, P.; Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2024): LET EMPLOYEES TRAIN THEIR OWN CHATBOTS: DESIGN OF GENERATIVE AI-ENABLED DELEGATION SYSTEMS. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Paphos, Cyprus.
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While chatbots can be implemented with very little effort, scaling and maintaining chatbots remains a challenge. This is crucial in knowledge-intensive customer service like IT support, where domain knowledge must stay current with the evolving IT landscape. Following design science research, we derive design principles for a generative AI (GPT4) enabled textual training data creation and curation system (T²C²) as part of a new class of systems – bot delegation systems. For the design of T²C², chatbot and domain expert viewpoints are integrated. We evaluate two instances of T²C², each with distinct degrees of human-ai delegation where employees act both as creators and curators of training data. The paper’s theoretical contribution is two-fold: (1) we present a novel kernel theory that represents the material characteristics of bot delegation systems by contextualizing the IS delegation framework to the self-determination theory; (2) the design and evaluation of T²C² as the built-and-evaluated artifact.
Ritz, E.; Freise, L.; & Li, M. (2024): Offloading to Digital Minds: How Generative AI Can Help to Craft Jobs. In: Proceedings NeuroIS Retreat 2024.
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In the era of ChatGPT and other generative AI tools, white-collar workers are given tremendous potential to simplify everyday tasks. Within vocational psychology, this phenomenon is known as job crafting. We conduct an electroencephalography-based mixed-factorial experiment to explore the underlying mechanisms of how and why the use of generative AI tools can lead to job crafting. Relying on cognitive load theory and resource demand theory, we measure the effects of ChatGPT use and prompt engineering guidance in strategic thinking tasks. We hypothesize that individuals who use ChatGPT without and with prompting examples rely on cognitive offloading to avoid cognitive effort, affecting resource demands. An initial evaluation of our experiment task design provides promising results. We plan our experiment with participants who are familiar with executive assistant tasks. Our expected results contribute to the ongoing discussion of ICT-enabled job crafting and provide empirical-driven explanations of AI-enabled job crafting mechanisms.
Li, M. M.; Nikishina, I.; Sevgili, Özge; & Semmann, M. (2024): Wiping out the limitations of Large Language Models - A Taxonomy for Retrieval Augmented Generation. In: .
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Current research on RAGs is distributed across various disciplines, and since the technology is evolving very quickly, its unit of analysis is mostly on technological innovations, rather than applications in business contexts. Thus, in this research, we aim to create a taxonomy to conceptualize a comprehensive overview of the constituting characteristics that define RAG applications, facilitating the adoption of this technology in the IS community. To the best of our knowledge, no RAG application taxonomies have been developed so far. We describe our methodology for developing the taxonomy, which includes the criteria for selecting papers, an explanation of our rationale for employing a Large Language Model (LLM)-supported approach to extract and identify initial characteristics, and a concise overview of our systematic process for conceptualizing the taxonomy. Our systematic taxonomy development process includes four iterative phases designed to refine and enhance our understanding and presentation of RAG’s core dimensions. We have developed a total of five meta-dimensions and sixteen dimensions to comprehensively capture the concept of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) applications. When discussing our findings, we also detail the specific research areas and pose key research questions to guide future information system researchers as they explore the emerging topics of RAG systems.
Janson, A.; & Ernst, S.-J. (2024): Disentangling the influence of mobile learning usability and its determinants–PLS-SEM and importance-performance investigation. In: Computers and Education Open (CAEO).
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Today, numerous mobile learning applications are used to enable learning during the working process or on-the-go. However, few insights that are available regarding mobile application usability (MAU) and its determinants in the context of mobile learning. More specifically, there is a critical need to disentangle the determinants of MAU and their overall impact on MAU while also acknowledging the possible motivational consequences. Therefore, we developed a theoretical model of MAU, its determinants, and its consequences. By utilizing a free simulation experiment, we investigated the role of MAU in the domain of mobile learning. We used structural equation modeling to analyze the theoretical model. The results show a significant influence of MAU on mobile learning compatibility, performance expectancy, and self-efficacy. The results also indicate that compatibility acts as a partial mediator of usability on performance expectancy. Finally, we conducted an importance-performance analysis that reveals key usability insights: UI output, the most critical factor, underperforms, highlighting a major improvement area. UI structure and application design also need enhancement. In contrast, UI input and application utility perform well despite lower importance, with UI graphics showing adequate performance despite being least crucial. The present paper contributes to the discussion concerning MAU and its impact on mobile learning, while delivering formative insights of MAU for mobile learning applications.
Bruhin, O.; Ebel, P.; & Elshan, E. (2024): Exploring The Paradoxical Tensions in Low Code Environments. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Bangkok, Thailand.
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The rapid acceleration of digitalization has increased the demand for dynamic software development, exposing a significant skills gap in IT. Low Code Development Platforms (LCDP) have emerged as a crucial solution, enabling faster development cycles and democratizing software creation. However, integrating citizen and professional developers within these platforms introduces new challenges, particularly in task division, collaboration, and governance. This study explores the dynamic of the interactions in low code environments, using paradox theory to analyze the resulting tensions – the paradox of empowerment, the paradox of security, and the paradox of harmonization – and their impact on both innovation and efficiency. Our findings provide critical insights into the roles, collaborative processes, and governance frameworks necessary for effective and balanced LCDP implementation. These insights provide a framework for effective and balanced LCDP implementation, offering organizations strategies to enhance innovation while managing the inherent complexities within these environments.
Janson, A.; & Barev, T. J. (2024): Making the default more legitimate – the role of autonomy and transparency for digital privacy nudges. In: Information Technology & People.
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Purpose This paper examines the concept of digital privacy nudging, a promising approach from behavioral economics that uses subtle cues to influence people’s decisions online. We research the concepts of autonomy and transparency for privacy nudging in digital networking systems for the context of digital work. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on the literature on digital privacy nudging to develop and test a theoretical model that takes into account legitimate nudge designs, which are those that ensure autonomy and transparency. We utilize a fully randomized between-subjects online experiment with 208 participants to test the effects of different nudge designs on decision outcomes and perceptions. We use a structural equation modeling approach for evaluating the theoretical model. Findings The paper presents two major findings. First, we conceptualize the concept of legitimate nudging and implement the concept empirically with nudges that promote autonomy and transparency in the context of defaults as digital privacy nudges. Second, our findings show that autonomy-promoting nudges significantly lower reactance that is significantly associated with a lower acceptance of digital nudging. Finally, we provide evidence that the acceptance of digital nudging is also crucial for trusting digital systems where nudges are oftentimes embedded in. Research limitations/implications The paper contributes to the literature on digital nudging by providing insights into more legitimate nudge designs through providing autonomy and transparency. Our research provides in this regard implications for nudge effectiveness and the overall debate concerning ethics in digital nudging. We also offer practical implications for organizations and information systems designers who want to use nudges in a responsible way. Originality/value This paper is one of the first to empirically investigate the role of legitimacy in digital nudging and to propose a framework for designing and evaluating legitimate nudges. It also provides insights into the perceptional downstream consequences of legitimate nudging.
Schlagwein, D.; Currie, W.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Willcocks, L. (2024): Digital futures: Definition (what), importance (why) and methods (how). In: Journal of Information Technology (JIT), p. 7.
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“Digital futures” as a research field that examines diverse, long-term future(s) scenarios influenced by digital technologies has been proposed in information systems. Here, based on the emerging literature on digital futures, we define what this term means, delineate it from related concepts such as digital transformation, articulate why the information systems field should take note and consider the study of digital futures, and provide an overview of approaches.
Bruhin, O. (2024): Beyond Code: The Impact of Generative AI on Work Systems in Software Engineering. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Bangkok, Thailand.
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The development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in Software Engineering (SE) is driving significant transformations in work systems, impacting work practices, information management, and development processes. This study applies Work System Theory to explore how GenAI not only enhances individual tasks but also redefines entire workflows and collaboration models within SE environments. Through a case study involving expert interviews at a telecommunications and software company, the research uncovers both substantial benefits and emerging challenges associated with GenAI integration. The findings contribute to a structured framework that offers guidance for effectively implementing GenAI to enhance productivity and foster innovation in SE. These insights are essential for practitioners managing the rapidly evolving SE landscape, ensuring the successful and sustainable adoption of GenAI within work systems.

2023[ to top ]

Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; Hevner, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Sharing Design Knowledge Through Codification in Interdisciplinary DSR Collaborations. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii.
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The goals of design science research (DSR) projects are to generate novel and useful artifacts and to produce rigorous and generalizable design knowledge. Often, DSR projects are conducted in collaborative, interdisciplinary project teams. Different disciplinary approaches to codifying design knowledge result in challenging project interactions. To study this situation, we analyze design knowledge codification in interdisciplinary teams over time. We gain insights from a survey of recent DSR papers that have been published in the AIS Senior Scholars’ Basket. We then present a detailed case study of a longitudinal project that brought to light issues of sharing design knowledge across disciplinary borders. Drawing from the survey and case study, we provide actionable guidance on how to effectively codify and share design knowledge to support researchers and practitioners to build useful artifacts and to make interdisciplinary design knowledge contributions reusable and applicable.
Benner, D.; & Schöbel, S. (2023): Stay with me - Conversational Churn Prevention in Digital Subscription Service. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Kristiansand, Norway.
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Lots of organizations use subscription business models. However, with increasing competition and technological progress switching costs for customers are decreasing. This development can translate to serious issues for subscription-based businesses, requiring action. Traditionally, businesses used mailings or calls, which are costly, time-consuming and often not effective. In this research-in-progress paper, we explore conversational churn prevention as a potential remedy. We present a conversational agent with persuasive design features (e.g., nudges) and first results from a pre-study. We conduct an in-between subject experiment and interviews for our mixed-methods evaluation of our pre-study. Our work contributes to theory, by presenting more insights into the interaction quality of conversational agents in the context of churn prevention of digital services and the role of persuasive design. We support practitioners, by guiding them towards more effective use of conversational agents to improve their services and to predict churn.
Oeste-Reiß, S.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Transferring Well-Performing Collaborative Work Practices with Parameterized Templates and Guidebooks: Empowering Subject Matter Experts for an Adaptation to Slightly Different Contexts. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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Collaborative work practices (CWPs) package facilitation expertise and have the potential to increase team productivity up to 90%. Collaboration engineers develop CWPs and deploy them to practitioners that execute them. These CWPs, however, are typically customized to conditions of a specific use case. This creates the challenge that changing use case conditions or even small variations across contexts, hinder well-performing CWPs of being applied more often to create a long-term value. Practitioners fail to adapt existing CWPs due to missing collaboration expertise and adaptation guidelines. To address this challenge in collaboration engineering literature, we introduce a) the Subject Matter Expert role; b) the ‘CWP Adaptation Approach’ that formalizes the transfer of CWPs to different contexts with parameterized Templates and Guidebooks. To show a first proof-of-concept, we further inductively generalize from an exemplarily use case with a well-performing CWP in the educational domain.
Schmitt, A.; Zierau, N.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): The Role of AI-Based Artifacts’ Voice Capabilities for Agency Attribution. In: Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS), 4, Vol. 24. pp. 980–1004.
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The pervasiveness and increasing sophistication of artificial intelligence (AI)-based artifacts within private, organizational, and social realms change how humans interact with machines. Theorizing about the way humans perceive AI-based artifacts is crucial to understanding why and to what extent humans deem these as competent for, i.e., decision-making, yet has traditionally taken a modality-agnostic view. In this paper, we theorize about a particular case of interaction, namely that of voice-based interaction with AI-based artifacts. The capabilities and perceived naturalness of such artifacts, fueled by continuous advances in natural language processing, induce users to deem an artifact as able to act autonomously in a goal-oriented manner. We argue that there is a positive direct relationship between the voice capabilities of an artifact and users’ agency attribution, ultimately obscuring the artifact’s true nature and competencies. This relationship is further moderated by an artifact’s actual agency, uncertainty, and user characteristics.
Berkle, Y.; Schmitt, L.; Tolzin, A.; Janson, A.; Wambsganss, T.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Leuchter, M. (2023): Measuring university students’ ability to recognize argument structures and fallacies. In: Frontiers in Psychology (Front. Psychol.), 1270931, Vol. 14. pp. 1–17.
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Theory: Argumentation is crucial for all academic disciplines. Nevertheless, a lack of argumentation skills among students is evident. Two core aspects of argumentation are the recognition of argument structures (e.g., backing up claims with premises, according to the Toulmin model) and the recognition of fallacies. As both aspects may be related to content knowledge, students studying different subjects might exhibit different argumentation skills depending on whether the content is drawn from their own or from a foreign subject. Therefore, we developed an instrument to measure the recognition of both argument structures and fallacies among the groups of preservice teachers and business economics students in both their respective domains (pedagogy and economics), and a neutral domain (sustainability). For the recognition of fallacies, we distinguished between congruent and incongruent fallacies. In congruent fallacies, the two aspects of argument quality, i.e., deductive validity and inductive strength, provide converging evidence against high argument quality. In incongruent fallacies, these two aspects diverge. Based on dual process theories, we expected to observe differences in the recognition of congruent and incongruent fallacies. Aims: We investigated whether these two abilities are domain-specific and whether the recognition of fallacies depends on the congruence of two aspects of argument quality. Methods: 267 preservice teachers and 56 business economics students participated in the study. For the recognition of argument structures, participants assigned the five statements constituting one argument to the corresponding component according to the Toulmin model. For the recognition of fallacies, we created arguments and incorporated a common fallacy into some of them: formal fallacy, overgeneralization, irrelevance, or circularity. Participants rated whether the argument was cogent or not, which was followed by a brief justification. Results: Domain specificity could not be found for either of both abilities. For the recognition of fallacies, two dimensions were found: a congruent dimension (formal fallacies and overgeneralizations) and an incongruent dimension (irrelevance and circularity). Discussion: The instrument measures the recognition of both argument structures and fallacies in these two groups across domains. The recognition of fallacies differs depending on whether the deductive validity and the inductive strength of the argument are equally indicative of argument quality or not.
Ritz, E. (2023): GETTING INTO FLOW!? ENHANCE FLOW-LIKE EXPERIENCES AND LEARNING PERFORMANCE THROUGH PERSONALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITIES. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Kristiansand, Norway.
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Although intelligent learning systems provide new opportunities for personalizing learning activities, important design questions remain. To unleash the full impact of such systems, it is vital to examine how the use of Bayesian knowledge tracing can provide learners personalized learning activities and shape their flow experience, performance, and continuity intention. Further, this study explores the moderating role of a growth mindset on the relation between learning task adaptation and flow experience. I rely on electroencephalography to increase the internal validity of flow measurements. The study builds on Flow Theory and aims to empirically unveil the influence of an intelligent personalization of learning processes. The next step will be an experiment with 80 participants following the developed experimental design to evaluate flow experiences in intelligent learning systems. The results of this experiment aim to guide educational designers with prescriptive knowledge on how to design flow-like learning experiences in intelligent learning systems.
Langes, B.; Peters, C.; Boes, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Innovationen für datenbasierte Wertschöpfung. Mit internetbasierten Dienstleistungen die Zukunft der Wirtschaft gestalten. . München: ISF München.
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Schöbel, S.; & Tingelhoff, F. (2023): Overcoming Challenges to Enable the Potential of Metaverse Platforms. In: AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction (THCI), 1, Vol. 15. pp. 1–21.
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Metaverse is the buzzword of modern society. Practitioners and researchers have discussed metaverse platforms extensively, but the potential and meaning of the metaverse remain controversial. In this paper, we investigate and identify challenges that enable the potential of metaverse platforms. If these challenges are overcome, there will be value creation for practitioners, organizations, and society. We used a qualitative approach whereby we interviewed 34 metaverse experts to identify the challenges, potential, and value associated with the metaverse. Our results demonstrate that technical and societal challenges obstruct the ability to handle user-related and organizational challenges. If these challenges can be overcome, we can use the opportunities that our participants identified to create functional, social, and emotional value. Our work theoretically contributes to current knowledge on metaverse platforms by elaborating on handling metaverse platform ecosystems and determining instrumental challenges in their realization. With our qualitative approach, we provide room and directions for future research to develop a better understanding of the role and meaning of value creation in the metaverse. Our findings are useful to practitioners by presenting challenges organizations must overcome to create metaverse platforms or participate in a metaverse ecosystem. Furthermore, we present opportunities for vendors of metaverse platforms and organizations by identifying relevant processes that can be transferred into the metaverse.
Tingelhoff, F.; & Marga, J. J. (2023): Perspektiven auf das Metaverse: Der Zeitgeist des Internets der Zukunft. In: Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management (Wirtsch Inform Manag).
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Seit Marc Zuckerberg im Oktober 2021 die Umbenennung seines Unternehmens Facebook in Meta bekannt gab, ist das Metaverse zum omnipräsenten Gesprächsthema avanciert. Allerdings scheint niemand mit Bestimmtheit sagen zu können, was es wirklich ist und wie es sich gestalten wird. Aber gerade dieses Verständnis ist die essenzielle Voraussetzung, um fundierte Entscheidungen bezüglich dieser neuen Technologie treffen zu können.
Schöbel, S.; Karatas, J.; Tingelhoff, F.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Not everything is a Metaverse?! A Practitioners Perspective on Characterizing Metaverse Platforms. In: Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference of System Science (HICSS) (Vol. 56). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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Organizations claim to host what is called a metaverse – an extended version of our real world. First rudimental realizations of such metaverses can be found throughout the internet, e.g., Epic Game’s Fortnite. At the same time, research and practice struggle to specify what a metaverse truly is and how we can characterize it. With our work, we analyze the proximity of the realization of a holistic metaverse platform and present the results of a qualitative interview study (n=30). The goal of our work is to use the expertise of practitioners to discuss different examples that claim to represent a metaverse, e.g., Second Life and Decentraland. To achieve this goal, we develop a typology we call the Metagon and use it to evaluate existing metaverse platforms. We contribute to theory by clarifying the meaning of metaverse platforms. Practitioners are guided by a demonstration of metaverse characteristics.
Li, M. M.; Löfflad, D.; Reh, C.; & Oeste-Reiß, S. (2023): Towards the design of hybrid intelligence frontline service technologies – A novel human-in-the-loop configuration for human machine interactions. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii.
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Schöbel, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Metaverse Platform Ecosystems. In: Electronic Markets (Electron Markets), 12, Vol. 33. pp. 1–10.
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Traditionally, the metaverse has been defined as a virtual reality space in which users can interact with a computer-generated environment and other users. Nowadays, it is much more than that—the metaverse can be described as a variety of digital platforms and ecosystems, with each ecosystem as an independent universe with its own material, complementors, and functionalities. Creating metaverse ecosystems and integrated platforms results in different roles and responsibilities for complementors, consumers, platform owners, and orchestrators. The term metaverse platforms is further structured and clarified by four perspectives: innovation, production, transaction, and social interaction. Consequently, this fundamental paper defines it as: “A Metaverse is a massively scaled and interoperable meta-ecosystem of other digital ecosystems of real-time rendered 3D virtual worlds which can be experienced synchronously and persistently by an unlimited number of complementors and consumers with an increased user experience caused by a creativity-guided co-creation of goods managed by orchestrators and supported by platform owners.” Consequently, the metaverse offers vast opportunities for digital innovations beyond traditional social media or computer games and creates new infrastructures for add-on innovations in all areas of the digital economy.
Langes, B.; Peters, C.; Reinhard, P.; Li, M. M.; Hermann, S.; Katzenberger, R.; … Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Hybrid Intelligence Service Support. In: Langes, B., Peters, C., Boes, A., & Leimeister, J. M. (Eds.), Innovationen für datenbasierte Wertschöpfung. Mit internetbasierten Dienstleistungen die Zukunft der Wirtschaft gestalten (pp. 37–49). München: ISF München.
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Göldi, A.; & Rietsche, R. (2023): WHERETO FOR AUTOMATED COACHING CONVERSATION: STRUCTURED INTERVENTION OR ADAPTIVE GENERATION?. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Kristiansand, Norway.
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In an age of lifelong learning, it is important that adult learners can effectively use their motivation and resources to reach their learning goals. In conversation, coaches can intervene to promote learning goal attainment by using behavioural change techniques (BCTs). In a coaching chatbot, such techniques can be ordered in an established, structured way to good effect. With recent technological advances, chatbot responses can be generated adaptively; this means that BCTs can be applied in an adaptive but less structured way. It is yet unclear whether this latter form of configuring coaching interventions is viable, how they compare to more established structured interventions, and whether both methods can be combined. For the purpose of answering this, we propose a 2x2 experimental design with the two intervention types as factors and goal attainment as the dependent variable. Results will indicate avenues for automating skilled conversation including choice of technology.
Janson, A.; Schmidt-Kraepelin, M.; Schöbel, S.; & Sunyaev, A. (2023): Special Issue Editorial: Adaptive and Intelligent Gamification Design. In: AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction (THCI), 2, Vol. 15. pp. 136–145.
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This editorial provides an overview of the three accepted papers for the AIS THCI special issue on adaptive and intelligent gamification designs. The first paper examines conversational agents and how one can use gamification to make the design more engaging. The second study focuses on mobile fitness apps and analyzes the role that personality plays in apps and game designs. Finally, the third paper examines gamification in a virtual laboratory environment. Aligned with current work, we present future research directions that involve generative AI, the metaverse, and a shift in gamification research and practice in the future.
Peters, C.; & Richter, P. (2023): Individualizing Patient Pathways through Modularization: Design and Evaluation of Healthcare-Specific Modularization Parameters. In: Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2023). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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Some classes of person-oriented services such as healthcare services require individualization to be effective. Individualizing services and corresponding patient pathways are costly. To provide such services in an individualized, but also efficient manner, service modularization is known as a solution. Until now, modularization parameters that take healthcare specificities into account are missing. This paper closes this gap. Following a design science research approach, we iteratively build and evaluate a set of healthcare-specific modularization parameters. For requirements elicitation, refinement of the modularization parameters and their evaluation, we conduct interviews with domain experts from patient pathways in oncology care as well as with service design and business development experts. As main theoretical contribution, this paper provides design knowledge for the modularization of healthcare services. For practice, the set of parameters assists healthcare providers in the efficient provision of individualized, patient-centric solutions and patient pathways.
Peters, C.; Reichert, F.; & Gläsel, B. (2023): KI im IT-Support – wie mit Low-Code-Plattformen Beschäftigte zu Gestalter:innen der Automatisierung werden. In: Gergs, H.-J., Schatilow, L., Langes, B., & Kämpf, T. (Eds.), Human Friendly Automation: Arbeit und Künstliche Intelligenz neu denken (1st ed., pp. 151–160). Frankfurt, Germany: Frankfurter Allgemeine Buch.
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Peters, C.; & Niering, P. (2023): Menschzentrierte Bürgerbeteiligung mit der Plattform "Weck den Herkules in Dir". In: mitarbeiten.skript (pp. 31–35). Bonn, Germany: Stiftung Mitarbeit.
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Schmitt, A.; Rentsch, S.; & Janson, A. (2023): Social Audio: Conceptualizing Voice-Based Online Social Networks and their Privacy Implications. In: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM). Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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This paper explores the nature and implications of social audio: online social networks (OSNs) that enable users to interact via voice. The paper contributes to basic science by offering a precise conceptualization of voice-based OSNs and their design features. We posit that the defining characteristics of traditional OSNs also hold for social audio, yet that novel features (i.e., creating rooms) and modifications of traditional features (i.e., like) through voice idiosyncrasies can be found. This work also shows how social audio introduces novel privacy implications, particularly driven by the richness and risks of voice as an interaction modality. Using three illustrative cases, we demonstrate applications of social audio and how privacy implications remain largely unaddressed. Specifically, we find that the networks considered show very few specific features addressing the risks of voice-based interaction and that current privacy policies do not reflect these risks nor offer mitigation measures. We bridge our findings and extensions for future research by discussing potential approaches in terms of network architecture features for social audio providers to pursue in order to ensure user privacy.
Dickhaut, E.; Li, M. M.; & Janson, A. (2023): How Videoconferencing and its Affordances Transformed Teaching in Schools During COVID-19 Pandemic. In: Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about major changes in digitization in many areas of life and professions. New areas were digitized almost overnight, the school system in Germany was no exception leading to a demand for videoconferencing tools and communication platforms. These technologies have many different functionalities that need to be discovered, explored, and exploited by the user. Given the disruptive events that the COVID pandemic brought to us, this paper aims to shed light on how the dynamics of discovery, exploration, and exploitation unfolds. We use a functional affordance theory perspective to analyze and understand how user learn to use new technologies. To do this, we conducted an exploratory case-study-based research design including interviews with teachers from various schools to analyze how they appropriate new technologies to develop an explanatory theoretical model.
Elshan, E.; Germann, D.; Dickhaut, E.; & Li, M. M. (2023): Faster, Cheaper, Better? Analyzing how Lowcode Developoment Platforms drive Bottom-Up Innovation. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Kristiansand, Norway.
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Recent years have seen a growing adoption of Low Code Development Platforms (LCDPs) in organizations. The increasing affinity for technology development across all user groups, consumerization of development, and advancing digitalization are opening up a new target group for the low code movement. This change in software development allows bottom-up user innovators within a company to leverage their domain knowledge and quickly deploy much-needed digital services. However, a clear understanding of this paradigm of software development in organizations and the influence on end-user acceptance is still missing. In this paper, we present the results of an interview study conducted with 18 LCDP experts and discuss the implications of our findings, highlighting the role of LCDPs and context in bottom-up innovation as well as user-centricity. Our research contributes to the literature on LCDPs and offers valuable insights for organizations looking to leverage their workforce's innovative potential.
Schöbel, S.; Schmitt, A.; Benner, D.; Saqr, M.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Charting the Evolution and Future of Conversational Agents: A Research Agenda Along Five Waves and New Frontiers. In: Information Systems Frontiers, Vol. 26. pp. 729–754.
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Conversational agents (CAs) have come a long way from their first appearance in the 1960s to today's generative models. Continuous technological advancements such as statistical computing and large language models allow for an increasingly natural and effortless interaction, as well as domain-agnostic deployment opportunities. Ultimately, this evolution begs multiple questions: How have technical capabilities developed? How is the nature of work changed through humans' interaction with conversational agents? How has research framed dominant perceptions and depictions of such agents? And what is the path forward? To address these questions, we conducted a bibliometric study including over 5000 research articles on CAs. Based on a systematic analysis of keywords, topics, and author networks, we derive "five waves of CA research" that describe the past, present, and potential future of research on CAs. Our results highlight fundamental technical evolutions and theoretical paradigms in CA research. Therefore, we discuss the moderating role of big technologies, and novel technological advancements like OpenAI GPT or BLOOM NLU that mark the next frontier of CA research. We contribute to theory by laying out central research streams in CA research, and offer practical implications by highlighting the design and deployment opportunities of CAs.
Tolzin, A.; & Janson, A. (2023): Mechanisms of Common Ground in Human-Agent Interaction: A Systematic Review of Conversational Agent Research. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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Human-agent interaction is increasingly influencing our personal and work lives through the proliferation of conversational agents in various domains. As such, these agents combine intuitive natural language interactions by also delivering personalization through artificial intelligence capabilities. However, research on CAs as well as practical failures indicate that CA interaction oftentimes fails miserably. To reduce these failures, this paper introduces the concept of building common ground for more successful human-agent interactions. Based on a systematic review our analysis reveals five mechanisms for achieving common ground: (1) Embodiment, (2) Social Features, (3) Joint Action, (4) Knowledge Base, and (5) Mental Model of Conversational Agents. On this basis, we offer insights into grounding mechanisms and highlight the potentials when considering common ground in different human-agent interaction processes. Consequently, we secure further understanding and deeper insights of possible mechanisms of common ground in human-agent interaction in the future.
Hupe, A.; & Bretschneider, U. (2023): Smarter Crowdwork by Applying Smart Contracts? European Conference on Information Systems. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Kristiansand, Norway.
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Crowdworking is characterized by flexibly engaging a workforce that is recruited for only one task. After the task is completed, the crowdworker and the company do not collaborate anymore. To identify the best-suited crowdwoker for a certain task, crowd working platform providers offer different tools to match both parties. Matching a crowdworker with the required skills for a task is an important factor to complete a crowdworking campaign successfully. As of today, the principal agent theorem and high transaction costs decrease the effectiveness of such campaigns due to information asymmetries between crodworkers and crowdsourcers. Based on a qualitative approach, we structurally develop a currently existing crowdworking campaign process. We then theoretically analyze how smart contracts can support and simplify the identified process while reducing the challenges of transaction cost economics and the principal agent theorem.
Oeste-Reiß, S.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Collaborative Work Practices for Management Education: Using Collaboration Engineering to Design a Reusable and Scalable Collaborative Learning Instructional Design. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICCS). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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Pandemics like COVID-19 highlight the needs and pitfalls of inclusive and equitable education in a digital society. IT-based instructional designs are needed to increase learners’ expertise, and to develop higher-order thinking skills. Instructional designs for collaborative learning (CL) seem to be a promising solution. However, they are mostly suitable for face-to-face and not for distance teaching. The core problem that impedes their reusability and scalability is a ‘collaboration problem’ for which collaboration engineering (CE) provides guidance. Therefore, we deploy a design science research study and contribute to CL and CE literature. We develop requirements and provide the design of an IT-based collaborative work practice fostering CL. We provide empirical evidence with an online experiment in a large-scale lecture with undergraduate business information students. This reveals that groups of learners who followed our CL experience achieve higher levels of expertise than those who followed a traditional ad hoc CL experience.
Janson, A.; Schmitt, A.; & Bevilacqua, T. (2023): Disentangling Trust in Voice Assistants - A Configurational View on Conversational AI Ecosystems. In: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM). Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Voice assistants’ (VAs) increasingly nuanced and natural communication via artificial intelligence (AI) opens up new opportunities for the experience of users, providing task assistance and automation possibilities, and also offer an easy interface to digital services and ecosystems. However, VAs and according ecosystems face various problems, such as low adoption and satisfaction rates as well as other negative reactions from users. Companies, therefore, need to consider what contributes to user satisfaction of VAs and related conversational AI ecosystems. Key for conversational AI ecosystems is the consideration of trust due to their agentic and pervasive nature. Nonetheless, due to the complexity of conversational AI ecosystems and different trust sources involved, we argue that we need a more detailed understanding about trust. Thus, we propose a configurational view on conversational AI ecosystems that allows us to disentangle the complex and interrelated factors that contribute to trust in VAs. We examine with a configurational approach and a survey study, how different trust sources contribute to the outcomes of conversational AI ecosystems, i.e., in our case user satisfaction. The results of our study show four distinct patterns of trust source configurations. Vice versa, we show how trust sources contribute to the absence of the outcome, i.e., user satisfaction. The derived implications provide a configurative theoretical understanding for the role of trust sources for user satisfaction that provides practitioners useful guidance for more trustworthy conversational AI ecosystems.
Reinhard, P.; Wischer, D.; Verlande, L.; Neis, N.; & Li, M. M. (2023): Towards designing an AI-based conversational agent for on-the-job training of customer support novices. In: International Conference on Design Science Research (DESRIST). Pretoria, South Africa.
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Due to the high drop-out rates in IT support desks, efficient onboarding of novices becomes a relevant and recurring challenge. Especially in the case of IT support, solving technical issues and service requests while the conversation with the customer is still ongoing imposes high demands on novice support agents. As artificial intelligence (AI) can already classify service requests and help find solutions, AIbased augmentation holds great potential for improving the onboarding phase and reducing time-to-performance. For this reason, we propose an AI-based conversational (co-)agent during the onboarding phase of customer support novices to reduce the time spent on service tasks and enable on-the-job training. Following action design research, we aim to develop an instantiation of an AI-based co-agent to reduce the job demand for the service center agent novices and augment problem-solving capabilities by considering cognitive load. The co-agent will be implemented with one development partner and evaluated with two different case partner organizations. In this research-in-progress project, we developed a low-fidelity prototype and derived a tentative architecture that allows for a generalized development of such conversational agents in customer service organizations.
Engel, C.; Elshan, E.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Stairway to heaven or highway to hell: A model for assessing cognitive automation use cases. In: Journal of Information Technology (JIT).
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Cognitive automation (CA) moves beyond rule-based business process automation to target cognitive knowledge and service work. This allows the automation of tasks and processes, for which automation seemed unimaginable a decade ago. To organizations, these CA use cases offer vast opportunities to gain a significant competitive advantage. However, CA imposes novel challenges on organizations’ decisions regarding the automation potential of use cases, resulting in low adoption and high project failure rates. To counteract this, we draw on an action research study with a leading European manufacturing company to develop and test a model for assessing use cases’ amenability to CA. The proposed model comprises four dimensions: cognition, data, relationship, and transparency requirements. The model proposes that a use case is less (more) amenable to CA if these requirements are high (low). To account for the model’s industry-agnostic generalizability, we draw on an internal evaluation within the action research company and three additional external evaluations undertaken by independent project teams in three distinct industries. From a practice perspective, the model will help organizations make more informed decisions in selecting use cases for CA and planning their respective initiatives. From a research perspective, the identified determinants affecting use cases’ amenability to CA will enhance our understanding of CA in particular and artificial intelligence as the driving force behind CA in general.
Dickhaut, E.; Schaup, L.; Li, M. M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Einführung eines DSGVO-konformen Videokonferenzsystems in hessischen Schulen. Projektergebnisse des ZEVEDI Ad hoc-Vorhabens „Wechselkosten zum DSGVO-konformen VC-System des Schulportals Hessen“. ITeG Technical Reports (Vol. 13). Kassel: Kassel University Press (KUP).
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Die Pandemie hat zu einem abrupten Umstellen des Präsenz‐Schulbetriebs auf Online‐Lehre gezwungen. Man könnte auch von einem Digitalisierungszwang sprechen. Nach der Pandemie gilt es zu analysieren, was gut und bewahrenswert ist und was verändert werden muss – aus unterschiedlichsten Gründen. Zudem gilt es diese Phase, die 2020 mit Notmaßnahmen begann, als Chance zu begreifen, und das Momentum für mehr und gute digitale Lösungen zu nutzen. In Hessen (und darüber hinaus) gilt es nun zukunftsfähige Infrastrukturen für Schulen zu entwickeln. Diese sollen gutes Lehren und Lernen für Schüler: innen, Lehrende und Eltern ermöglichen und damit den klassischen Präsenzunterricht erweitern, anreichern und insgesamt wirksamer machen. Zugleich sollten alle Beteiligten beim Aufbau solcher Infrastrukturen und darauf aufbauender Anwendungen verstehen, dass es auch darum gehen muss, Lösungen zu erarbeiten, die die digitale Souveränität stärken. Digitale Souveränität beschreibt die Fähigkeiten und Möglichkeiten von Individuen und Institutionen, ihre Rolle(n) in der digitalen Welt selbstständig, selbstbestimmt und sicher ausüben zu können. // 1. Ebenso gehört digitale Souveränität zu den Leitbildern des digitalen Wandels in Europa: Bürgerinnen und Bürger müssen die Möglichkeit haben, Softwarelösungen zu nutzen, die ihre Grundrechte – Datenschutz gemäß europäischem Recht und informationelle Selbstbestimmung – respektieren. Aus dem Blickwinkel des Datenschutzes liegt digitale Souveränität vor, wenn die verantwortlichen Stellen informationstechnische Systeme und Dienste nutzen, die ihnen ermöglichen, ihre datenschutzrechtlichen Pflichten zu erfüllen. // 2. Es gilt also abzuwägen, ob bspw. die Vorteile von Consumer Software, die oftmals hohe Gebrauchstauglichkeit gepaart mit hoher Bekannt‐ und Vertrautheit bei vielen Nutzern die Nachteile durch fehlende Einhaltung von Datenschutzvorgaben, mangelnder Rechtssicherheit oder dem Untergraben digitaler Souveränität überwiegen. Darüber hinaus wird aber allzu oft übersehen, dass mehr als die o.g. Technologiewahl insbesondere auch die zielgerichtete organisationale Einführung und die Einbettung der IT in Arbeitsprozesse, Strukturen und soziale Kontexte massgeblich zum Erfolg beitragen. Erfolg ist hierbei zu messen in art‐ und sachgerechter, freiwilliger und intensiver Nutzung von Softwarelösungen in Lehr‐ und Lernprozessen. Es geht also auch um den organisationalen Einführungsprozess in hessische Schulen und das Unterstützen und Befördern der individuellen Aneignung der neuen Softwarelösungen bei allen Anspruchsgruppen. Denn nur wenn Software genutzt wird, entfaltet sich ihr potenzieller Nutzen. Ziel unseres Vorhabens ist daher, diese Zieldefinition nicht aus den Augen zu verlieren und alle Akteure dabei zu unterstützen, die Einführung von Videokonferenzsoftware an hessischen Schulen zu befördern und insbesondere auch am Erreichen dieses Ziels zu messen.
Klee, S.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Automotive Manufacturers and Their Stumble from one Supply Crisis to Another: Procurement Departments Could be the Game Changer by Using Data Analytics, but…. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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With this paper, we examine the use of data analytics for crisis management in automotive procurement departments. Possible business values of data analytics were part of numerous research approaches. Nevertheless, automotive manufacturers are repeatedly confronted with supply chain disruptions. Procurement departments have a central role within supply chains and are predominantly responsible for stable supply processes. Taking into account the potential of data analytics, such crises should be avoided or at least mitigated. Thus, there is the question, why data analytics cannot currently help automotive procurement departments by facing such crises. We therefore evaluate problems and obstacles by implementing and using data analytics in automotive procurement departments. Therefore, we talk to experienced procurement experts for evaluating practical insights. With our findings we provide practical insights and applicable recommendations for action with the goal of helping procurement leaders to better leverage data analytics for meeting current and future crises.
Karst, F. S.; Li, M. M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Synthesizing Training Data with Generative Adversarial Networks: Towards the Design of a Data-Sharing Ecosystem Platform for Fraud Detection. In: International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). Pretoria, South Africa.
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Financial fraud has a severe impact on the general population. While financial institutions have technological capabilities for fraud detection using intelligent AI systems, the delay until they have collected a sufficient size of fraudulent data to train their fraud detection models creates a costly vulnerability. One major challenge for quickly training data lies in the inability to share fraud detection training data with other financial institutions, due to data and privacy regulations. Thus, we create the concept for a data-sharing ecosystem platform that addresses data anonymity concerns by creating synthesized training data based on each institution’s fraud detection training data sets. We rely on the advantages of generative adversarial networks (GAN) to quickly construct a shared dataset for all ecosystem members. Applying design science research, this paper derives design knowledge based on financial fraud detection literature, data sharing between financial institutions, GANs and modular systems theory for the design of a plat-form architecture for data-sharing ecosystems.
Tolzin, A.; Körner, A.; Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; Rummer, R.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Designing Pedagogical Conversational Agents for Achieving Common Ground. In: International Conference on Design Science Research (DESRIST). Pretoria, South Africa.
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As educational organizations face difficulties in providing personalized learning material or individual learning support, pedagogical conversational agents (PCAs) promise individualized learning for students. However, the problem of conversational breakdowns of PCAs and consequently poor learning outcomes still exist. Hence, effective and grounded communication between learners and PCAs is fundamental to improving learning processes and out-comes. As understanding each other and the conversational grounding is crucial for conversations between humans and PCAs, we propose common ground theory as a foundation for designing a PCA. Conducting a design science research project, we propose theory-motivated design principles and instantiate them in a PCA. We evaluate the utility of the artifact with an experimental study in higher education to inform the subsequent design iterations. We contribute design knowledge on conversational agents in learning settings, enabling researchers and practitioners to develop PCAs based on common ground research in education and providing avenues for future research. Thereby, we can secure further understanding of learning processes based on grounding communication.
Reinhard, P.; Li, M. M.; Dickhaut, E.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Empowering Recommender Systems in ITSM: A Pipeline Reference Model for AI-based Textual Data Quality Enrichment. In: Gerber, A., & Baskerville, R. (Eds.), International Conference on Design Science Research (DESRIST). Pretoria, South Africa.
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AI-based recommendation systems to augment working conditions in the field of IT service management (ITSM) have attracted new attention. However, many IT support organizations possess high volumes of tickets but are confronted with low quality, to which they train the underlying models of their AI systems. In particular, support tickets are documented insufficiently due to time pressure and lack of motivation. Following design science research, we design and evaluate an analytics pipeline to address the data quality issue. The pipeline can be applied to assess and extract high-quality support tickets for subsequent model training and operation. Based on a data set of 60.000 real-life support tickets from a manufacturing company, we develop the artifact, instantiate a recommender system and achieve a higher pre-diction performance in comparison to naïve enrichment methods. In terms of data management literature, we contribute to the understanding of as-sessing textual ticket data quality. By deriving a pipeline reference model, we move towards a general approach to designing machine learning-driven data quality analytics pipelines for attached recommender systems.
Gleich, T.; Schöbel, S.; & Janson, A. (2023): Meetings at Digital Workplaces – An Experimental Approach to Analyze Group Attachment and Organizational Commitment in Digital Worlds. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Kristiansand, Norway.
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After facing the COVID-19 pandemic, organizations request their employees to work from home permanently. For an organization, this provides positive benefits such as reducing costs for rent. From an employee perspective, working from home can cause a feeling of isolation towards co-workers and lower attachment to an organization. One way to counteract this problem is to transfer the office to the digital world, especially spurred by the metaverse discussion to represent processes of our real world in digital environments that allow us to do everything in the same way digitally as we are doing in the real world. In this paper, we present a theoretical model for conducting a 2x2 between-subject experiment to analyze how digital real-world meeting experiences influence team attachment and organizational commitment. We contribute to theories such as the need of belonging and transfer them to digital environments and provide practical implications for designing digital offices.
Tuunanen, T.; Böhmann, T.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Introduction to the Minitrack on Digital Service and Service Digitalization. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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The purpose of the minitrack is to attract research on the innovation, design, development, management, and use of digital services and the digitalization of services. The key drivers in this area of research are the multiplying technological opportunities for digital services, such as ubiquitous connectivity, artificial intelligence, wearable devices, cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things (IoT), virtual/augmented reality, web3, and so on. The minitrack provides a discussion forum for researchers interested in theoretical and practical problems related to such services (Huang & Rust, 2013; Lusch & Nambisan, 2015).
Hupe, A.; & Bretschneider, U. (2023): Revolutionizing Crowdworking Campaigns: Conquering Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard with the Help of Smart Contracts. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Hyderabad, India.
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Crowdworking is increasingly being applied by companies to outsource tasks beyond their core competencies flexibly and cost-effectively to an unknown group. However, the anonymous and financially incentivized nature of crowdworkers creates information asymmetries and conflicts of interest, leading to inefficiencies and intensifying the principal-agent problem. Our paper offers a solution to the widespread problem of inefficient Crowdworking campaigns. We first derive the currently applied Crowdworking campaign process based on a qualitative study. Subsequently, we identify the broadest adverse selection and moral hazard problems in the process. We then analyze how the blockchain application of smart contracts can counteract those challenges and develop a process model that maps a Crowdworking campaign using smart contracts. We explain how our developed process significantly reduces adverse selection and moral hazard at each stage. Thus, our research provides approaches to make online labor more attractive and transparent for companies and online workers.
Lange, K.; Refflinghaus, R.; Hupe, A.; & Bretschneider, U. (2023): Establishing a Comprehensive Quality Management for the Use of Crowd-based Mechanisms by SMEs. In: International Conference on Production Research (ICPR). Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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This paper describes a concept to adapt the design of quality management in SMEs to better exploit the potential of crowdworking. It shows how the quality management, especially of SMEs, can be organised to make efficient and targeted use of work perfomed by crowd-based mechanisms and continue to ensure that customer requirements are met. The different forms of crowd-based mechanisms will be discussed. Barriers of SMEs in adopting crowdsourcing and strategies to overcome them will be identified. A modular reference process model for the quality-oriented use of crowdworking in SMEs will be developed. In addition, concrete recommendations for action to adapt or supplement the design of quality management in SMEs for the efficient and effective use of crowd-based mechanisms will be given.
Eilers, K.; & Peters, C. (2023): Das agile Mindset: Definition, Relevanz und Messbarkeit. In: PersonalQUARTELY.
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Elshan, E.; Ebel, P. A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Leveraging Low Code Development of Smart Personal Assistants: An Integrated Design Approach with the SPADE Method. In: Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS), 1, Vol. 40. pp. 96–129.
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Smart personal assistants (SPAs) promise individualized user interactions owing to their varying interaction possibilities, knowledgeability, and human-like behaviors. To support the widespread adoption and use of SPAs, organizations such as Google or Amazon provide low code environments that support the development of SPAs (e.g., for Google Home or Amazon’s Alexa). These so-called low code platforms enable domain experts (e.g., business users without programming skills or experience) to develop SPAs for their purposes. However, using these platforms alone does not guarantee a useful and good conversation with novel SPAs due to non-intuitive design choices. Following a design science research approach, we propose the Smart Personal Assistant for Domain Experts (SPADE) method to address the missing link. This method supports domain experts in the development and contextualization of sophisticated SPAs for various application scenarios and focuses especially on conversational and anthropomorphic design steps. Our proof of concept and proof of value results show that SPADE is useful for supporting domain experts to create effective SPAs in different domains beyond private set-ups.
Freise, L. R.; & Bretschneider, U. (2023): Automized Assessment for Professional Skills – A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Avenues. In: Internationale Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). Paderborn, Germany.
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Globalization, technological progress, and demographic trends increasingly influence our labor markets. With changing labor markets and increasing digitalization, new competencies of workers are needed to meet demands. However, as a first step to developing these new skills, knowledge about the existing skills and their status quo is necessary. Here, automated skill assessment offers a crucial added value, as it can create a reliable and objective database. Based on a systematic investigation, our analysis shows, in four different areas, how skills and competencies in the automated assessment are (1) defined, (2) included as an element of analysis, (3) methodically recorded and processed, (4) which data source is used. In doing so, we offer insights into existing approaches to automated assessment of professional skills. We contribute to a better under-standing of the design of automated skill assessment methods and provide perspectives on future research directions.
Thiel de Gafenco, M.; Weinert, T.; Janson, A.; Klusmeyer, J.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): Shared digital artifacts – Co-creators as beneficiaries in microlearning development. In: Education and Information Technologies (Educ Inf Technol).
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Continuing vocational training benefits from the employees’ ability to share individual experience and expertise with their co-workers, as these assets constitute competitive advantages for companies. IT-supported systems can facilitate processes of knowledge elicitation (e. g. as part of collaborative co-creation) to ensure retainment of preferred qualitative characteristics of the resulting knowledge artifacts and provide ample opportunities to manage and configure a growing number of such artifacts in a company’s repository. It remains unclear however, how such collaborative and digital co-creation processes can benefit the individual co-creators’ expertise development. To address this gap in research and practice, an IT-supported co-creation system for microlearnings is designed and evaluated with master craftsman trainees of an inter-company vocational training center. With the deployment of the co-creation system, knowledge elaboration was examined via a qualitative evaluation of concept maps. By applying categories of the maps’ semantic properties and comparing features of expert knowledge derived from expertise research and concept mapping literature, we evaluate the process’ function to support expert knowledge elaboration as a desirable learning outcome for co-creators of shared digital artifacts. Analysis of the concept maps shows an absence of theoretical reasoning and an emphasis on contextual factors with minute details of work processes, indicating more practical than expert knowledge formation when co-creating shared digital artifacts. To improve the IT system’s effective support for expert knowledge elicitation, adjustments to the structured procedure are discussed and future research directions and limitations of this study are addressed.
Berkle, Y.; Janson, A.; Wambsganß, T.; Löfflad, D.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Leuchter, M. (2023): Measuring students’ argumentation skills: validation of a test instrument. In: EARLI Conference (EARLI). Thessaloniki, Greece.
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The importance of argumentation skills for academic disciplines is well evident. Two core aspects of argumentation skills are a) the recognition of argumentation fallacies and b) the recognition of the structure of arguments. These two argumentation skills might be related to domain-specific knowledge. In our study, we aim to evaluate an instrument to assess the recognition of argumentation fallacies and the structure of arguments in the context of different domains. Thus, we implemented a self-developed instrument to measure both argumentation skills in different student groups (business economic students and pre-service teachers) in different domains: a) the study-domain of their own courses, b) the study-domain of the respective other courses and c) a neutral domain (sustainability). We assumed these three domains to represent different dimensions within the ability to recognize argumentation fallacies and within the ability to recognize argument structures. This assumption could not be confirmed, what leads to the assumption that our instrument captures cross-domain argumentation skills. However, our research implies a difference in the recognition of formal compared to informal argumentation fallacies. Furthermore, the results indicate that the instrument measures argumentative skills in both groups of students equally well.
Herde, M.; Huseljic, D.; Sick, B.; Bretschneider, U.; & Oeste-Reiss, S. (2023): Who knows best? A Case Study on Intelligent Crowdworker Selection via Deep Learning. In: International Workshop & Tutorial on Interactive Adaptive Learning (IAL). Torino, Italy.
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Crowdworking is a popular approach for annotating large amounts of data to train deep neural networks. However, parts of the annotations are often erroneous. In a case study, we demonstrate how an intelligent crowdworker selection via deep learning reduces the number of erroneous annotations and, thus, the annotation costs of obtaining reliable data for training deep neural networks.
Beverungen, D.; zur Heiden, P.; Lehrer, C.; Trier, M.; & Bartelheimer, C. (2023): Implementing Digital Responsibility through Information Systems Research – A Delphi Study of Objectives, Activities, and Challenges in IS Research. In: .
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Elshan, E.; Dickhaut, E.; & Ebel, P. (2023): An Investigation of Why Low Code Platforms Provide Answers and New Challenges. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii.
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Although the idea of low code development is not new, the market for these oftentimes platform-based development approaches is exponentially growing. Especially factors such as increasing affinity for technology development across all user groups, consumerization of development, and advancing digitalization are opening a new target group for the low code movement. The broad application possibilities of low code, as well as the benefits, are therefore getting more important for businesses. Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), low code constitutes a promising avenue to survive and succeed in the rapidly changing world. However, a clear understanding regarding the application of this paradigm of software development in SMEs is still missing. To provide a coherent understanding of the phenomenon low code in SMEs, we review extant literature and conduct interviews, identifying potential application domains and conceptualizing the benefits and challenges of low code from a holistic perspective.
Freise, L. R.; & Hupe, A. (2023): Transferring Digital Twin Technology on Employee Skills: A Framework to Support Human Resources. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM). Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Skill assessment has become increasingly important in recent years. The shortage of skilled workers has demonstrated the need to identify suitable candidates for jobs and to develop existing employees. However, human resources processes rely on resumes, references, or job certifications to assess their employees’ skills. A few years ago, the concept of a digital twin was introduced, which is a digital replica of a physical entity. While using blockchain, the digital twin technology offers tremendous potential for transfer to other contexts. In the context of these considerations, we present a framework that allows the technology of the digital twin to be combined with that of skill assessment to create an enhanced skill profile. With a job market signaling perspective, we integrate knowledge about skills, clarify the opportunities of assessment, and develop a framework for a digital skill twin. In doing so, we argue that the multi-source and multi-method approach of such a digital skill twin leads to increased validity, reliability, and standardization. We thereby contribute to theory and practice by developing a new framework that offers employees to know their strengths and development potential and organizations to assess their employees’ skills.
Purohit, A. K.; Barev, T. J.; Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; & Holzer, A. (2023): Designing for Digital Wellbeing on a Smartphone: Co-creation of Digital Nudges to Mitigate Instagram Overuse. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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The endless stream of social media newsfeeds and stories captivates users for hours on end, sometimes exceeding what users themselves consider unhealthy. However, reducing one's social media consumption has proven to be challenging. To address this issue, this study investigates how the co-creation of the digital feedback nudge can improve digital well-being without increasing privacy threats. To achieve this goal, a mixed method study is used through a two-week pre-post study design. Results demonstrate that co-creation significantly increased users' sense of agency, sense of accomplishment and perceived sense of privacy while reducing users' privacy concern. Furthermore, the feedback nudge allowed participants to significantly decrease their social media use.
Klee, S.; & Janson, A. (2023): Investigating Relevant Data in Automotive Procurement Departments: External Shocks as Transparency Creator for Data Deficits in Decision-Making. In: Information Systems Frontiers (Inf Syst Front).
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Uncertainty becomes the new normal for organizations worldwide. Many organizations are dependent on complex global supply chains. COVID-19, but also environmental disasters or the war in Ukraine, demonstrate the volatility of supply chains. Procurement departments are the central interface between internal and external stakeholders and must manage the supply chain stability what requires fast and accurate decision-making. External shocks and sudden disruptions of central supply chains illustrated that data analytics could not prevent disruptions, although sound research on competitive advantages and numerous investments should have enabled organizations to data-driven decision-making. Rather, it became transparent, that there are numerous data deficits in organizations. We did an interview-based study with 23 procurement and supply chain experts about relevant data sets and the status of its usability. We contribute to theory and practice by uncovering relevant aspects of data and provide theoretical propositions on how decision-making can be improved in automotive procurement departments.
Li, M. M.; Reinhard, P.; Oeste-Reiss, S.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2023): A Value Co-Creation Perspective on Data Labeling in Hybrid Intelligence Systems: A Design Study. In: Information Systems (IS), p. 102311.
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The adoption of innovative technologies confronts IT-Service-Management (ITSM) with an increasing volume and variety of requests. Artificial intelligence (AI) possesses the potential to augment customer service employees. However, the training data for AI systems are annotated by domain experts with little interest in labeling correctly due to their limited perceived value. Ultimately, insufficient labeled data leads to diminishing returns in AI performance. Following a design science research approach, we provide a novel human-in-the-loop (HIL) design for ITSM support ticket recommendations by incorporating a value co-creation perspective. The design incentivizes ITSM agents to provide labels during their everyday ticket-handling procedures. We develop a functional prototype based on 17,120 support tickets provided by a pilot partner as an instantiation and evaluate the design through accuracy metrics and user evaluations. Our evaluation revealed that recommendations after label improvement showed increased user ratings, and users are willing to contribute their domain knowledge. The improved labels can be utilized to continuously enhance the AI system as rewards showed increasing growth with decreasing marginal returns. Overall, our results emphasize agents' need for value-in-use by providing better results if they improve the labeling of support tickets pre-labeled by AI. Thus, we provide prescriptive knowledge of a novel HIL design that enables efficient and interactive labeling in the context of diverse applications of reinforcement learning systems.
Hupe, A.; Bretschneider, U.; Lange, K.; Trostmann, T.; Stubbemann, L.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Refflinghaus, R. (2023): Barriers of SMEs in Adopting Crowdsourcing and -working and Strategies to Overcome Them. ITeG Technical Reports (Vol. 16). Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press (kup).
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Despite its undisputable benefits for firms, crowdsourcing and ‐working is currently rarely applied in small and medium sized enterprises (SME). Up to now extant literature provides only an incomplete picture of the barriers that hinder SMEs from adopting crowdsourcing and ‐working. Because of these incomplete insights on this phenomenon there is also a great deal of uncertainty on how to overcome these barriers. In the scope of an interview series with 15 SMEs we explore a range of different barriers. In a second round of interviews with crowdsourcing and ‐working experts (Delphi study) we reveal strategies that may help SMEs to overcome these barriers. The findings from these two studies not only expand the so far incomplete body of knowledge but also provide practical references for SMEs to overcome the barriers and to adopt crowdsourcing and ‐working for their value creation activities.
Ritz, E.; Fabio, D.; Elshan, E.; & Rietsche, R. (2023): Artificial Socialization? How Artificial Intelligence Applications Can Shape A New Era of Employee Onboarding Practices. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Maui, Hawaii, USA.
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Onboarding has always emphasized personal contact with new employees. Excellent onboarding can extend employee retention and improve loyalty. Even in a physical setting, the onboarding process is demanding for both the newcomer and the onboarding organization. Remote work, in contrast, has made this process even more challenging by forcing a rapid shift from offline to online onboarding practices. Organizations are adopting new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) to support work processes, such as hiring processes or innovation facilitation, which could shape a new era of work practices. However, it has not been studied how AI applications can or should support onboarding. Therefore, our research conducts a literature review on current onboarding practices and uses expert interviews to evaluate AI's potential and pitfalls for each action. We contribute to the literature by presenting a holistic picture of onboarding practices and assessing potential application areas of AI in the onboarding process.

2022[ to top ]

Benner, D.; Schöbel, S.; Süess, C.; Baechle, V.; & Janson, A. (2022): Level-Up your Learning - Introducing a Framework for Gamified Educational Conversational Agents. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI).
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Driven by circumstances like the global pandemic many learners and educators realize the importance and value of self-regulated digital learning. To better support self-regulated learning, conversational agents have become more relevant. Conversational agents can act as tutor or as learning mate for learners. Although conversational agents have potential to better support self-regulated learning processes, challenges exist requiring implications about how to make these interactions more engaging and supportive. This study discusses the value of gamified conversational learning chatbots that use game elements to engage learners to guide researchers and practitioners to design conversational agents that effectively motivate learners and provide self-regulated learning at the same time. Therefore, we propose a systematically developed framework for gamifying educational conversational agents and contribute to theory by consolidating several theories about games, digital learning, and conversational agents and support practitioners by providing implications about what to care about when gamifying conversational agents.
Benner, D.; Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): How to Achieve Ethical Persuasive Design: A Review and Theoretical Propositions for Information Systems. In: AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction (THCI), 4, Vol. 14. pp. 548–577.
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Persuasive system design (PSD) is an umbrella term for designs in information systems (IS) that can influence people’s attitude, behavior, or decision making for better or for worse. On the one hand, PSD can improve users’ engagement and motivation to change their attitude, behavior, or decision making in a favorable way, which can help them achieve a desired outcome and, thus, improve their wellbeing. On the other hand, PSD misuse can lead to unethical and undesirable outcomes, such as disclosing unnecessary information or agreeing to terms that do not favor users, which, in turn, can negatively impact their wellbeing. These powerful persuasive designs can involve concepts such as gamification, gamblification, and digital nudging, which all have become prominent in recent years and have been implemented successfully across different sectors, such as education, e-health, e-governance, e-finance, and digital privacy contexts. However, such persuasive influence on individuals raises ethical questions as PSD can impair users’ autonomy or persuade them towards a third party’s goals and, hence, lead to unethical decision-making processes and outcomes. In human-computer interaction, recent advances in artificial intelligence have made this topic particularly significant. These novel technologies allow one to influence the decisions that users make, to gather data, and to profile and persuade users into unethical outcomes. These unethical outcomes can lead to psychological and emotional damage to users. To understand the role that ethics play in persuasive system design, we conducted an exhaustive systematic literature analysis and 20 interviews to overview ethical considerations for persuasive system design. Furthermore, we derive potential propositions for more ethical PSD and shed light on potential research gaps.
Engel, C.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Cognitive automation. In: Electronic Markets, 1, Vol. 32. pp. 339–350.
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Facilitated by AI technology, the phenomenon of cognitive automation extends the scope of deterministic business process automation (BPA) through the probabilistic automation of knowledge and service work. By transforming work systems through cognitive automation, organizations are provided with vast strategic opportunities to gain business value. However, research lacks a unified conceptual lens on cognitive automation, which hinders scientific progress. Thus, based on a Systematic Literature Review, we describe the fundamentals of cognitive automation and provide an integrated conceptualization. We provide an overview of the major BPA approaches such as workflow management, robotic process automation, and Machine Learning-facilitated BPA while emphasizing their complementary relationships. Furthermore, we show how the phenomenon of cognitive automation can be instantiated by Machine Learning-facilitated BPA systems that operate along the spectrum of lightweight and heavyweight IT implementations in larger IS ecosystems. Based on this, we describe the relevance and opportunities of cognitive automation in Information Systems research.
Pristl, A.-C. C.; & Billert, M. S. (2022): CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN INCREASINGLY DIGITALIZED GOVERNMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS – A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2022) (pp. 1–19). Timișoara, Romania.
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Citizen participation in increasingly digitalized governmental environments can introduce fruitful capabilities to encourage citizens to engage in municipal affairs and through this take actively part in fostering smart cities’ effectiveness. However, the practical exploitation of recent knowledge is still not sufficiently operationalized, whilst research in this field yields various approaches focusing on diverse emphases. Therefore, the necessity of systematically collecting and afterwards analysing the existing literature towards this topic is obvious. This paper depicts a proceeding to systematically review the available literature towards the relevant research units on citizen participation. Overall, 48 topic-based papers were identified out of leading journals and conference papers about information systems. The main findings of the relevant papers were assessed to a proposed analytical framework consisting of increasing participation stages and two distinct focus groups namely government and citizens. Accordingly, the covered recent focus areas of research are identified to reveal where state-of-the-art research falls short. Consequently, the imperative of emphasising investigation regarding concepts for ICT-enabled services focusing the empowerment of citizens arises as being our contribution for guiding future research, whilst governments can practically benefit from the composed framework by using it for classifying, planning and implementing proposed participation activities.
Hupe, A.; Bretschneider, U.; Trostmann, T.; & Stubbemann, L. (2022): Barriers for SMEs in Adopting Crowdsourcing. In: 35th Bled eConference Digital Restructuring and Human (Re)action (pp. 233–248). Maribor, Slovenia: University of Maribor Press.
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Despite its undisputable benefits for firms, crowdsourcing is rarely applied in small and medium sized enterprises (SME), yet. Until today extant literature provides only an uncomplete picture of the barriers that hinder SMEs from adopting crowdsourcing. Because of these incomplete insights on this phenomenon there is a great deal of uncertainty on how to overcome these barriers all the more. In the scope of an interview series with 15 SMEs we explore a range of different barriers. The findings from our study do not only expand the so far incomplete body of knowledge but also provide practical references for SMEs to be aware of the barriers. This simplifies avoiding them and successfully adopting crowdsourcing.
Schmitt, A.; Wambsganss, T.; & Janson, A. (2022): Designing for Conversational System Trustworthiness: The Impact of Model Transparency on Trust and Task Performance. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Timișoara, Romania.
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Designing for system trustworthiness promises to address challenges of opaqueness and uncertainty introduced through Machine Learning (ML)-based systems by allowing users to understand and interpret systems’ underlying working mechanisms. However, empirical exploration of trustworthiness measures and their effectiveness is scarce and inconclusive. We investigated how varying model confidence (70% versus 90%) and making confidence levels transparent to the user (explanatory statement versus no explanatory statement) may influence perceptions of trust and performance in an information retrieval task assisted by a conversational system. In a field experiment with 104 users, our findings indicate that neither model confidence nor transparency seem to impact trust in the conversational system. However, users’ task performance is positively influenced by both transparency and trust in the system. While this study considers the complex interplay of system trustworthiness, trust, and subsequent behavioral outcomes, our results call into question the relation between system trustworthiness and user trust.
Rietsche, R.; Ritz, E.; Janda, J.; & Pfütze, D. (2022): A Corpus for Suggestion Mining of German Peer Feedback. In: Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC) (pp. 5539–5547). Marseille, France.
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Peer feedback in online education becomes increasingly important to meet the demand for feedback in large scale classes, such as e.g. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). However, students are often not experts in how to write helpful feedback to their fellow students. In this paper, we introduce a corpus compiled from university students’ peer feedback to be able to detect suggestions on how to improve the students’ work and therefore being able to capture peer feedback helpfulness. To the best of our knowledge, this corpus is the first student peer feedback corpus in German which additionally was labelled with a new annotation scheme. The corpus consists of more than 600 written feedback (about 7,500 sentences). The utilisation of the corpus is broadly ranged from Dependency Parsing to Sentiment Analysis to Suggestion Mining, etc. We applied the latter to empirically validate the utility of the new corpus. Suggestion Mining is the extraction of sentences that contain suggestions from unstructured text. In this paper, we present a new annotation scheme to label sentences for Suggestion Mining. Two independent annotators labelled the corpus and achieved an inter-annotator agreement of 0.71. With the help of an expert arbitrator a gold standard was created. An automatic classification using BERT achieved an accuracy of 75.3%.
Rietsche, R.; Dremel, C.; Bosch, S.; Steinacker, L.; Meckel, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Quantum computing. In: Electronic Markets, 4, Vol. 32. pp. 2525–2536.
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Quantum computing promises to be the next disruptive technology, with numerous possible applications and implications for organizations and markets. Quantum computers exploit principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement, to represent data and perform operations on them. Both of these principles enable quantum computers to solve very specific, complex problems significantly faster than standard computers. Against this backdrop, this fundamental gives a brief overview of the three layers of a quantum computer: hardware, system software, and application layer. Furthermore, we introduce potential application areas of quantum computing and possible research directions for the field of information systems.
Diesterhöft, T. O.; Benner, D.; & Brauer, B. (2022): Introducing Conversational Explanations as a Novel Response Strategy to Data Breach Incidents in Digital Commerce. In: pre-ICIS Workshop on Information Security and Privacy (WISP). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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In order to individualize and personalize digital services, an increasing number of e-commerce providers are exploiting abundant amounts of customer information. Alongside these positive effects, an inherent risk of compromise of customer information arises, resulting in data breaches. Compelled by regulations, companies are obliged to notify their customers. Previous literature indicates that different data breach response strategies can mitigate the negative effects of these security incidents. Drawing on data breach and conversational agent (CA) research, we theorize that the manner in which a data breach is communicated is equally relevant. We test our developed hypotheses in an online experiment (n=89). Our results show that explaining a data breach increases customer satisfaction. Simultaneously, we reveal that CAs lend themselves as a tool to positively influence this degree of explanation. Our work provides novel insights into the centrality of explanation in a data breach response and their positive correlation with CAs.
Wambsganss, T.; Zierau, N.; Söllner, M.; Käser, T.; Koedinger, K. R.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Designing Conversational Evaluation Tools: A Comparison of Text and Voice Modalities to Improve Response Quality in Course Evaluations. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (PACMHCI), CSCW2, Vol. 6. pp. 1–27.
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Conversational agents (CAs) provide opportunities for improving the interaction in evaluation surveys. To investigate if and how a user-centered conversational evaluation tool impacts users' response quality and their experience, we build EVA - a novel conversational course evaluation tool for educational scenarios. In a field experiment with 128 students, we compared EVA against a static web survey. Our results confirm prior findings from literature about the positive effect of conversational evaluation tools in the domain of education. Second, we then investigate the differences between a voice-based and text-based conversational human-computer interaction of EVA in the same experimental set-up. Against our prior expectation, the students of the voice-based interaction answered with higher information quality but with lower quantity of information compared to the text-based modality. Our findings indicate that using a conversational CA (voice and text-based) results in a higher response quality and user experience compared to a static web survey interface.
Cvetkovic, I.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; Lehmann-Willenbrock, N.; & Bittner, E. (2022): What should AI know? Information disclosure in human-AI collaboration. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Timisoara, Romania.
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AI-assisted Design Thinking shows great potential for supporting collaborative creative work. To foster creative thinking processes within teams with individualized suggestions, AI has to rely on data provided by the teams. As a prerequisite, team members need to weigh their disclosure preferences against the potential benefits of AI when disclosing information. To shed light on these decisions, we identify relevant information such as emotional states or discussion arguments that design thinking teams could provide to AI to enjoy the benefits of its support. Using the privacy calculus as theoretical lens, we draft a research design to analyze user preferences for disclosing different information relevant to the service bundles that AI provides for respective information. We make explorative contributions to the body of knowledge in terms of AI use and its corresponding information disclosure. The findings are relevant for practice as they guide the design of AI that fosters information disclosure.
Schmitt, A.; Walser, M.; & Fahse, T. B. (2022): Conceptual Foundations on Debiasing for Machine Learning-Based Software. In: International Conference of Information Systems (ICIS). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Machine learning (ML)-based software’s deployment has raised serious concerns about its pervasive and harmful consequences for users, business, and society inflicted through bias. While approaches to address bias are increasingly recognized and developed, our understanding of debiasing remains nascent. Research has yet to provide a comprehensive coverage of this vast growing field, much of which is not embedded in theoretical understanding. Conceptualizing and structuring the nature, effect, and implementation of debiasing instruments could provide necessary guidance for practitioners investing in debiasing efforts. We develop a taxonomy that classifies debiasing instrument characteristics into seven key dimensions. We evaluate and refine our taxonomy through nine experts and apply our taxonomy to three actual debiasing instruments, drawing lessons for the design and choice of appropriate instruments. Bridging the gaps between our conceptual understanding of debiasing for ML-based software and its organizational implementation, we discuss contributions and future research.
Reinhard, P.; Li, M. M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Towards an Employee-Centered Design for Human-AI Collaboration: How Work Design Theory Informs the Design of AI Systems. In: Pre-ICIS Workshop on the Changing Nature of Work (SIG 11th CNoW). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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IT support is under growing pressure to ensure efficient, flexible, and scalable use of digital technologies (Kumbakara, 2008). As a result, technical support staff is affected by monotonous work and work overload (Schmidt et al., 2022). Our research aims to augment the precarious workplace of support agents with artificial intelligence (AI). To incorporate an employee-centered perspective a priori and ensure positive impacts, we propose a framework for combining work design theory (e.g. Demerouti et al., 2001) and design science theory (Peffers et al., 2007, Niehaves & Ortbach 2016). The advances in AI promise to leverage large potential in optimizing and enhancing service processes and workplaces (Huang & Rust, 2018, de Keyser, 2019). Introducing AI into service processes, imply effects on work characteristics (Larivière et al., 2017). By combining human and artificial intelligence we propose hybrid intelligence (Dellermann et al., 2019) as a suitable solution for mitigating the persistent issues of support workers and the possible negative impacts of AI. To a great extent, IS research emphasizes the implied impacts of AI use in workplaces (Verma & Singh 2022, Wang et al., 2020). As such, work design models are widely used to empirically evaluate the impacts of AI design (Sturm & Peters, 2020), but are rarely utilized to substantiate the design of AI-augmented work systems. Only Poser et al. (2022) and Zschech et al. (2021) recently applied such models. The goal of this paper is to overcome the lack of work design in design science research (DSR) for AI-based systems and to steer the development into desired socio-technological configurations. The here presented work is expected to answer : How can work design theory inform the design of AI-augmented workplaces? [RQ1] How should a hybrid intelligence system be designed to augment IT support agents’ workplaces by incorporating work design theory? [RQ2] To systematically design the integration of AI, we make use of the DSR paradigm (Peffers et al., 2007). We first interview support agents and utilize the organizing move theory of Pentland (1992) and the technical support work theory of Das (2003) to ensure relevance. Based on a review of the IS literature on work design theories, we then derive a preliminary theoretical framework (Paul & Benito, 2018) [RQ1]. The framework represents a kernel theory for the development of meta design requirements. Contributing to the second research question, we design and subsequently evaluate the augmentation based on work-related outcomes [RQ2].
Benner, D.; Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Can you help me scale? A Systematic Analysis of Scaling Capabilities of Conversational Agents for Digital Services. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI).
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Today’s servitized and digitalized society has significant implications for the economic system as value creation increasingly shifts towards digital services. Organizations are increasingly relying of artificial intelligence, which enables them to operate with novel technological artifacts like conversational agents (CA). These human-like AI-driven artifacts open new possibilities and channels for service providers to scale up their business even further and to create a business value or even to make processes more efficient. While we witness the results of that each day, we do not fully understand how such CAs can contribute to scaling up a business. Therefore, we conduct an analysis of service research and popular CAs to determine the status quo and highlight opportunities for scaling services with CAs. We contribute to theory by clarifying the meaning of scalability in combination with CAs and support practitioners by providing an overview about how organizations successfully scale their CAs.
Rietsche, R.; Caines, A.; Schramm, C.; Pfütze, D.; & Buttery, P. (2022): The Specificity and Helpfulness of Peer-to-Peer Feedback in Higher Education. In: Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications (BEA) (pp. 107–117). Seattle, Washington, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics.
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With the growth of online learning through MOOCs and other educational applications, it has become increasingly difficult for course providers to offer personalized feedback to students. Therefore asking students to provide feedback to each other has become one way to support learning. This peer-to-peer feedback has become increasingly important whether in MOOCs to provide feedback to thousands of students or in large-scale classes at universities. One of the challenges when allowing peer-to-peer feedback is that the feedback should be perceived as helpful, and an import factor determining helpfulness is how specific the feedback is. However, in classes including thousands of students, instructors do not have the resources to check the specificity of every piece of feedback between students. Therefore, we present an automatic classification model to measure sentence specificity in written feedback. The model was trained and tested on student feedback texts written in German where sentences have been labelled as general or specific. We find that we can automatically classify the sentences with an accuracy of 76.7% using a conventional feature-based approach, whereas transfer learning with BERT for German gives a classification accuracy of 81.1%. However, the feature-based approach comes with lower computational costs and preserves human interpretability of the coefficients. In addition we show that specificity of sentences in feedback texts has a weak positive correlation with perceptions of helpfulness. This indicates that specificity is one of the ingredients of good feedback, and invites further investigation.
Hupe, A.; & Bretschneider, U. (2022): How to Govern the Crowd? Governance Mechanisms in Crowd Work. In: Pre-ICIS Workshop on the Changing Nature of Work (SIG 11th CNoW). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Elshan, E.; Siemon, D.; de Vreede, T.; de Vreede, G.-J.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; & Ebel, P. (2022): Requirements for AI-based Teammates: A Qualitative Inquiry in the Context of Creative Workshops. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Innovation requires organizations to tap into the knowledge and creativity of teams. However, teams are confronted with massive amounts of data and information, necessitating a broad set of knowledge, methodologies, and approaches to solve problems and innovate. Consequently, team composition has become a critical challenge. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) may assist in addressing this challenge. As AI is permeating both business and private sectors, organizational teams may be augmented with AI team members. However, given the nascent nature of this phenomenon, little is known about the specific roles and requirements for such AI teammates. Within an interview study we discover common challenges in teams and identify recurring capability gaps of participants and behaviors that negatively impact the team's collective performance. Based on our findings, we propose requirements for AI-based teammates to address these gaps and support beneficial collaboration between humans and AI in teams.
Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): It Takes Two to Tango: Design Thinking and Design Patterns for Better System Development. In: Hehn, J., Mendez, D., Brenner, W., & Broy, M. (Eds.), Design Thinking for Software Engineering (pp. 201–211). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
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Design Thinking has become a well-established approach to solving wicked problems through creative and conceptual solutions. Thus, Design Thinking approaches usually end with finding novel solutions but do not offer support in the practical implementation of these solutions. To bridge the gap between finding creative solutions and implementing them into suitable end products, we see Design Patterns as a useful approach to combine the advantages of both sides—the human-centered Design Thinking approach and the practical implementation in system development. Design Patterns offer proven solutions to recurring problems and thus provide design knowledge to solve complex design problems. In this contribution, we demonstrate how Design Patterns act as a complement to Design Thinking by using the example of designing a lawful smart personal learning assistant. We use Design Thinking to extract the design solution of the lawful learning assistant and develop it with the help of Design Patterns. We demonstrate the use of Design Patterns by using the deletion routine Design Pattern as an example of how a Design Pattern can be used for lawful design in addition to their known fields of application in system development. The evaluation results show that the combination of Design Thinking and Design Patterns lead to an approach that not only identifies novel, complex solutions but also supports their practical implementation.
Kordts, R.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Zenker, C. (2022): Faktoren für gelungene Studienprogramm-Reformen. In: Berendt, B., Fleischmann, A., Schaper, N., Szczyrba, B., Wiemer, M., & Wildt, J. (Eds.), Neues Handbuch Hochschullehre (NHHL) (Vol. 104). DUZ Verlags- und Medienhaus GmbH.
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Wie sehen gelungene Studienprogramm-Reformen an einer spezifischen Hochschule aus? Welche Faktoren sind dabei wichtig und wie kann üblichen Herausforderungen erfolgreich begegnet werden? In diesem Beitrag stellen wir die Ergebnisse der Evaluation einer Studienprogramm-Reform an der Universität St. Gallen (HSG) dar. Ausgehend vom aktuellen Stand der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion um Studienprogramm-Reformen, werden Faktoren einer gelungenen Reform aus zwei Befragungen abgeleitet, die diese Reform begleiteten.
Wambsganss, T.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Enhancing argumentative writing with automated feedback and social comparison nudging. In: Computers & Education.
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The advantages offered by natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning enable students to receive automated feedback on their argumentation skills, independent of educator, time, and location. Although there is a growing amount of literature on formative argumentation feedback, empirical evidence on the effects of adaptive feedback mechanisms and novel NLP approaches to enhance argumentative writing remains scarce. To help fill this gap, the aim of the present study is to investigate whether automated feedback and social comparison nudging enable students to internalize and improve logical argumentation writing abilities in an undergraduate business course. We conducted a mixed-methods study to investigate the impact of argumentative writing on 71 students in a field experiment. Students in treatment group 1 completed their assignment while receiving automated feedback, whereas students in treatment group 2 completed the same assignment while receiving automated feedback with a social comparison nudge that indicated how other students performed on the same assignment. Students in the control group received generalized feedback based on rules of syntax. We found that participants who received automated argumentation feedback with a social comparison nudge wrote more convincing texts with higher-quality argumentation compared to the two benchmark groups (p < 0.05). The measured self-efficacy, perceived ease of use, and qualitative data provide valuable insights that help explain this effect. The results suggest that embedding automated feedback in combination with social comparison nudges enables students to increase their argumentative writing skills by triggering psychological processes. Receiving only automated feedback in the form of in-text argumentative highlighting without any further guidance appears not to significantly influence students’ writing abilities when compared to syntactic feedback.
Akmeikina, E.; Eilers, K.; Li, M. M.; & Peters, C. (2022): Empowerment Effects in Human-machine Collaboration - A Systematic Literature Review and Directions on Hybrid Intelligence Behavior Patterns. In: Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS). Taipei/Sidney.
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The potentials of artificial intelligence (AI) are manifold and their discussion has gained momentum in research and practice. In the same realm, AI also raises fears among employees of being replaced by AI technologies and, therefore, shying away from using it. Generally, employees want to be empowered to do their job and seek both more responsibility, as well as make their own decisions. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review that investigates the current state of the literature on the potential empowering effects of AI-based human-machine behavior. We thus sorted the literature into three behavioral categories: humans shape machine behavior, machines shape human behavior, human-machine co-behavior and crossed them with psychological empowerment dimensions of significance, competence, self-determination, and influence. Our results show corresponding literature streams and provide future research directions in a field that is likely to disrupt the way we work in the future.
Simmert, B.; & Peters, C. (2022): Faster, Better, Happier – Internal Crowd Work as Form of Structural Empowerment for Employee Empowerment and Success. In: Die Unternehmung – Swiss Journal of Business Research and Practice, 1, Vol. 76. pp. 28–49.
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ICW is gaining increasing importance as an innovative concept of digital work organization. This study examines ICW and its role as a structural empowerment tool driving the psychological empowerment of employees. This is done by means of a case study on a telecommunications company that has been successfully using ICW for more than ten years. Using a mixed-method approach, a model for an in-depth understanding of empowerment in ICW is exploratively developed based on qualitative data. Furthermore, organizational enablers in ICW are identified as important prerequisites and success factors. Additionally, the study shows how ICW as structural empowerment promotes psychological empowerment and can lead to higher speed, increased synergies, and higher employee satisfaction. A quantitative deep-dive provides additional figures on the structural empowerment mechanisms in ICW as well as on employee perceptions.
Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Conceptualizing Design Knowledge in IS Research – A Review and Taxonomy of Design Knowledge Properties. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 5778–5787). Hawaii, USA.
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Design science projects are of great interest in information systems (IS) research. Typically, design-oriented projects generate valuable design knowledge through the design and possible instantiation of artifacts. Although designing novel artifacts and accumulating design knowledge is common practice in IS, there is still limited shared knowledge about the distinctive characteristics of design knowledge to facilitate its accumulation. To address this issue, we develop a design knowledge taxonomy and contribute to a deeper understanding of design knowledge properties. The taxonomy is grounded on a systematic literature review, followed by a combination of empirical-to-conceptual and conceptual-to-empirical iterations. We evaluate the taxonomy by interviewing six domain experts and demonstrate its practical application and utility. Thus, the taxonomy consists of key dimensions and characteristics of design knowledge and contributes to a better scientific understanding of its characteristics. Practitioners can use the taxonomy as an instrument to further understand, design, and accumulate design knowledge.
Schöbel, S.; Schomberg, S.; Barev, T. J.; Grote, T.; Janson, A.; Hornung, G.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Zum Datenschutz gestupst? Gestaltungsorientierte Entwicklung von Privacy Nudges vor dem Hintergrund ethischer und rechtlicher Leitlinien. In: Friedewald, M., Kreutzer, M., & Hansen, M. (Eds.), Selbstbestimmung, Privatheit und Datenschutz (pp. 369–388). Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg.
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Die Digitalisierung verändert unsere Gesellschaft, die Art wie wir miteinander kommunizieren und wie wir arbeiten. Dabei birgt Digitalisierung nicht nur Vorteile, sondern führt auch dazu, dass jedes Individuum durch sein Agieren in der digitalen Welt Datenspuren hinterlässt. Diese Daten werden gesammelt, aggregiert und ausgewertet, und das vielfach, ohne dass sich Individuen dessen bewusst sind. Hier kann das sogenannte Privacy Nudging genutzt werden, durch das Nutzende „angestupst“ werden, um ihr Verhalten so zu verändern, dass sie ihre eigenen Daten besser schützen. Bei der Gestaltung von Nudging Konzepten gibt es zahlreiche rechtliche, ethische und soziotechnische Hürden, die es zu berücksichtigen gilt. Hierzu existieren bisher keine einheitlichen Richtlinien und Empfehlungen. Entsprechend präsentiert der Beitrag eine integrative soziotechnische Gestaltungsperspektive für digitale privacy Nudges, indem Technik, Ethik und Recht nicht mehr nur isoliert betrachtet werden.
Dickhaut, E.; Thies, L. F.; Janson, A.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Söllner, M. (2022): Entwurfsmuster für die interdisziplinäre Gestaltung rechtsverträglicher Systeme. In: Friedewald, M., Kreutzer, M., & Hansen, M. (Eds.), Selbstbestimmung, Privatheit und Datenschutz (pp. 469–487). Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg.
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Durch die Digitalisierung werden immer mehr Technologien entwickelt. Dabei gewinnt die soziotechnische Systementwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung, in deren Rahmen nicht nur das technische System isoliert betrachtet wird, sondern auch der Nutzer und sein Umfeld. Insbesondere bei der Entwicklung rechtsverträglicher Systeme stehen Entwickler häufig aufgrund fehlenden rechtlichen Fachwissens vor großen Herausforderungen. Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn es um intelligente, selbstlernende Systeme geht. Diese Systeme sammeln, um die Qualität ihrer Dienste zu optimieren und Nutzerbedürfnissen zu entsprechen mithilfe leistungsfähiger Technologien große Mengen an personenbezogenen Daten, was Risiken für die informationelle Selbstbestimmung der Nutzer mit sich bringt. Um diesen Risiken entgegenzuwirken nutzen wir Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster. Ziel des Beitrags ist daher mittels eines multi-methodischen Ansatzes aufzuzeigen, welchen Beitrag interdisziplinäre Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster für die Entwicklung rechtsverträglicher und qualitativ hochwertiger KI-basierter Systeme leisten können. Um die Wirksamkeit der Muster zu untersuchen wurde mithilfe der Muster ein Lernassistent entwickelt und durch die Methode der Simulationsstudie evaluiert.
Söllner, M.; Mishra, A. N.; Becker, J.-M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Use IT Again? Dynamic Roles of Habit, Intention and their Interaction on Continued System Use by Individuals in Utilitarian, Volitional Contexts. In: European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS).
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This paper employs a longitudinal perspective to examine continued system use (CSU) by individuals in utilitarian, volitional contexts when alternative systems are present . We focus on two key behavioural antecedents of CSU – habit and continuance intention – and theorise how the relationships between CSU and these antecedents evolve over time. In addition, we hypothesise how the interaction effect of habit and intention on CSU evolves temporally. Our theorising differs from extant literature in two important respects: 1) In contrast to the widespread acceptance of the diminishing effect of continuance intention on CSU in the information systems (IS) literature, we hypothesise that in our context, its impact increases with time; and 2) In contrast to the negative moderation effect of habit on the relationship between intention and CSU proposed in the literature, we posit a positive interaction effect. We collect longitudinal survey data on the use of a higher education IS from students in a European university. Our results suggest that the impact of continuance intention on CSU as well as the interaction effect between habit and intention are increasing over time. We further introduce a methodological innovation – the permutation approach to conduct the multi-group analysis with repeated measures – to the literature.
Schwede, M.; Zierau, N.; Janson, A.; Hammerschmidt, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): “I Will Follow You!” – How Recommendation Modality Impacts Processing Fluency and Purchase Intention. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Although conversational agents (CA) are increasingly used for providing purchase recommendations, important design questions remain. Across two experiments we examine with a novel fluency mechanism how recommendation modality (speech vs. text) shapes recommendation evaluation (persuasiveness and risk), the intention to follow the recommendation, and how modality interacts with the style of recommendation explanation (verbal vs. numerical). Findings provide robust evidence that text-based CAs outperform speech-based CAs in terms of processing fluency and consumer responses. They show that numerical explanations increase processing fluency and purchase intention of both recommendation modalities. The results underline the importance of processing fluency for the decision to follow a recommendation and highlight that processing fluency can be actively shaped through design decisions in terms of implementing the right modality and aligning it with the optimal explanation style. For practice, we offer actionable implications on how to make effective sales agents out of CAs.
Siemon, D.; Elshan, E.; de Vreede, T.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; de Vreede, G. J.; & Ebel, P. (2022): Examining the Antecedents of Creative Collaboration with an AI Teammate. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI), individuals are increasingly teaming up with AI-based systems to enhance their creative collaborative performance. When working with AI-based systems, several aspects of team dynamics need to be considered, which raises the question how humans’ approach and perceive their new teammates. In an experimental setting, we investigate the influence of social presence in a group ideation process with an AI-based teammate and examine its effects on the motivation to contribute. Our results show a multi-mediation model in which social presence indirectly influences whether human team members are motivated to contribute to a team with AI-based teammates, which is mediated by willingness to depend and team-oriented commitment.
Klee, S.; & Janson, A. (2022): Data Analytics for Effective Decision-Making in Crises - Identifying Relevant Data Analytics Competencies for Automotive Procurement Departments. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Crises become the norm for organizations, as recent years have shown. Especially the automotive industry is still facing disruptive changes such as e-mobility, connected cars or autonomous driving. Disrupted supply chains, related production downtimes and associated financial losses are consequences. Procurement departments are the interface between internal and external stakeholders in supply chains, and therefore, the central authority for managing crises. In such situations, effective decision-making is essential. Positive effects of data analytics on decision-making were part of numerous research endeavors, as well as related data analytics competencies. We conducted semi-structured interviews with experienced experts about relevant data analytics competencies in procurement departments. We present an overview specifically for procurement departments and derive implications of these competencies on decision-making. As a result, we apply our findings to existing research from a theoretical perspective and support procurement leaders and their departments in facing current and future challenges from a practical perspective.
Li, M. M. (2022): Theorizing a Service Structure - A Hypergraph-based Modeling Approach and Applications. (Press, U. K., Ed.).
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Schmidt, S. L.; Li, M. M.; & Peters, C. (2022): Requirements for an IT Support System based on Hybrid Intelligence. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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In our digital world, all companies need IT support. The IT support staff is under high pressure solving user-based issues and facing an increase of heterogeneous systems. Hybrid intelligence could solve many issues due to the combination of machine power and the individual strengths of humans. As a part of a bigger design science research project, this paper derives requirements for an IT support system based on hybrid intelligence (ISSHI). 17 requirements from the literature and 21 requirements from 24 indepth interviews with IT support managers and support-agents from three different companies have been derived. These were evaluated and refined with a second interview series of five IT support stakeholders that led to a total of 24 consolidated requirements. Finally, these requirements were used to inform a system architecture for an ISSHI. This architecture shall serve as a foundation for future research directions regarding hybrid intelligence in IT support.
Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; Poser, M.; Eilers, K.; & Elshan, E. (2022): ICT-enabled job crafting: How Business Unit Developers use Low-code Development Platforms to craft jobs. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Recently, businesses are introducing low-code development platforms (LCDP) that enable employees with little to no development expertise to develop their own systems to improve their work. These so-called business unit developers (BUDs) possess necessary domain knowledge to understand how to use LCDPs to create useful (self-) services. Using job resource demand theory and the job crafting model, we conceptualize that BUDs use of LCDPs can be framed using the theoretical lens of job crafting. Job crafting stems from vocational psychology and provides well-researched positive consequences, such as wellbeing and meaningfulness. Thus, our research objective is to understand how BUDs can use LCDPs to job craft to gain access to positive job crafting consequences. We interviewed 17 experts across three organizations that employ an LDCP for chatbots. Our results suggest that job crafting is a suitable framework for understanding the effects of LCDP use.
Tingelhoff, F.; Elshan, E.; & Ebel, P. (2022): Designfaktoren zur Wertmaximierung von B2B Datenaustausch in datengetriebenen Plattform Ökosystemen. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 5, Vol. 59. pp. 1323–1339.
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Datengetriebene Plattform Ökosysteme bilden eine Formalisierung und Automatisierung des Datenaustausches zwischen Unternehmen. Als solche stellen sie eine Technologie dar, durch dessen Verwendung Vorteile gegenüber eines herkömmlichen Datenaustausches (z. B. über Excel-Sheets und Emails) erzielt werden können. Jedoch sind Studien, die aus einer Ökosystem-Perspektive beleuchten, wie solche Plattformen mehrwert-optimiert gestaltet werden können, bislang unterrepräsentiert. Diese Forschungslücke soll innerhalb der vorliegenden Studie durch eine Datenerhebung in der Praxis geschlossen werden. In einer Interviewstudie mit 11 Vertretern aus deutschsprachigen, international tätigen Unternehmen wurden Organisationsteilnehmer des mittleren und gehobenen Managements zu ihrer Partizipation in datengetriebenen Plattformen befragt. Dabei liefert dieses Paper im Wesentlichen 3 Beiträge: 1. Designfaktoren zur Wertmaximierung der Plattform-Teilnehmer wurden aus einer Ökosystem-Perspektive herausgearbeitet. Zusätzlich wurde ein Framework zur Auflistung und Kategorisierung wichtiger Designfaktoren angefertigt. 2. Auf Grundlage der Literaturanalyse und Praxisdaten wurden zwei Thesen entwickelt, die spezifische Design-Anforderungen beschreiben, welchen im Rahmen der Datensammlung und -Auswertung besondere Beachtung zugesprochen wurde. 3. Das Verständnis von Wertbildung im digitalen Raum wurde auf Datenaustausch-Plattformen erweitert. Die ersten beiden Beiträge dieses Papers adressieren Praktiker. Unternehmen sollen ermächtigt werden, zielgerichtete und informierte Entscheidungen im Bezug zur wertmaximierenden Gestaltung inter-organisationalen Datenaustauschs treffen zu können. Gleichzeitig soll mittels der zwei Thesen zu datengetriebenen Austauschplattformen eine Diskussion über ihre Rolle in der Praxis angestoßen werden. Der dritte Beitrag dieser Studie widmet sich dem akademischen Diskurs, da über die Erweiterung des Verständnisses von Wertbildung im digitalen Raum auf Datenaustausch-Plattformen eine Grundlage für die weitergehende Erforschung dieses Plattform-Typs geschaffen werden soll.
Schmidt, S.; Langes, B.; Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; Kämpf, T.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Boes, A. (2022): Mit LabTeams KI gestalten – Eine neue Methode für die menschenzentrierte Gestaltung von KI-basierten IT-Support-Services. In: Bruhn, M., & Hadwich, K. (Eds.), Smart Services (1st ed., Vol. 1, pp. 253–271). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
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Viele Innovationen aus Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten scheitern in der Praxis, da die Beteiligten nicht von Anfang an bzw. nicht ausreichend involviert werden. Um diesem Problem entgegenzuwirken, bietet sich das Anwenden der LabTeam-Methode an, die im Zuge des Forschungsprojekts HISS entwickelt und erprobt wurde. Diese adressiert das nicht ausreichende Berücksichtigen des Wandels der Arbeit und die mangelhafte Involvierung der Beteiligten. Dieser Beitrag stellt diese Methode dar und stellt handlungsweisende Richtlinien vor.
Yetton, P.; Henningsson, S.; Böhm, M.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Krcmar, H. (2022): How IT carve-out project complexity influences divestor performance in M&As. In: European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), 6, Vol. 32. pp. 926–988.
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IT carve-out projects are complex and cost-intensive components of M&A transactions. Existing research sheds little light on the determinants of IT carve-out project complexity and/or its effects on divestor performance. Instead, research has focused on the post-acquisition IT integration project and acquirer performance. This paper presents the first divestor-centric model of IT transactions from the divestor to the acquirer when a Business Unit in a Multi-Business Organization (MBO) is carved out and integrated into another MBO. The model explains how divestor business and IT alignment pre-conditions contribute to increased IT carve-out project complexity. Such complexity increases IT carve-out project time to physical IT separation and creates IT stranded assets, which decrease post-divestment business, IT alignment and divestor performance. The current recommended strategy of adopting transitional service agreements (TSAs) to handle IT carve-out complexity is compared with two new proactive strategies derived from the model. TSA-based strategies restrict the divestor from both decommissioning IT stranded assets and reconfiguring its IT assets to support its new post-divestment business strategy. The two new strategies address IT carve-out complexity without incurring the negative effects from adopting TSAs.
Weinert, T.; Billert, M.; Thiel de Gafenco, M.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Designing a Co-creation System for the Development of Work-process-related Learning Material in Manufacturing. In: Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 1, Vol. 32. pp. 5–53.
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The increasing digitalization and automatization in the manufacturing industry as well as the need to learn on the job has reinforced the need for much more granular learning, which has not yet impacted the design of learning materials. In this regard, granular learning concepts require situated learning materials to support self-directed learning in the workplace in a targeted manner. Co-creation approaches offer promising opportunities to support employees in the independent design of such situated learning materials. Using an action-design research (ADR) approach, we derived requirements from co-creation concepts and practice by conducting focus group workshops in manufacturing and vocational training schools to develop design principles for a co-creation system that supports employees through the creation process of work-process-related learning material. Consequently, we formulate four design principles for the design of a collaborative learning and qualification system for manufacturing. Using an innovative mixed methods approach, we validate these design principles and design features to demonstrate the success of the developed artifact. The results provide insights regarding the design of a co-creation system to support learners in the co-creation of learning material with the consideration of cognitive load (CL). Our study contributes to research and practice by proposing novel design principles for supporting employees in peer creation processes. Furthermore, our study reveals how co-creation systems can support the collaborative development of learning materials in the work process.
Schmitt, A.; Wambsganss, T.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Conversational Agents for Information Retrieval in the Education Domain: A User-Centered Design Investigation. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (PACMHCI).
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Text-based conversational agents (CAs) are widely deployed across a number of daily tasks, including information retrieval. However, most existing agents follow a default design that disregards user needs and preferences, ultimately leading to a lack of usage and an unsatisfying user experience. To better understand how CAs can be designed in order to lead to effective system use, we deduced relevant design requirements from both literature and 13 user interviews. We built and tested a question-answering, text-based CA for an information retrieval task in an education scenario. Results from our experimental test with 41 students indicate that following a user-centered design has a significant positive effect on enjoyment and trust in a CA as opposed to deploying a default CA. If not designed with the user in mind, CAs are not necessarily more beneficial than traditional question-answering systems. Beyond practical implications for effective CA design, this paper points towards key challenges and potential research avenues when deploying social cues for CAs.
Wambsganss, T.; Janson, A.; Käser, T.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Improving Students Argumentation Learning with Adaptive Self-Evaluation Nudging. In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (PACMHCI), 520, Vol. 6. pp. 1–31.
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Recent advantages from computational linguists can be leveraged to nudge students with adaptive self evaluation based on their argumentation skill level. To investigate how individual argumentation self evaluation will help students write more convincing texts, we designed an intelligent argumentation writing support system called ArgumentFeedback based on nudging theory and evaluated it in a series of three qualitative and quaxntitative studies with a total of 83 students. We found that students who received a self-evaluation nudge wrote more convincing texts with a better quality of formal and perceived argumentation compared to the control group. The measured self-efficacy and the technology acceptance provide promising results for embedding adaptive argumentation writing support tools in combination with digital nudging in traditional learning settings to foster self-regulated learning. Our results indicate that the design of nudging-based learning applications for self-regulated learning combined with computational methods for argumentation self-evaluation has a beneficial use to foster better writing skills of students.
Wambsganss, T.; Söllner, M.; Koedinger, K.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Adaptive Empathy Learning Support in Peer Review Scenarios. In: ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing System (CHI). New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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Advances in Natural Language Processing offer techniques to de- tect the empathy level in texts. To test if individual feedback on certain students’ empathy level in their peer review writing pro- cess will help them to write more empathic reviews, we developed ELEA, an adaptive writing support system that provides students with feedback on the cognitive and emotional empathy structures. We compared ELEA to a proven empathy support tool in a peer review setting with 119 students. We found students using ELEA wrote more empathic peer reviews with a higher level of emotional empathy compared to the control group. The high perceived skill learning, the technology acceptance, and the level of enjoyment provide promising results to use such an approach as a feedback application in traditional learning settings. Our results indicate that learning applications based on NLP are able to foster empathic writing skills of students in peer review scenarios.
Barev, T. J.; Dickhaut, E.; Schomberg, S.; Janson, A.; Schöbel, S.; Grote, T.; … Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Handlungsbroschüre. Systematisches Design digitaler Privacy Nudges – Handlungsempfehlungen zur Gestaltung von digitalen Privacy Nudges. (No. 12)ITeG Technical Reports. Kassel: Kassel University Press.
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Digitale Arbeitsumgebungen sind heutzutage allgegenwärtig. Zugleich hat die Anzahl an Möglichkeiten, Informationen über Arbeitstätigkeiten sowie sensible persönliche Daten elektronisch zu erfassen, drastisch zugenommen (Backhaus 2019). Unternehmen nutzen immer mehr Formen von digitalen Arbeitssystemen und setzen fortschrittliche Instrumente wie Big Data Analytik oder Künstliche Intelligenz ein. Damit können Daten schneller und in größerem Umfang als je zuvor gesammelt, aggregiert und analysiert werden (Malhotra et al. 2004). Darüber hinaus können Daten gesammelt werden, ohne dass der Einzelne davon weiß (Bélanger and Crossler 2011). Auf der einen Seite birgt die weit verbreitete Analyse von persönlichen Daten ein erhebliches Innovationspotenzial, einen wirtschaftlichen Wert sowie effizientere Arbeitsmodelle (Erevelles et al. 2016). Auf der anderen Seite ist die Anfälligkeit für Diskriminierung, kommerzielle Ausbeutung und unerwünschte Überwachung ebenso allgegenwärtig. Dadurch wird die Akzeptanz moderner IT‐Systeme behindert. Dieser Interessenkonflikt wird sich in den kommenden Jahren vermutlich noch verschärfen, da die Unternehmen von der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung profitieren.
Ritz, E.; Wambsganss, T.; Rietsche, R.; Schmitt, A.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Unleashing Process Mining for Education: Designing an IT-Tool for Students to Self-Monitor their Personal Learning Paths. In: Internationale Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). Nürnberg, Germany.
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The ability of students to self-monitor their learning paths is in demand as never before due to the recent rise of online education formats, which entails less interaction with lecturers. Recent advantages in educational process mining (EPM) offer new opportunities to monitor students’ learning paths by processing log data captured by technology-mediated learning environments. However, current literature falls short on providing user-centered design principles for IT-tools which can monitor learning paths using EPM. Hence, in this paper, we examine how to design a self-monitoring tool that supports students to evaluate their learning paths. Based on theoretical insights of 66 papers and nine user interviews, we propose seven design principles for an IT-tool which facilitates self-monitoring for students based on EPM. Further, we evaluate the design principles with seven potential users. Our results demonstrate a promising approach to help students improve their self-efficacy in their individual learning process using EPM.
Janson, A.; Dickhaut, E.; & Söllner, M. (2022): Designing for Cultural Values: Towards a Theory-motivated Method for Culture-sensitive Adaptation of Information Systems. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 4654–4663). Hawaii, USA.
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To ensure that an intended target group accepts and uses an information system (IS) is a major challenge for service systems engineering and a key interest in IS research. On the one hand, individuals’ cultural values affect their willingness to use an IS; on the other hand, information technology (IT) is neither value-neutral and, thus, also affects IT acceptance and usage. Therefore, the adaptation of IS should consider both sources of value. Thus, in this paper, we present the theory-driven design of a method for culture-sensitive IS adaptation that draws on IT-culture conflict theory. Our two-fold evaluation approach results show that the method enables to create feasible results for developing culture-sensitive design solutions for IS. As a theoretical contribution, we contribute to the exploration of culture in IS development; as a practical contribution, we provide guidance in how to adapt IS for specific target groups.
Benner, D.; Schöbel, S.; & Sueess, C. (2022): Towards Gamified Conversational Agents for Self-Regulated Learning in Digital Education. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Formal education like higher education oftentimes emphasized on strict non-digital setting. This approach can lead to issues during stressful times (e.g., Covid crisis) or when learners’ needs in general are not considered. Moreover, these times highlighted how important self-regulated learning is and how much this capability is lacking in our educational system. To address these issues, we follow an Action Design Research approach and develop a gamified conversational agent (CA) that considers the learners’ needs. We present our CA and conduct a first small-scale evaluation following a mixed-method approach. First results show that students universally liked a CA for self-regulated digital learning and many enjoyed the gamified experience which helped students to be motivated to learn. As next steps we will develop the next iteration of our CA and conduct a long-term field test at a university.
Schmitt, A. (2022): Examining Trust in Conversational Systems: Conceptual and Empirical Findings on User Trust, Related Behavior, and System Trustworthiness. In: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (AIES). Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Machine learning (ML)-based conversational systems represent a value enabler for human-machine interaction. Simultaneously, the opacity, complexity, and humanness accompanied by such systems introduce their own issues, including trust misalignment. While trust is viewed as a prerequisite for effective system use, few studies have considered calibrating for appropriate trust, and empirically testing the relationship between trust and related behavior. Moreover, the desired implications of transparency-enhancing design cues are ambiguous. My research aims to explore the impact of system performance on trust, the dichotomy between trust and behavior, and how transparency might help attenuate the effects caused by low system performance in the specific context of decision-making tasks assisted by ML-based conversational systems.
Billert, M. S.; Weinert, T.; Thiel de Gafenco, M.; Janson, A.; Klusmeyer, J.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Vocational Training with Microlearning - How Low-Immersive 360-Degree Learning Environments Support Work-Process-Integrated Learning. In: IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 5, Vol. 15. pp. 540–553.
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In-company training is facing new challenges in preparing employees for the demands of digitalized and automated manufacturing. New training concepts like microlearning are necessary to support work-process-related learning. To handle the limitations of microlearning, we develop a 360-degree learning system to demonstrate a realistic work environment. Nonetheless, there is a lack of design knowledge supporting the motivation and performance of employees using the system. Based on a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews, we have developed design requirements for interactive 360-degree learning environments. We used a workshop-based mixed-method approach with interviews, concept maps, and video analysis to evaluate the motivation and performance of precision mechanics within a prototypical work-process-oriented learning environment in an inter-company vocational training center. The results show a positive effect on learning outcomes and motivation. In addition, the ease of use and sense of presence while using the learning environment are rated as high. We contribute to theory by shedding new light on learners' motivation and performance within work-process-oriented interactive 360-degree learning environments. Furthermore, we offer guidelines for developing such interactive 360-degree learning environments.
Weinert, T.; Thiel de Gafenco, M.; Billert, M. S.; Janson, A.; Klusmeyer, J.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Handlungsbroschüre. Ko-Kreative Entwicklung von Lernmaterialien im Arbeitsprozess in der Fertigungsindustrie – Eine anwenderzentrierte Betrachtung. ITeG Technical Reports. Kassel: Kassel University Press.
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Digitale Lernsysteme sind heute viel mehr als reine Wissensdatenbanken, in welchen Mitarbeitende zentral abgelegte Wissensbausteine abrufen können. Mithin geht es um die Entwicklung solcher Wissensbausteine durch Mitarbeitende als eine zentrale Herausforderung bei der Gestaltung von digitalen Lernsystemen. Insbesondere deshalb, da bestehende Lernmaterialien oftmals nicht den Erfordernissen eines arbeitsprozessintegrierten Lernansatzes folgen. Dies liegt daran, dass die Lernmaterialien von Mitarbeitern erstellt werden, die nicht unmittelbar mit den alltäglichen praktischen Arbeitsprozessen vertraut sind. Gleichzeitig bieten neue Technologien wie Virtual Reality (VR) die Möglichkeit, Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter eine ganz neue Art von Lernerfahrung anbieten zu können. Von diesen Möglichkeiten sind viele Unternehmen aber noch weit entfernt, da das hierfür notwendige Lernmaterial nicht vorhanden ist. Dies liegt insbesondere an der Tatsache, dass es Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern an den erforderlichen Kompetenzen für die Entwicklung solcher Lernmaterialien fehlt, welche notwendig für die Gestaltung dieser ist. Um diese Herausforderungen zu begegnen, können Ko-Kreationskonzepte eingesetzt werden, um die Entwicklung von arbeitsprozessintegriertem Lernmaterial zu unterstützen. Diese Ko-Kreationskonzepte sollen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter in die Lage versetzen, eigenständig hochwertige Lernmaterialien zu entwickeln (Weinert et al. 2022). Dabei fehlt es jedoch an konkreten Konzepten und Systemen, wie solche Ko-Kreationskonzepte für die Fertigungsindustrie gestaltet werden müssen, um Mitarbeitende strukturiert bei der Entwicklung eigener Lernmaterialien zu unterstützen. Dieser Problematik hat sich das Projektteam des BMBF-geförderten Projekts KoLeArn „Kontextsensitive Lerndienstleistungen im Arbeitsprozess der smarten industriellen Fertigung – Systematische Entwicklung und Pilotierung am Beispiel China“ gestellt. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde ein Ko-Kreationssystem entwickelt, welches Mitarbeitenden ermöglicht, selbstständig arbeitsprozessbegleitende Lernmaterialien zu entwickeln und sie bei deren Einbindung in eine virtuelle Lernumgebung unterstützt. Diese Handlungsbroschüre soll zunächst eine Einführung in das arbeitsprozessintegrierte Lernen und in die Prozesse der Ko-Kreation von Lernmaterial bieten. Aufbauend wird das methodische Vorgehen hin zur Entwicklung unseres Systems erläutert, um die Einrichtung eines eigenen Lernsystems zu verdeutlichen. Abschließend werden verschiedene Einsatzszenarien skizziert, in welchen das System eingesetzt werden kann.
Eilers, K.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Why the agile mindset matters. In: Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 121650, Vol. 179. pp. 1–14.
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Volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA) are drivers in today's business world. To perform amid this accelerated change and the digitalization progress, organizations are implementing agility. However, such an implementation does not happen without stumbling blocks and some fail. One reason for this is actors’ agile mindset (AM), which is necessary to deal succefully within a VUCA environment. Knowledge of the AM is in its infancy and conceptualization and measuring tools for it are lacking. Furthermore, the relation of the AM in terms of strategic agility and performance is still unclear. Our study aims to close these gaps. We examine AM through 15 interviews and a survey (N = 449) to predict strategic agility and performance. As a result, we conceptualize AM as an attitude that comprises four dimensions: attitude towards 1) learning spirit, 2) collaborative exchange, 3) empowered self-guidance, and 4) customer co-creation. Furthermore, we describe how actors with an AM deal with new technologies. We found that AM affects organizational performance mediated by strategic agility. These findings contribute to the agility and management research by providing a conceptualization and measuring instrument for AM. Furthermore, its relevance for strategic agility is explained and its relationship with organizational performance outlined.
DIN; DKE; Dickhaut, E.; Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & many other authors [see chapter 11] (2022): German Standardization Roadmap on Artificial Intelligence (Wahlster, W., & Winterhalter, C., Eds.) (2nd ed.).
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On behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action, DIN and DKE started work on the second edition of the German Standardization Roadmap Artificial Intelligence in January 2022. With the broad participation and involvement of more than 570 experts from industry, science, the public sector and civil society, the strategic Roadmap for AI standardization was thus further developed. This work was coordinated and accompanied by a high-level coordination group for AI standardization and conformity The standardization roadmap implements a measure of the German government’s AI Strategy and thus makes a significant contribution to “AI – Made in Germany”. Standardization is part of the AI Strategy and is a strategic instrument for strengthening the innovation and competitiveness of the German and European economies. Not least for this reason, standardization plays a special role in the planned European legal framework for AI, the Artificial Intelligence Act. This Standardization Roadmap AI identifies the requirements in standardization, formulates concrete recommendations and thus creates the basis for initiating standardization work at national level, and especially at European and international level, at an early stage. In doing so, the Roadmap makes a significant contribution to the European Commission’s Artificial Intelligence Act, supporting its implementation. The Standardization Roadmap AI focuses on nine key topics, which are addressed in Chapter 4: → The Roadmap begins with the basic topics, such as terminologies and definitions, classifications and ethical issues. They are the basis for AI discussions and are thus the central core of the Roadmap. → The security/safety of AI systems plays a crucial role in widespread use of AI solutions. Only a more in-depth consideration of requirements for operational safety and information security, for example, can enable the comprehensive use of AI systems in business and society. → Another key topic, and the basis for the broad market success of AI, is testing and certification. This requires reliable quality criteria and reproducible test methods that can be used to verify the properties of AI systems. They are a key prerequisite for assessing the quality of AI-based applications and contribute significantly to explainability and traceability – two factors that build trust and acceptance. → Another challenge in the use of AI, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises, is the integration of AI technologies in organizations. The focus here is on sociotechnical aspects such as human-technology interaction, humane work design, and requirements for business structures and processes, which are all examined in the Roadmap. → The fields of application of AI are extremely diverse. AI technologies are used in almost all business and application areas and offer great potential. To cover a broad spectrum of applications, the Roadmap considers industry-specific challenges for the following five sectors in particular, in addition to the cross-cutting issues mentioned above: Industrial Automation, Mobility, Medicine, Financial Services and Energy / Environment. The present Roadmap outlines the work and discussion results for all nine key topics and provides a comprehensive overview of the status quo, requirements, and needs for action.
Siemon, D.; Strohmann, T.; Khosrawi-Rad, B.; de Vreede, T.; Elshan, E.; & Meyer, M. (2022): Why Do We Turn to Virtual Companions? A Text Mining Analysis of Replika Reviews. In: Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS). Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Many people globally experience the feeling of loneliness and struggle with its consequences. A modern way to deal with this loneliness and lack of companionship is to use empathetic and emotional conversational agents. Often referred to as virtual companions, these agents can engage in human-like conversations with their users and build relationships with them through modern artificial intelligence technologies. One established service of such virtual companions is Replika, which we investigate in this study to explore what users expect to gain from long-term interactions with virtual companions and what they tend to talk about with them. Using a text mining approach and 119,831 reviews of the Replika service, we analyze users' sentiments, emotions, and topics. Our results show that users interact with virtual companions to cope with their loneliness and, especially, to address their mental well-being. Furthermore, Replika users have a joyful and beneficial experience during long-term interaction with such virtual companions.
Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Analyzing Design Knowledge Representation in Design Science Research and Deriving Recommendations to Support Design Knowledge Codification. In: Drechsler, A., Gerber, A., & Hevner, A. (Eds.), The Transdisciplinary Reach of Design Science Research. 17th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST) (Vol. 13229, pp. 417–428). St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.
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The goal of design science research is the generation of novel artifacts. Thereby DSR projects generate valuable design knowledge, thus, underscoring the importance to codify of design knowledge for achieving scientific progress. The research community observes that DSR projects generate a large amount of design knowledge, but the developed knowledge often ends as a single success story. To counter this situation, we analyze the variety of design knowledge representation forms that have been published in the AIS Senior Scholars’ Basket in design science research papers. Based on our systematic literature review, we identify prevalent ways of design knowledge representations. We provide as a central contribution how to effectively communicate design knowledge through the derivation of recommendations that provides practical guidance to support researchers and practitioners in making design knowledge contributions reusable and applicable.
Elshan, E.; Zierau, N.; Engel, C.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): Understanding the Design Elements Affecting User Acceptance of Intelligent Agents: Past, Present and Future. In: Information Systems Frontiers (Inf Syst Front), 3, Vol. 24. pp. 699–730.
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Intelligent agents (IAs) are permeating both business and society. However, interacting with IAs poses challenges moving beyond technological limitations towards the human-computer interface. Thus, the knowledgebase related to interaction with IAs has grown exponentially but remains segregated and impedes the advancement of the field. Therefore, we conduct a systematic literature review to integrate empirical knowledge on user interaction with IAs. This is the first paper to examine 107 Information Systems and Human-Computer Interaction papers and identified 389 relationships between design elements and user acceptance of IAs. Along the independent and dependent variables of these relationships, we span a research space model encompassing empirical research on designing for IA user acceptance. Further we contribute to theory, by presenting a research agenda along the dimensions of the research space, which shall be useful to both researchers and practitioners. This complements the past and present knowledge on designing for IA user acceptance with potential pathways into the future of IAs.
Dickhaut, E.; Li, M. M.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2022): The Role of Design Patterns in the Development and Legal Assessment of Lawful Technologies. In: Electronic Markets (Electron Markets), 4, Vol. 32. pp. 2311–2331.
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Novel technologies such as smart personal assistants integrate digital services into everyday life. These services use personal data to offer personalized services. While they are subject to special data protection regulations at the time of development, there are few guidelines describing the transition from legal requirements to implementation. To reduce risks, services depend on external legal assessments. With developers and legal experts often missing either legal or technical knowledge, the challenge lies in bridging this gap. We observe that design patterns support both developers and legal experts, and we present an approach in which design patterns are leveraged to provide twofold value for both developers and legal experts when dealing with novel technologies. We conducted a revelatory case study for smart personal assistants and scaffolded the case interpretation through cognitive fit theory. On the basis of the findings, we develop a theoretical model to explain and predict the twofold value of design patterns to develop and assess lawful technologies.

2021[ to top ]

Wambsganss, T.; Niklaus, C.; Söllner, M.; Handschuh, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Supporting Cognitive and Emotional Empathic Writing of Students. In: Joint Conference of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (ACL-IJCNLP).
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We present an annotation approach to capturing emotional and cognitive empathy in student-written peer reviews on business models in German. We propose an annotation scheme that allows us to model emotional and cognitive empathy scores based on three types of review components. Also, we conducted an annotation study with three annotators based on 92 student essays to evaluate our annotation scheme. The obtained inter-rater agreement of alpha=0.79 for the components and the multi-pi=0.41 for the empathy scores indicate that the proposed annotation scheme successfully guides annotators to a substantial to moderate agreement. Moreover, we trained predictive models to detect the annotated empathy structures and embedded them in an adaptive writing support system for students to receive individual empathy feedback independent of an instructor, time, and location. We evaluated our tool in a peer learning exercise with 58 students and found promising results for perceived empathy skill learning, perceived feedback accuracy, and intention to use. Finally, we present our freely available corpus of 500 empathy-annotated, student-written peer reviews on business models and our annotation guidelines to encourage future research on the design and development of empathy support systems.
Wambsganss, T.; Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): AI-based Argumentation Tutoring – A Novel System Class to Improve Learners’ Argumentation Skills. In: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM).
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Argumentation is an omnipresent foundation of our daily communication and thinking. The ability to form convincing arguments is not only the fundament for persuading an audience of novel ideas but also plays a major role in strategic decision-making, negotiation, and productive civil discourse. However, students often struggle to develop argumentation skills due to a lack of individual and instant feedback in their learning journey, since providing feedback on the individual argumentation skills of learners is very time consuming and not scalable if conducted manually by educators. Following a design science research approach, we propose a new class of argumentation learning systems that provide students with individual and ongoing tutoring to support them in learning how to argue. We build our socio-technical design on a combination of user-centered design principles, a conceptualization of argumentation structures in student-written text, and Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning classifiers to provide individual feedback. To investigate if the new system class of AI-based argumentation tutoring systems helps students to improve their argumentation skills, we evaluated the novel artifact class in two empirical studies in comparison to traditional argumentation learning systems. In a laboratory experiment (study 1), as well as in a field experiment in a large-scale lecture over three months (study 2), we found that AI-based argumentation tutoring systems based on our design principles, argumentation schemes, and algorithms improve the short- and long-term argumentation skills of students significantly compared to the traditional argumentation learning approaches.
Leimeister, J. M.; Dickhaut, E.; & Janson, A. (2021): Design Pattern as a Bridge Between Problem-Space and Solution-Space. In: Aier, S., Rohner, P., & Schelp, J. (Eds.), Engineering the Transformation of the Enterprise - A Design Science Research Perspective (pp. 137–150). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
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Designing novel technologies provide challenges to developers. To support developers in designing these technologies, design knowledge must be codified and made applicable for the future. In systems development, design patterns provide proven solutions to solving recurring problems. They contain templates for describing design information, often in tabular form, and are established tools for making complex knowledge accessible and applicable. Design patterns play a critical role in both practice and research in finding potential solutions. For researchers, patterns can provide a method for codifying design knowledge for future research. For practitioners, design patterns provide established solutions to recurring problems. By applying them in a particular context, the pattern represents elements of both the problem-space and the solution-space, providing an opportunity to bridge the gap between the two spaces. Due to the abstraction of design patterns, they can be used for different application scenarios. The preparation of the design knowledge in the design pattern is a critical step to support the user in the best possible way, that determines the usefulness of the pattern.
Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): CrowdServ – Konzept für ein hybrides Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem zur Validierung von Geschäftsmodellen. In: Beverungen, D., Schumann, J. H., Stich, V., & Strina, G. (Eds.), Dienstleistungsinnovationen durch Digitalisierung (Vol. Band 2: Prozesse ‐ Transformation ‐ Wertschöpfungsnetzwerke, pp. 291–331). Germany, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Gabler.
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Eine der kritischsten Aufgaben für Start-ups ist die Validierung ihres Geschäftsmodells. Daher versuchen Gründer, Informationen wie z. B. Feedback von anderen Akteuren zu sammeln, um die Gültigkeit ihrer Annahmen zu bewerten und Entscheidungen zu treffen. Bisherige Arbeiten über Entscheidungshilfen für die Validierung von Geschäftsmodellen bieten jedoch keine Lösung für den höchst unsicheren und komplexen Kontext von Start-ups in der Frühphase. Der Zweck dieser Studie ist daher die Entwicklung von Entwurfsprinzipien für ein hybrides Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem (HIDSS), das die komplementären Fähigkeiten von menschlicher und maschineller Intelligenz kombiniert. Wir verfolgen einen gestaltungsorientierten Forschungsansatz, um ein Prototyp-Artefakt und eine Reihe von Designprinzipien zu entwerfen. Unsere Studie liefert präskriptives Wissen für HIDSS und trägt zu früheren Arbeiten über Entscheidungsunterstützung für Geschäftsmodelle, über die Anwendung der komplementären Stärken von Mensch und Maschine zur Entscheidungsfindung und über Unterstützungssysteme für extrem unsichere Entscheidungsprobleme bei.
Benner, D.; Elshan, E.; Schöbel, S.; & Janson, A. (2021): What do you mean? A Review on Recovery Strategies to Overcome Conversational Breakdowns of Conversational Agents. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Since the emergence of conversational agents, this technology has seen continuous development and research. Today, advanced conversational agents are virtually omnipresent in our everyday lives. Albeit the numerous improvements in their conversational capabilities, breakdowns are still a persistent issue. Such breakdowns can result in a very unpleasant experience for users and impair the future success of conversational agents. This issue has been acknowledged by many researchers recently. However, the research on strategies to overcome conversational breakdowns is still inconclusive, and further research is needed. Therefore, we conduct a systematic literature analysis to derive conceptual conversational breakdown recovery strategies from literature and highlight future research avenues to address potential gaps. Thus, we contribute to theory of human-agent interaction by deriving and assessing recovery strategies and suggesting leads for novel recovery strategies.
Grünenfelder, J. I.; Zierau, N.; & Janson, A. (2021): Alexa, are you still there? Understanding the Habitual Use of AI-Based Voice Assistants. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Voice assistants are a novel class of information systems that fundamentally change human–computer interaction. Although these assistants are widespread, the utilization of these information systems is oftentimes only considered on a surface level by individuals. In addition, prior research has focused predominantly on initial use instead of looking deeper into post-adoption and habit formation. In consequence, this paper reviews how the notion of habit has been conceptualized in relation to biographical utilization of voice assistants and presents findings based on a qualitative study approach. From a perspective of post-adoption users, the study suggests that existing habits persist, and new habits hardly ever form in the context of voice assistant utilization. This paper outlines four key factors that help explain voice assistant utilization behavior and furthermore provides practical implications that help to ensure continued voice assistant use in the future.
Wilde, D.; Hupe, A.; Trahan, S.; Guinita Abel, C.; Kjærsgaard Longueval, S.; & McLaughlin, C. (2021): Rethinking Food: Co-Creating Citizen Science for Sustainability Transition. In: Nordes (Nordic Design Conference) (pp. 228–237). Kolding, Denmark.
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Transforming human food practices to be more sustainable is not straightforward. The human food system and international sustainability advice are both global in scope. Whereas food practices are locally situated and personal. ReThinking Food grapples with this challenge, using co-creative citizen science and the Future 50 Foods Report. The research involves cooking with; sharing food, recipes and stories; surveys, interviews, online and in-person activities. Through these actions, participants exchange knowledges with the food, their families and each other; become agents of change in their social groups and workplaces. They enact agency, shifting scales from human to non- human; near to far; from one-to-few-to-many. Building on this insight, we propose a hybrid engagement strategy for fostering connections across scales, from the personal to the planetary. The strategy strengthens the effectiveness of bottom-up societal transformation efforts.
Billert, M.; & Peters, C. (2021): Gelebte Demokratie in der Stadt der Zukunft – Entwicklung einer digitalen Bürgerbeteiligungsplattform. In: Sommer, J. (Ed.), Kursbuch Bürgerbeteiligung #4 (pp. 364–376).
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Um die Lebensverhältnisse der Bürger*innen in Städten zu verbessern, sollen diese als Expert*innen ihres Alltags eingebunden werden. Jedoch finden städtische Angebote oftmals bei Bürger*innen keinen Anklang und umgekehrt kämpfen Bürgerinitiativen um die Aufmerksamkeit und Unterstützung von Städten. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wurde eine digitale Bürgerbeteiligungsplattform in einer deutschen Großstadt etabliert. Sie unterstützt Bürger*innen bei ihren Anliegen und bietet Städten die Möglichkeit, bürger-initiierte Beiträge niederschwellig zu überprüfen und bereitzustellen. Mit dem anschließenden demokratischen Abstimmungsprozess handelt es sich um ein Stück gelebte Demokratie.
Benner, D.; Schöbel, S.; & Janson, A. (2021): It is only for your own good, or is it? Ethical Considerations for Designing Ethically Conscious Persuasive Information Systems. In: Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS). Montreal, Kanada: Association for Information Systems.
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Persuasive designs, including gamification and digital nudging, have become well renowned during the last years and have been implemented successfully across different sectors including education, e-health, e-governance, e-finance and general information systems. In this regard, persuasive design can support desirable changes in attitude and behavior of users in order to achieve their own goals. However, such persuasive influence on individuals raises ethical questions as persuasive designs can impair the autonomy of users or persuade the user towards goals of a third party and hence lead to unethical decision-making processes. In human-computer interaction this is especially significant with the advent of advanced artificial intelligence that can emulate human behavior and thus bring new dynamics into play. Therefore, we conduct a systematic literature analysis with the goal to compile an overview of ethical considerations for persuasive system design, derive potential guidelines for ethical persuasive designs and shed light on potential research gaps.
Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): How Companies Can Benefit from Interlinking External Crowds and Internal Employees. In: Management Information Systems Quarterly Executive (MISQE), 1, Vol. 20. pp. 17–38.
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Based on insights from an engineering design project conducted by Airbus and Local Motors, we describe how companies can leverage hybrid working by interlinking external crowds and internal employees, to increase the agility, quality and speed of product development. We identify the benefits and risks of hybrid working and describe the different ways of interlinking external crowds and internal employees. Finally, we provide recommendations for company executives who want to explore the use of hybrid working.
Schmitt, A.; Wambsganss, T.; Söllner, M.; & Janson, A. (2021): Towards a Trust Reliance Paradox? Exploring the Gap Between Perceived Trust in and Reliance on Algorithmic Advice. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Beyond AI-based systems’ potential to augment decision-making, reduce organizational resources, and counter human biases, unintended consequences of such systems have been largely neglected so far. Researchers are undecided on whether erroneous advice acts as an impediment to system use or is blindly relied upon. As part of an experimental study, we turn towards the impact of incorrect system advice and how to design for failure-prone AI. In an experiment with 156 subjects we find that, although incorrect algorithmic advice is trusted less, users adapt their answers to a system’s incorrect recommendations. While transparency on a system’s accuracy levels fosters trust and reliance in the context of incorrect advice, an opposite effect is found for users exposed to correct advice. Our findings point towards a paradoxical gap between stated trust and actual behavior. Furthermore, transparency mechanisms should be deployed with caution as their effectiveness is intertwined with system performance.
Schmitt, A.; Zierau, N.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Voice as a Contemporary Frontier of Interaction Design. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS).
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Voice assistants’ increasingly nuanced and natural communication bears new opportunities for user experiences and task automation, while challenging existing patterns of human-computer interaction. A fragmented research field, as well as constant technological advancements, impede a common apprehension of prevalent design features of voice-based interfaces. As part of this study, 86 papers across domains are systematically identified and analysed to arrive at a common understanding of voice assistants. The review highlights perceptual differences to other human-computer interfaces and points out relevant auditory cues. Key findings regarding those cues’ impact on user perception and behaviour are discussed along with the three design strategies 1) personification, 2) individualization and 3) contextualization. Avenues for future research are lastly deducted. Our results provide relevant opportunities to researchers and designers alike to advance the design and deployment of voice assistants.
Schmidt, S. L.; Li, M. M.; Weigel, S.; & Peters, C. (2021): Knowledge is Power: Provide your IT-Support with Domain-Specific High-Quality Solution Material. In: International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). Springer.
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As more and more business processes are based on IT services the high availability of these processes is dependent on the IT-Support. Thus, making the IT-Support a critical success factor of companies. This paper presents how this department can be supported by providing the staff with domain-specific and high-quality solution material to help employees faster when errors occur. The solution material is based on previously solved tickets because these contain precise domain-specific solutions narrowed down to e.g., specific versions and configurations of hard-/software used in the company. To retrieve the solution material ontologies are used that contain the domain-specific vocabulary needed. Because not all previously solved tickets contain high-quality solution material that helps the staff to fix issues the designed IT-Support system separates lowfrom high-quality solution material. This paper presents (a) theory- and practicalmotivated design requirements that describe the need for automatically retrieved solution material, (b) develops two major design principles to retrieve domainspecific and high-quality solution material, and (c) evaluates the instantiations of them as a prototype with organic real-world data. The results show that previously solved tickets of a company can be pre-processed and retrieved to ITSupport staff based on their current queries.
Weinert, T.; Benner, D.; Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; Schöbel, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Unterstützung digitaler Bildungsprozesse durch interaktive gamifizierte Lernvideos - Wie innovative Lernvideos Motivation und Lernerfolg steigern können. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 6, Vol. 58. pp. 1483–1503.
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Digitales Lernen ist ein zentraler Bestandteil der heutigen Bildungslandschaft geworden. Insbesondere Lernvideos haben in den letzten Jahren deutlich an Popularität gewonnen und Plattformen wie YouTube sind heute ein fester Bestandteil von Lernprozessen. Bildungseinrichtungen haben diese Entwicklung erkannt und Lernvideos in ihre Lernsysteme integriert. Allerdings sind die heutigen Lernvideos oft nicht sehr ansprechend, weil es an Gestaltungswissen mangelt, wie Interaktionen und gamifizierte Elemente die Motivation und den Lernerfolg steigern können. Dieser Mangel an Gestaltungswissen führt zu minderwertigen Lernvideos, die den Lernprozess der Lernenden meist nicht in dem Maße unterstützen, wie sie es könnten. Um effektive Lernvideos zu entwickeln, welche die Lernenden adäquat unterstützen, ist handfestes und praktisches Gestaltungswissen für die Lehrenden notwendig. Vor diesem Hintergrund entwickeln wir Entwurfsmuster für interaktive gamifizierte Lernvideos, um Praktiker*innen bei der Erstellung effektiver Lernvideos anzuleiten, die die Motivation und das Engagement von Lernenden zu fördern, welche sie aktiv in ihrem Lernprozess unterstützen zu können. Wir setzen damit zusätzlich die Grundlage für zukünftige Forschung zur Gestaltung effektiver Lernvideos. Dabei folgen wir einem gestaltungsorientierten Forschungsansatz, um die Entwicklung unserer Entwurfsmuster zu systematisieren.
Wambsganss, T.; Schmitt, A.; Mahning, T.; Ott, A.; Soellner, S.; Ngo, N. A.; … Leimeister, J. M. (2021): The Potential of Technology-Mediated Learning Processes: A Taxonomy and Research Agenda for Educational Process Mining. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Austin, Texas, USA.
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Educational process mining (EPM) offers new possibilities to discover, monitor, improve, or predict students’ learning processes using data about their learning activities captured in technology-mediated information systems (IS). Although EPM has recently attracted considerable research interest, there is still limited shared knowledge about the distinctive design characteristics of EPM from an integrative perspective. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify EPM characteristics. Building on a technology-mediated learning perspective, we develop a taxonomy that classifies EPM characteristics into four major categories (i.e., purpose, user, input, analysis). We evaluate and refine our taxonomy with ten domain experts, identified three clusters in the reviewed literature, and derived six archetypes of EPM scenarios based on our categorization. Finally, we formulate a novel research agenda to guide researchers in systematizing and synthesizing research on different technological embeddings of EPM in a students’ learning process.
Janson, A.; Kreidel, L.; Schöbel, S.; Hornung, G.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Datenkompetenz durch edukatives Privacy Nudging: Zentrale Prinzipien und Effekte auf Lernprozesse. In: Stapf, I., Quinn, R. A., Friedewald, M., Heesen, J., & Krämer, N. (Eds.), Aufwachsen in überwachten Umgebungen: Interdisziplinäre Positionen zu Privatheit und Datenschutz in Kindheit und Jugend (pp. 255–277). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos.
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Die Digitalisierung verändert nicht nur unser privates, sondern auch unser Arbeitsleben. Immer mehr Daten über Individuen sind online verfügbar und werden für die Nutzung von bestimmten Online Services vorausgesetzt. Hierbei verlieren die Nutzenden oft den Überblick, wie und welche Daten sie von sich preisgeben. Dies birgt nicht nur das Risiko der Preisgabe von privaten Daten, sondern auch unternehmensseitig das Risiko, dass wichtige Daten außerhalb des Unternehmens veröffentlicht werden. Hier kann das Konzept des digitalen Nudgings angewandt werden, welches nunmehr auch als edukatives Privacy Nudging genutzt werden kann. Das Konzept bezweckt, Individuen durch bestimmte Elemente wie beispielsweise Defaults zu Verhaltensänderungen anzuregen. Dieser Beitrag hat zum Ziel, einen Überblick darüber zu geben, welche Privacy Nudges es im edukativen Bereich gibt und wie diese mit verschiedenen Lerntheorien in Einklang gebracht werden können. Der Text soll Forschern und Praktikern eine Orientierung geben, selbst edukative Privacy Nudges zu gestalten und endet mit einem Fallbeispiel, das aufzeigt wie einfache Gestaltungsänderungen Individuen dazu anregen können, sich privatheitsfreundlicher zu verhalten und sorgsamer mit ihren privaten Daten umzugehen.
Barev, T. J.; Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): DELEN – A Process Model for the Systematic Development of Legitimate Digital Nudges. In: Chandra Kruse, L., Seidel, S., & Hausvik, G. I. (Eds.), International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST) (Vol. 12807, pp. 299–312). Cham: Springer.
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Digital nudging is a promising approach from behavioral economics. In deci-sions where individuals tend to struggle, nudges can support users of digital systems by aligning their behavior with their preferences. Despite their wide use, most digital nudges are designed to support the intended behavior from the perspective of a company while neglecting potential legal, ethical, or individual constraints or preferences. With modern technologies such as artificial intelli-gence or big data, these issues multiply and with the increasing effectiveness of digital nudges and use of new technologies, this has become even more critical. Thus, in this paper we follow a Design Science Research approach to develop a process model for the systematic development of legitimate nudges (DELEN). Legitimacy requires that dealings between different entities shall be fair. Unlike other models, we set normative boundaries derived from literature, expert in-terviews, and target group segmentation as integral elements. Target group seg-mentation increases nudge effectiveness and avoids unnecessary burdens for other individuals. By doing so, the DELEN process model paves the way for legitimate and effective digital nudges.
Tolmeijer, S.; Zierau, N.; Janson, A.; Wahdatehagh, J.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Bernstein, A. (2021): Female by Default? – Exploring the Effect of Voice Assistant Gender and Pitch on Trait and Trust Attribution. In: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). Yokohama, Japan.
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Gendered voice based on pitch is a prevalent design element in many contemporary Voice Assistants (VAs) but has shown to strengthen harmful stereotypes. Interestingly, there is a dearth of research that systematically analyses user perceptions of different voice genders in VAs. This study investigates gender-stereotyping across two different tasks by analyzing the influence of pitch (low, high) and gender (women, men) on stereotypical trait ascription and trust formation in an exploratory online experiment with 234 participants. Additionally, we deploy a gender-ambiguous voice to compare against gendered voices. Our findings indicate that implicit stereotyping occurs for VAs. Moreover, we can show that there are no significant differences in trust formed towards a gender-ambiguous voice versus gendered voices, which highlights their potential for commercial usage.
Peters, C. (2021): Designing Work and Service Systems. School of Management, University of St.Gallen: Habilitation Thesis.
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Peters, C.; Eilers, K.; Simmert, B.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Future Organization Report 2021. . St.Gallen, Switzerland and Frankfurt, Germany: Institute of Information Management at University of St.Gallen and Campana & Schott Business Services GmbH.
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What are the attributes of successful organizations? This is the question addressed by the Future Organization Report 2021. It focuses on the idea of “Organizational Excellence” and what organizations can do to achieve this goal.
Zierau, N.; Flock, K.; Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): The Influence of AI-Based Chatbots and Their Design on Users’ Trust and Information Sharing in Online Loan Applications. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Based on recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI), chatbots are now increasingly offered as an alternative source of customer service. For their uptake user trust in critical. However, little is known about how these interfaces fundamentally influence trust perceptions. In particular, it’s unclear what exactly causes perceptual differences - the change towards a conversational interface or the usage of anthropomorphic design elements. In this study, an online experiment with 160 participants was conducted to examine the differential effects of conversational interaction and anthropomorphism on trust in the interface or the provider within the context of online loan applications. The results show that both treatment conditions affect trust in the interface and the provider by increasing perceptions of social presence. Meanwhile, trust in the interface significantly effects the intention to share information, while trust in the provider has no effect on behavioral intention.
Schomberg, S.; Dickhaut, E.; Barev, T. J.; & Janson, A. (2021): Mithilfe von Privacy Nudging zu rechtsverträglichen Videokonferenztools. In: INFORMATIK 2021 – 51. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Informatik (Vol. Computer Science & Sustainability, pp. 979–994). Berlin: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI).
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Die Covid-19 Pandemie hat zu enormen Veränderungen im Arbeitsalltag geführt. Videokonferenztools gewannen durch die Zusammenarbeit über Distanz an Bedeutung. In kürzester Zeit kamen in vielen Unternehmen Videokonferenztools verschiedener Hersteller zum Einsatz; der Datenschutz stand dabei in der Regel nicht an erster Stelle und es kam zu zahlreichen Datenschutzverstößen. Im Laufe der Pandemie rückte der Datenschutz mehr in den Fokus und es wurde nachgebessert. Wir wollen mit unserem Beitrag anregen Videokonferenztools nicht nur datenschutzkonform, sondern rechtsverträglich zu gestalten. Daher haben wir die Benutzeroberfläche eines Tools (Zoom) an den Stellen angepasst, an denen datenschutzsensibles Verhalten besonders kritisch ist. Wir zeigen, wie kleine Änderungen in der Benutzeroberfläche und die Integration von Privacy Nudges zu datenschutzsensiblem Verhalten führen können. Um diese sogenannten Privacy Nudges für Entwickelnde von Videokonferenztools so praktisch und zugänglich wie möglich zu machen, greifen wir auf das Konzept der Design Pattern aus der Systementwicklung zurück.
Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Einführung in die Wirtschaftsinformatik (13thth ed.). Germany, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Gabler.
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Das Buch gibt eine fundierte und praxisbezogene Einführung in das Gesamtgebiet der Wirtschaftsinformatik. Aufbauend auf den bewährten Vorgängerauflagen von Stahlknecht und Hasenkamp wurde die 13. Auflage komplett überarbeitet, strukturell weiterentwickelt und aktualisiert. Die Schwerpunkte umfassen u.a. Datenmanagement, Big Data, Analytics und Systementwicklung, Digital Business, Digitale Transformation, IT-Management sowie IT-Anwendungssysteme.
Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): LEGIT Methodology: Towards Capturing Legal Compatibility of Design Science Artifacts. In: Chandra Kruse, L., Seidel, S., & Hausvik, G. I. (Eds.), International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST) (Vol. 12807, pp. 293–298). Kristiansand, Norway: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Spring Cham).
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Higher legal standards with regards to the data protection of individu-als such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are increasing the pressure on developers of IT artifacts. Typically, when developing systems, we subsequently evaluate them with users to elaborate aspects such as user experi-ence perceptions. However, nowadays, other evaluation aspects such as legality and data policy issues are also important criteria for system development. For this purpose, we introduce LEGIT (legal design science evaluation), which pro-vides developers with guidance when considering legal requirements. We use the case of the GDPR to illustrate the feasibility, applicability, and benefit to the de-velopment process. With this novel method adapted from law research, we are able to derive actionable guidance for developers to evaluate developer efforts in increasing legal compatibility. To illustrate our methodological approach, in this paper, we describe the key steps of the method with respect to the evaluation of a learning assistant. We develop an AI-based learning assistant for university stu-dents to demonstrate the application of the novel evaluation method. We briefly discuss how this procedure can serve as the foundation for a new evaluation method of legally compatible systems in design science research.
Knote, R.; Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Value Co-Creation in Smart Services: A Functional Affordances Perspective on Smart Personal Assistants. In: Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 2, Vol. 22. pp. 418–458.
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In the realm of smart services, smart personal assistants (SPAs) have become a popular medium for value co-creation between service providers and users. The market success of SPAs is largely based on their innovative material properties, such as natural language user interfaces, machine-learning-powered request handling and service provision, and anthropomorphism. In different combinations, these properties offer users entirely new ways to intuitively and interactively achieve their goals and, thus, co-create value with service providers. But how does the nature of the SPA shape value co-creation processes? In this paper, we look through a functional affordances lens to theorize about the effects of different types of SPAs (i.e., with different combinations of material properties) on users' value co-creation processes. Specifically, we collected SPAs from research and practice by reviewing scientific literature and web resources, developed a taxonomy of SPAs' material properties, and performed a cluster analysis to group SPAs of a similar nature. We then derived 2 general and 11 cluster-specific propositions on how different material properties of SPAs can yield different affordances for value co-creation. With our work, we point out that smart services require researchers and practitioners to fundamentally rethink value co-creation as well as revise affordances theory to address the dynamic nature of smart technology as a service counterpart.
Dickhaut, E.; Li, M. M.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Developing Lawful Technologies – A Revelatory Case Study on Design Patterns. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Higher legal standards regarding the data protection of individuals, such as the European General Data Protection Regulation, increase the pressure on developing lawful systems. In the development of technologies, not only developers are involved. It also requires knowledge from other stakeholders, such as legal experts, that lack technical knowledge but are required to understand IT artifacts. We see two strings that can benefit from the use of design patterns: first, the well-known use of design patterns to support developers in case of recurring problems. Second, we see potential that legal experts, who have to interact with and understand complicated, novel technologies, benefit from the same patterns. We conduct a revelatory case study using design patterns to develop and assess a smart learning assistant. We scaffolded the case interpretation through the human-centered view of socio-materiality and provide contributions concerning the use of design patterns in the development and assessment of lawful technologies.
Sander, R.; & Peters, C. (2021): Artificial Intelligence in the Customer Journey: A Systematic Overview of the Most Popular Use Cases Through the Creation of AI Archetypes. In: Conference of the European Association for Research on Services (RESER). Heilbronn, Germany.
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Benner, D.; Schöbel, S.; & Janson, A. (2021): Exploring the State-of-the-Art of Persuasive Design for Smart Personal Assistants. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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Driven by technological advances, smart personal assistants (SPA) have gained importance in human-computer interaction. SPAs can influence user behavior and persuade them towards an outcome. However, users often lack motivated to interact with SPAs. One way to support this interaction is persuasive system design; considering concepts as gamification and/or digital nudging. Although SPA research has increased recently, there is still no shared knowledge about persuasive designs. Therefore, we aim to identify the current state-of-the-art for persuasive SPA design to understand how interactions and designs can be improved referring to persuasive system design. Thus, we conduct a systematic literature analysis to represent how gamification and digital nudging are used to design SPAs and conclude if and how those concepts can support SPA interactions. Consequently, we contribute to theory, providing better understanding about SPA interaction and design making SPAs more engaging and entertaining. Practitioners can use this contribution for persuasive SPA designs.
Draude, C.; Gruhl, C.; Hornung, G.; Kropf, J.; Lamla, J.; Leimeister, J. M.; … Stumme, G. (2021): Social Machines. In: Informatik Spektrum, 1, Vol. 45. pp. 38–42.
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Social Machines sind ein Paradigma für die Gestaltung soziotechnischer Systeme, die unter Verwendung von Web- und Plattformlösungen das Potenzial digitaler Technologien mit der Eigenlogik sozialer Interaktion, Organisation und Strukturbildung auf neue Weise zusammenführen. Im Folgenden diskutieren wir das Paradigma der Social Machine aus den Perspektiven der Informatik, der Wirtschaftsinformatik, der Soziologie und des Rechts, um Orientierungspunkte für seine Gestaltung zu identifizieren. Der Begriff ist in der Literatur jedoch bisher nicht abschließend definiert sondern nur durch Beispiele illustriert. In diesem Artikel stellen wir zunächst die folgende Definition zur Diskussion: Social Machines sind soziotechnische Systeme, in denen die Prozesse sozialer Interaktion hybrid zwischen menschlichen und maschinellen Akteuren ablaufen und teilweise algorithmisiert sind. Im Anschluss beleuchten wir drei aktuelle, sich gegenseitig bedingende Entwicklungen von Social Machines: die immer stärkere Verschmelzung von Sozialität und Maschine, die Vermessung von Nutzeraktivitäten als Grundstoff gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalts und die zunehmende Algorithmisierung gesellschaftlicher Prozesse. Abschließend diskutieren wir, dass eine teilhabeorientierte, demokratischen Werten folgende Gestaltung von Social Machines die Perspektiven der Nutzungsakzeptanz, der gesellschaftlichen Akzeptabilität und der nachhaltigen Wirtschaftlichkeit adressieren und umsetzen muss.
Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): The Hidden Value of Patterns – Using Design Patterns to Whitebox Technology Development in Legal Assessments. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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Higher legal standards with regards to data protection of individuals such as the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) increase the pressure on developing lawful technologies. The development requires feedback from stakeholders such as legal experts that lack technical knowledge but are required to understand IT artifacts. As a solution, patterns can support interdisciplinary system development. We demonstrate how interdisciplinary patterns can support legal experts in arguing about technologies in court by introducing a law simulation study which is a well-known evaluation method in law. Our results show that patterns support legal experts in their argumentation about technologies in court. We provide theoretical contributions concerning cognitive fit theory about how patterns act as a bridge between the internal and external representation of problems and improve problem-solving performance related to the legal assessment of technology. In addition, we provide practical guidance for codifying and communicating design knowledge through patterns.
Wessel, L.; Peters, C.; & Niederman, F. (2021): Using ‘Panel Reports’ to Advance Scholarly Discourse: A Change in Editorial Policy and Guidelines for Authors of ‘Panel Reports’. In: Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS).
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‘Panel reports’ reflect a particular category of submissions that can be made to the Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS). As stated online, panel reports differ from traditional research papers in that “CAIS is open to publishing reports of panels, debates, symposia, workshops and similar events. Such reports have to clearly position the matter of discussion at the event, highlight the relevance of event and topic and outline the different views on the topic that emanated at the events.” (https://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/panel_reports.pdf). While this definition has persisted for some time and still holds true, it leaves room for interpretation what constitutes a contribution and how one knows that a particular paper has made enough of one. The purpose of this editorial is to provide interpretation and elaboration of these principles based on our collective experience with such reports.
Eilers, K.; & Li, M. (2021): Sense of Control for Empowerment in Hybrid Intelligence Service Systems. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Workshop: Service and Information Systems Research for a Better Future. Austin, Texas, USA.
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Schöbel S.; Schmidt-Kraepelin, M.; Janson, A.; & Sunyaev, A. (2021): Adaptive and Personalized Gamification Designs: Call for Action and Future Research. In: AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 4, Vol. 13. pp. 479–494.
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Gamification refers to the use of game-like elements in non-entertainment contexts to make activities more engaging and enjoyable to improve utilitarian outcomes. The gamification literature and the use of gamification in practice suggest that gamification can be a useful tool to support behavioral and psychological changes. Recent developments show that there is potential for new waves of gamification research. Therefore, we conducted a workshop at the International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI) 2021 to discuss the future of gamification with interested scholars. The discussion with 25 gamification experts led to a research agenda that supports the need for adaptive and personalized gamification designs. Together with the experts, we identify three clusters for future research: 1) the personalization of gamification concepts, 2) theories and concepts for gamified human-computer interaction, and 3) the “dark side” of gamification (e.g., addiction). We also address what the gamification concept means. Aligned with the three clusters, we provide valuable starting points for future research inquiries to help researchers better understand the nature of gamification. We also discuss the capabilities and limits of gamification.
Schmidt, S. L.; Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Nutzungszentrierte Gestaltung von HI-basierten Dienstleistungen am Beispiel des IT-Supports. In: Bruhn, M., & Hadwich, K. (Eds.), Künstliche Intelligenz im Dienstleistungsmanagement (Vol. Geschäftsmodelle – Serviceinnovationen – Implementierung). Springer Gabler.
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Die Verbindung von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz, die wir hybride Intelligenz (HI) nennen, soll Mitarbeitende im IT-Support entlasten und unterstützen. In diesem Beitrag gestalten wir nutzungszentriert eine HI-basierte Dienstleistung am Beispiel des IT-Supports. Wir beginnen mit einer Problemidentifizierung am Beispiel von drei unterschiedlich groß aufgestellten Unternehmen. Basierend auf diesen identifizierten Herausforderungen des IT-Supports wurden die Interaktionen während der Dienstleistungserbringung zwischen allen Beteiligten (Mitarbeitende, Kund:innen und System) nutzungszentriert neu gestaltet.
Barev, T. J.; Schwede, M.; & Janson, A. (2021): The Dark Side of Privacy Nudging – An Experimental Study in the Context of a Digital Work Environment. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Privacy nudging is a promising method to get users to disclose less personal information in digital work environments. In this work, we tested two digital privacy nudges: a social and a framing nudge. To empirically measure the effectiveness of the two privacy nudges, we developed an online experiment. We evaluated 223 data sets with the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and a two-factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results indicate that privacy nudges negatively influence information disclosure behavior. The privacy framing nudge has a direct and indirect effect, while the privacy social nudge has only an indirect effect on the information disclosure behavior. Individuals exposed to the privacy nudges perceived the stimulus as threat. Importantly, both nudges spark negative feelings. With this research, we are contributing to the discussion of what drives privacy nudge effectiveness and influences information disclosure behavior in digital work environments.
Schöbel, S.; Mohammed, S.; & Janson, A. (2021): Two decades of game concepts in digital learning environments – A bibliometric study and research agenda. In: Computers & Education.
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In recent years, using game concepts for educational purposes in digital environments has become continually more popular and relevant. Games can be used to motivate and engage users in regular system use and, in the end, support learners in achieving better learning outcomes. In this context, different kinds of game concepts exist, such as gamification or serious games, each with a different perspective and usefulness in digital learning environments. Because developing and using with game concepts in digital learning environments has recently become more important, and developing them is still not fully established, questions arise about future research directions involving games in digital learning. Therefore, this study aims to identify the state of the field and determine what is relevant when using game concepts in digital learning. To achieve this goal, we present the results of a bibliometric analysis considering more than 10,000 articles between 2000 and 2019 and summarize them to develop a research agenda. This agenda supports researchers and practitioners in identifying avenues for future research. We contribute to theory by providing a detailed understanding of the relevance of game concepts in digital learning. We propose a research agenda to assist researchers in planning future approaches with and about gamification concepts in digital learning. Practical implications are proposed by demonstrating what should be considered when using game concepts in learning environments.
Wambsganss, T.; Küng, T.; Matthias, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): ArgueTutor: An Adaptive Dialog-Based Learning System for Argumentation Skills. In: ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI). Yokohama, Japan.
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Techniques from Natural-Language-Processing offer the opportunities to design new dialog-based forms of human-computer interaction as well as to analyze the argumentation quality of texts. This can be leveraged to provide students with adaptive tutoring when doing a persuasive writing exercise. To test if individual tutoring for students' argumentation will help them to write more convincing texts, we developed ArgueTutor, a conversational agent that tutors students with adaptive argumentation feedback in their learning journey. We compared ArgueTutor with 55 students to a traditional writing tool. We found students using ArgueTutor wrote more convincing texts with a better quality of argumentation compared to the ones using the alternative approach. The measured level of enjoyment and ease of use provides promising results to use our tool in traditional learning settings. Our results indicate that dialog-based learning applications combined with NLP text feedback have a beneficial use to foster better writing skills of students.
Eilers, K.; Simmert, B.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Why the Agile Mindset Matters. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM).
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Volatility, uncertainty, ambiguity, and complexity (VUCA) are drivers in today’s business world. Therefore, an increasing number of organizations implement agility (agile methods) to cope with the rapid and accelerating change. However, these agile transformations do not succeed unhindered, and some fail. One reason for that is the employees lacking an agile mindset and they do not support or participate in the transformation. So far, knowledge of the agile mindset is in its infancy. A conceptualization for developing a measuring instrument on the individual level is lacking. Furthermore, the relevance of the agile mindset regarding organizational performance in a VUCA world is still unclear. Our study aims to close this gap. To do so, we examine the agile mindset with 15 qualitative interviews and conduct an online survey (N=449) to predict organizational agility and organizational performance based on the agile mindset. As for results, we conceptualize the agile mindset as an attitude that comprises four dimensions: ’learning spirit’, ‘collaborative exchange’, ‘empowered self-guiding’, and ‘iterative value creation’. We have found an indirect effect of the agile mindset affecting organizational performance towards organizational agility. These findings contribute to the agility and management research by providing both a conceptualization and a measuring instrument for the agile mindset. Furthermore, the agile mindset´s relevance in agile transformation is explained and its relation to organizational performance outlined. For successful agile transformation, executives must focus on the agile mindset of their employees and foster this by e.g. being a role model.
Peters, C.; Schmidt, S.; Li, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Hybrid intelligenter Service Support: Wie die Mitarbeitenden selbstbestimmt den IT-Support durch künstliche Intelligenz aufwerten. In: Service Today, 1/21, Vol. 35. pp. 66–67.
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Peters, C.; & Billert, M. (2021): Government-as-a-Platform im Kontext Bürgerbeteiligung: Konzeption, Entwicklung und Integration am Beispiel einer deutschen Smart City. In: Laumer, R. (Ed.), Kommunales Open Government - Grundlagen, Praxis, Perspektiven (pp. 52–64). Marburg, Germany: Büchner Verlag.
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Bürgerbeteiligung war und ist wichtig – insbesondere in Zeiten von Covid-19. Dabei bedarf es einer sinnvollen Kombination und einer guten Verzahnung von digitalen und analogen Angeboten, wobei insbesondere im Kontext von Covid-19 die Frage bezüglich digitaler Bürgerbeteiligung im Raum steht: Wenn nicht jetzt, wann dann? Wir sprechen uns für Formen digitaler Bürgerbeteiligung aus, die bestehende Formen nicht ersetzen, sondern synergetisch ergänzen. Um dies zu tun, zeigen wir in diesem Beitrag auf, wie das Konzept des Government-as-a-Platform hierbei zu verstehen ist und helfen kann. Außerdem beschreiben wir Konzeption, Entwicklung und Integration einer digitalen Bürgerbeteiligungsplattform, die sich unter anderem durch die Verzahnung von Top-down- und Bottom-up-Elementen wie auch durch Transparenz der Plattform-Prozesse auszeichnet. Bürger*innen werden dabei als Expert*innen ihres Alltags gesehen und dazu empowert, durch eigene Projektvorschläge ihre Stadt proaktiv mitzugestalten.
Simmert, B.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Interne Crowd Work als innovative Form der Arbeitsorganisation. In: Service today : das Magazin für Entscheider aus Service, Marketing, Logistik und Technik, 1, Vol. 35. pp. 12–16.
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Winkler, R.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2021): Enhancing Problem-Solving Skills with Smart Personal Assistant Technology. In: Computers & Education.
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Smart Personal Assistants (SPAs; such as Amazon’s Alexa or Google’s Assistant) let users interact with computers in a more natural and sophisticated way that was not possible before. Although there exists an increasing amount of research of SPA technology in education, empirical evidence of its ability to offer dynamic scaffolding to enhance students problem-solving skills is still scarce. To fill this gap, the aim of this paper is to find out whether interactions with scaffolding-based SPA technology enable students to internalize and apply problem-solving steps on their own in a 10th grade high school and a vocational business school class. Students in the experiment classes completed their assignments using Smart Personal Assistants, whereas students in the control classes completed the same assignments using traditional methods. This study used a mixed-method approach consisting of two field quasi-experiments and one post-experiment focus group discussion. The empirical results revealed that students in the experiment classes acquired significantly more problem-solving skills than those in the control classes (Study 1: p = 0.0396, study 2: p < 0.001), and also uncovered several changes in students’ learning processes. The findings provide first empirical evidence for the value of using SPA technology on skill development in general, and on problem-solving skill development in particular.
Leimeister, J. M.; Stieglitz, S.; Matzner, M.; Kundisch, D.; Flath, C.; & Röglinger, M. (2021): Quo Vadis Conferences in the Business and Information Systems Engineering (BISE) Community After Covid: What Can Stay, What Should Go, What Do We Need to Change for Our Future Scientific Conferences?. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), 6, Vol. 63. pp. 741–749.
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The global Covid-19 pandemic has not only influenced the way we work and collaborate on our research but also how we present and exchange novel contributions at scientific conferences. Governmental lockdowns and (inter)-national travel restrictions have forced conference organizers to move from offline conference venues to virtual platforms quickly. Our discipline, the Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE) community, is an interdisciplinary field involving the more conference-driven computer sciences and the more journal-oriented social science. Thus, the impact of Covid-19 on—and the (needed) experience with—new conference formats require a differentiated discourse on the role of the future of our scientific conferences. Hence, we aim to contribute to a discussion on (1) what can stay offline / as on-site conference formats, (2) what we can learn from the experience with (new) online formats, and (3) what do we need for our future scientific conferences in the BISE community?
Benner, D.; & Schöbel, S. (2021): A Theory-Driven Design Science Research Agenda Towards Gamified Videos. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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Digitalization has opened new opportunities but also brought new challenges such as lower engagement of students in online training. Especially learning videos need to be changed in their design and structure to make them more engaging for users. So far, overarching design principles are missing that support the development of gamified learning videos. In our research in progress paper we present an overarching approach on how to develop meaningful gamified learning videos. With our design science research approach, we plan to derive design principles and design features from our state-of-the-art design requirements. Additionally, we will conduct a field experiment to put our theoretical contributions to test and gather practical insights. Our research contributes to theory, by clarifying how and why gamified videos can support better learning. In a long run, practical contributions can be given to developers about how to construct gamified learning videos.
Söllner, M.; Janson, A.; Rietsche, R.; & Thiel de Gafenco, M. (2021): Individualisierung in der beruflichen Bildung durch Hybrid Intelligence. Potentiale und Grenzen. In: Zeitschrift für Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik, Vol. Beiheft 31. pp. 163–181.
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Künstliche Intelligenz durchdringt immer stärker verschiedene Lebensbereiche und macht auch vor der beruflichen Bildung nicht halt. In diesem Zusammenhang gibt es derzeit vielfältige Diskussionen zur Rolle der menschlichen Intelligenz in zukünftigen Arbeitsprozessen und damit verknüpft Fragen zur Auswirkung auf die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Arbeitskräften. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es darzulegen, warum in den kommenden Jahrzehnten die effektive Kombination der komplementären Stärken von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz im Sinne des Hybrid Intelligence (HI)-Gedankens im Vordergrund stehen wird. Anschließend werden Potentiale und Grenzen von HI im Kontext der beruflichen Aus- und Weiterbildung mit besonderem Fokus auf die Individualisierung von Lehr-/Lernprozessen diskutiert.
Bretschneider, U. (2021): Exploring the Impact of Crowd Members’ Motivation on Idea Quality in Online Innovation Communities. In: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM).
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Since many years, several firms host Virtual Idea Communities (VIC), in which the crowd focuses on voluntarily developing ideas for new product development (NPD). Both, scholars and practitioners share a strong interest in understanding the factors that enhance crowd members’ individual ideation outcome, meaning the quality of ideas, since the value of user ideas is not only essential for the survival of a VIC, but it also directly affects the innovation effects of firm’s NPD. Although there exist first insights on what influences idea quality, empirical studies that provide evidence of which forms of crowd members motivations are positively linked to higher ideation outcome are neglected. In this research, we build a theoretical model explaining which motives of crowd members for engaging in ideation have a positive impact on the quality of ideas they developed. To test our theory, we employed empirical data from users of the VIC by the software manufacturer SAP. For the first time, we found that crowd members of VIC are motivated to send capability signals through their ideas and thus be more creative. Further, crowd members with higher levels of fun and learning motivation produce ideas of higher quality, whereas this association depends on their level of flow experience. Our empirical results provide important contributions to IS research and practice. On the basis of our findings it is possible to design socio-technical artefacts for VICs that stimulate users’ capability-, fun- and learning motives and in turn will lead to ideas of higher quality.

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Winkler, R.; Briggs, R. O.; de Vreede, G.-J.; Leimeister, J. M.; Oeste-Reiss, S.; & Söllner, M. (2020): Modeling Support for Mass Collaboration in Open Innovation Initiatives-The Facilitation Process Model 2.0. In: IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2, Vol. 69. pp. 423–437.
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Many governments and organizations recognize the potential of open innovation (OI) models to create value with large numbers of people beyond the organization. It can be challenging , however, to design an effective collaborative process for a massive group. Collaboration engineering (CE) is an approach for the design and deployment of repeatable collaborative work practices that can be executed by practitioners themselves without the ongoing support of external collaboration engineers. To manage the complexity of the design process, they use a modeling technique called facilitation process models (FPM) to capture high-level design decisions that serve different purposes, such as documenting and communicating a design, etc. FPM, however, was developed to support designs for groups of fewer than 100 people. It does not yet represent design elements that become important when designing for groups of hundreds or thousands of participants, which can be found in many OI settings. We use a design science approach to identify the limitations of the original FPM and derive requirements for extending FPM. This article contributes to the CE and to the OI literature by offering an FPM 2.0 that assists CE designers to design new OI processes, with a special focus on outside-in OI.
Lipusch, N.; Dellermann, D.; Bretschneider, U.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Designing for Crowdfunding Co-creation: How to Leverage the Potential of Backers for Product Development. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), 6, Vol. 62. pp. 483–499.
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Crowdfunding is now established as a valid alternative to conventional methods of financing for startups. Unfortunately, to date, research has not investigated how backers can be encouraged to support entrepreneurs beyond funding. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate certain design elements for reward-based crowdfunding platforms that can engage backers in co-creational activities for product development. The study uses a design science research (DSR) approach and the theoretical concept of psychological ownership to inform a new design and then experimentally test that design. The results suggest that the derived artifacts positively influence co-creational activities in crowdfunding and that feelings of psychological ownership play an important mediating role. The contribution of this research is threefold. First, this paper extends crowdfunding’s application potential from merely a method of financing to a method of value creation with customers for product development. Second, the study advances DSR by applying a new DSR approach that shows whether a design performs as hypothesized by theory. Third, this research allows the exploration of backers’ individual behavior as opposed to their collective behavior.
Lowry, P. B.; Petter, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Desperately Seeking the Artefacts and the Foundations of Native Theory in Gamification Research: Why Information Systems Researchers Can Play a Legitimate Role in this Discourse and How They Can Better Contribute. In: European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), 4, Vol. 29. pp. 609–620.
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Gamification has taken the world by storm. Regardless of where one stands on gamification, it can aptly be described as interesting but also galvanising and controversial. We are pleased to write a provocative editorial to kick off this special issue on gamification in the European Journal of Information Systems. Our position is that the information systems (IS) discipline has the opportunity to play an outsized role in navigating the discourse of gamification-an increasingly influential, interdisciplinary discourse in research and practice. We assert that active engagement in the gamification discourse is a compelling IS research opportunity, given the growing, globalised platform-based economy. Consequently, we frame our editorial with the knowledge we have gained as IS researchers who engage in gamification research in an effort to share what we have learned about artefacts and original theorisation with both IS and gamification scholars. We do so by proposing a pragmatic path forward for gamification and IS researchers who wish to contribute to these related discourses, both individually and in the form of the combined IS-gamification discourse. We propose a framework of three practices that we are confident can more systematically generate the key theoretical artefacts needed to generate native theory in the IS-gamification discourse and hence to improve the associated research and practice. Foundational to this framework is our paradigm, which advocates active engagement with IS-gamification research and practice, as bridged by a strong focus on design thinking and generating artefacts that are foundational to theory generation.
Leimeister, J. M.; Dickhaut, E.; & Janson, A. (2020): Der Ansatz von Mustern zur systematischen Steigerung der Rechtsverträglichkeit und Dienstleistungsqualität bei der Entwicklung soziotechnischer Systeme. In: Hentschel, A., Hornung, G., & Jandt, S. (Eds.), Mensch - Technik - Umwelt: Verantwortung für eine sozialverträgliche Zukunft. Festschrift für Alexander Roßnagel zum 70. Geburtstag (pp. 131–147). Baden-Baden, Deutschland: Nomos.
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Billert, M. S.; Weinert, T.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Co-Creation durch Peers im digitalen Lernen – Wie Plattformen und Chatbots die Partizipation bei der Lernmaterialerstellung begleiten können. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 4, Vol. 57. pp. 722–743.
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Die Arbeit in Industrieunternehmen verändert sich auf Grund der Digitalisierung grundlegend. Entwicklungen in der Automatisierungstechnik können in naher Zukunft einen Teil der Arbeit von Arbeitnehmenden ersetzen. Dadurch wird es notwendig sein, sich auf die sich schnell wechselnden Qualifikationsanforderungen aus diesem Digitalisierungsprozess einzustellen. Hierzu gehört einerseits die schnelle Reaktionsfähigkeit auf die fortlaufenden Veränderungen, die in Unternehmen stattfinden, beispielsweise die Einbettung neuer Technologien in Arbeitsprozesse. Andererseits aber auch die notwendigen Upskilling-Prozesse, die durch den Einsatz neuer Technologien notwendig werden. Für beide Aspekte sind aber entsprechende Angebote zur Schulung notwendig, die sich flexibel auf die Bedarfe anpassen. Digitale Lernservices ermöglichen dabei auf die individuellen Arbeitssituation von Mitarbeitenden zu reagieren und im Sinne der Co-Creation den Prozess der gemeinsamen Erstellung von Lern- sowie Schulungsmaterialien durch die Einbindung mehrerer Akteure zu steuern.
Janson, A.; Thiel de Gafenco, M.; Klusmeyer, J.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Aufbau und Ablauf des kuLtig-Projektes. In: Leimeister, J. M., & Klusmeyer, J. (Eds.), Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China (pp. 13–17). Wiesbaden, Deutschland: SpringerGabler.
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Thies, L. F.; Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; Roßnagel, A.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Söllner, M. (2020): Die Simulationsstudie als Evaluationsmethode - Interdisziplinäre Evaluation eines smarten persönlichen Assistenten. In: Datenschutz und Datensicherheit (DuD), 9, Vol. 44. pp. 589–593.
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Um die Gestaltung datenschutzgerechter Techniksysteme erproben zu können, bietet sich die Methode der Simulationsstudie an. Am Beispiel eines smarten persönlichen Lernassistenten zeigt der Beitrag, wie mit Hilfe einer Simulationsstudie die Systemgestaltung unter Einsatz von Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmustern in sozialer Aktion überprüft werden kann.
Alt, R.; Leimeister, J. M.; Priemuth, T.; Sachse, S.; Urbach, N.; & Wunderlich, N. (2020): Software-Defined Business – Implications for IT Management. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering, 6, Vol. 62. pp. 609–621.
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In August 2011 the Wall Street Journal published an essay by Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen titled “Why software is eating the world”. He argues that “more and more major businesses and industries are being run on software and delivered as online services—from movies to agriculture to national defense. Many of the winners are Silicon Valley-style entrepreneurial technology companies that are invading and overturning established industry structures. […] Companies in every industry need to assume that a software revolution is coming.” (Andreessen 2011). By pointing at examples in various industries from automotive and banking to defense, healthcare, music, retailing, and telecommunications, he illustrates the transformational power of information technology (IT) and software in particular. The discussion is not new and dates back to the early 2000s. For example, Power and Jerjian (2001, p. 99) mention for Heathrow airport that “software is the thing that runs the airport” and in a biological analogy they consider software to be the nervous system. Meanwhile, the large “big tech” software companies (e.g., GAFAM, BATX) have impressively confirmed this development: their digital platforms have spread over many industries with an impact on processes (e.g., interaction and transaction), on products (e.g., app stores and services) as well as on business models (e.g., streaming and as-a-service models). The recent tech-portmanteaus (e.g., Fintech, Insurtech, Regtech) also reflect the attitude of these startup businesses, which perceive themselves rather as IT (tech) companies than as representatives of the industry they are aiming to transform (Meijer and Kapoor 2014). In the same vein, the high valuation of Tesla Motors since early 2020 spurred an intense debate of whether the company is in the automotive or the tech business (e.g., Klebnikov 2020). Obviously, these developments have numerous implications for the field of IT management, which were discussed during a panel at the 82nd Annual German Business Researcher Conference on March 18, 2020. The panel builds on prior discussions regarding the impact of digitalization on IT management. For example, a BISE discussion section in 2017 addressed the implications of the broad trend of digitalization for the field of Business Information Systems Engineering and pointed out new topics, such as digital innovation and transformation, which complement existing competencies (e.g., in modeling and managing enterprise IT). The discussion revealed strong arguments for the strategic role of IT and that business and IT departments as well as academia and practice need to collaborate more closely (Legner et al. 2017). While these statements adopted a rather broad perspective, another discussion section focused on “the impact of digitalization on the IT department” (Urbach et al. 2019). It mentioned important and intricate challenges: On the one hand, IT departments need to move closer to the business units and, on the other hand, they need to constantly update their technological skills in an environment with a high pace of technological innovation. In a world “eaten by software” these developments are equally prevalent and lead to the question how businesses address these challenges, in particular, how they assess the dominant role of software, how activities in managing the software lifecycle should be organized, and what the implications are for the BISE community.
Barev, T. J. (2020): Theory-Motivated Design for Developing Privacy Nudges. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI).
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Using digital technologies, various data traces are left behind for collection, storage and analysis. Potential risks that the availability of personal information entails, like the vulnerability to discrimination, commercial exploitation and unwanted monitoring, is ubiquitous. Hence, modern IT systems are needed that ensure employees' privacy and informational self-determination. One mechanism to achieve this is the implementation of privacy nudges in modern working systems. Nudging is a mechanism to influence decisions in a predictable way. In this context, privacy nudging concepts should influence employees` behavior in digital working environments in such a way that they make more data protection-friendly decisions. In this research project I am focusing on building an integrative understanding of effective nudging in privacy-related decisions. From this, design knowledge for better privacy nudges in digital work systems should be derived, which can pave the way for more privacy-sensitive IT systems. Successfully implemented privacy nudges can increase acceptance, trust and usage of modern IT-systems. Privacy sensitive IT-systems can then constitute a competitive advantage for the company. On the side of society, informational self-determination can be ensured and the potential risks that the availability of personal information entails can be reduced.
Barev, T. J.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Designing Effective Privacy Nudges in Digital Environments: A Design Science Research Approach. In: International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST) (pp. 388–393). Springer, Cham - Vinton G. Cerf Award.
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When using digital technologies, various data traces are left behind for collection, storage and analysis. Innovative solutions for information systems are needed that mitigate privacy risks and foster information privacy. One mechanism to achieve this is using privacy nudges. Nudges are a concept from behavioral eco-nomics to influence individual’s decisions. However, many nudges show low or at least less effects than choice architects hope for and expect. Therefore, this de-sign science research (DSR) project focusses on developing evidence-based de-sign principles for privacy nudges to improve their effectiveness and pave the way for more privacy sensitive IT systems. In this context, we adopt a DSR ap-proach from Vaishnavi & Kuechler. From a theoretical perspective, we are con-tributing to the discussion of what drives privacy sensitive behavior. We extend generic nudge design models, making them applicable in the context of data dis-closure. For practitioners, we provide guidance on how to design and implement effective privacy nudges in the user interface of digital work systems.
Weinert, T.; & Thiel de Gafenco, M. (2020): Towards Co-Creation of Learning Material in Vocational Training. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS).
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The complexity of production processes increased during the last years, especially due to digitalization, which results in an increasing need of in-company trainings. Hence, companies use trainings to impart action-oriented knowledge in the work process. However, these trainings are often supported by learning materials that do not reflect the current work situation of the employees because they are either outdated or too general. We are addressing this problem using a co-creation process by enabling em- ployees to generate the materials independently during the work process. Within the framework of a theory-driven design science research approach, we derived requirements from theory as well as from a focus group workshop and a work process analysis to develop design elements for this process. We pay particular attention to the cognitive load (CL) of the employees. The theoretical contribution of our research is twofold: On the one hand, we give insights regarding the effects of the physical environment on CL. On the other hand, we give insights about how to design systems that can avoid CL within knowledge generation processes. In this way, we help practitioners to design systems that consider the CL of employees.
Weinert, T.; Thiel de Gafenco, M.; & Börner, N. (2020): Fostering Interaction in Higher Education with Deliberate Design of Interactive Learning Videos. In: George, J. F., Paul, S., & De´, R. (Eds.), International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Interactive learning videos are increasingly used in higher education. By using interactive elements, learners can be actively involved in the learning process to enhance their interactions with the content, other learners, and the teacher. However, there are significant gaps in the design of such interactive learning videos: Mostly, instructors do not know which interaction elements they should use where in the video to support the learning process of their students. Based on a design science research approach, we develop reference guidelines to support developers in creating interactive learning videos in higher education that improve the interaction of learners. Based on Interaction Theory and a systematic collection of requirements from theory and practice, we identify research gaps and try to address them with our reference guidelines. Hence, we contribute to theory by providing generalizable reference guidelines for the development of interactive learning videos in higher education.
Knote, R.; Thies, L. F.; Söllner, M.; Jandt, S.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Roßnagel, A. (2020): Rechtsverträgliche und qualitätszentrierte Gestaltung für „KI made in Germany“. In: Informatik Spektrum, 2, Vol. 43. pp. 118–128.
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Künstlich intelligente (KI) Systeme erfreuen sich immer größerer Beliebtheit. Insbesondere smarte persönliche Assistenten (SPAs) von Amazon, Google und vielen weiteren verzeichnen ein stetiges Marktwachstum. Den vielfältigen Potenzialen dieser KI-Systeme stehen jedoch auch zahlreiche Risiken gegenüber. Berichte von Datenpannen und -lecks häufen sich und haben bei Nutzern eine zunehmende Skepsis zur Folge, was zu einem gespaltenen Bild von KI in der Gesellschaft beiträgt. Diesem Problem stellt sich das Forschungsprojekt AnEkA mit einem interdisziplinären Gestaltungsansatz. Auf Basis von Rechts- und Qualitätszielen werden Anforderungen an rechtsverträgliche und qualitativ hochwertige SPAs abgeleitet. Zusätzlich werden Gestaltungsalternativen identifiziert, die diese Anforderungen unter Berücksichtigung möglicher Zielkonflikte umsetzen. Ergebnis des Projekts sind Entwurfsmuster, die Entwicklern von SPAs dabei helfen sollen, rechtsverträgliche und qualitativ hochwertige SPAs und KI-Systeme im Allgemeinen zu entwickeln. Dadurch soll das Alleinstellungsmerkmal einer „KI made in Germany“ entstehen, welche sowohl die Bedürfnisse von Nutzern berücksichtigt und sie ebenfalls bestmöglich vor Risiken der Systemnutzung schützt. Dieser Beitrag erläutert das interdisziplinäre Vorgehen anhand eines Szenarios zur Nutzung von SPAs.
Leimeister, J. M.; Durward, D.; & Simmert, B. (2020): Die interne Crowd - Mitarbeiter/innen im Spannungsfeld neuer Arbeitsformen. Study der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. (Vol. Band 436). Dusseldorf, Germany.
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Elshan, E.; & Ebel, P. (2020): Let’s Team Up: Designing Conversational Agents as Teammates. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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The success of projects is, amongst others, highly depended on the team members skillset and ability to collaborate. Hence, education has to undergo a change to keep up with the shift in the compositions of skills and knowledge needed for students. To overcome scalability issues, we propose to develop Timmy-a conversational agents (CAs) that acts as a team member. As there is a lack of concrete design knowledge concerning CAs as peers in teams, we conduct a design science research project. Based on requirements from scientific literature and expert interviews, we develop a concise set of design principles for designing CAs in peer roles in educational settings. Furthermore, we present an initial proof of concept evaluation. These insights will support researchers and practitioners to understand better how CAs can be systematically built to ameliorate the collaborative skill of students in teamwork settings.
Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Wie können Systeme künstlicher Intelligenz ohne Qualitätsverlust rechtsverträglich gestaltet werden?. In: Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management, 2, Vol. 12. pp. 90–100.
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Künstliche intelligente (KI)-Systeme erfreuen sich immer größerer Beliebtheit. Im Alltag erleben wir KI beispielsweise durch smarte persönliche Assistenten (SPAs), welche von Amazon, Google und Co. angeboten werden. Zwar haben diese KI-Systeme große Nutzungspotenziale, gleichzeitig gehen damit aber auch erhebliche Risiken einher, beispielsweise datenschutzrechtliche. Doch wie lassen sich diese Spannungsfelder auflösen? Interdisziplinäre Gestaltungsmuster im Systementwicklungsprozess können eine Lösung darstellen, welche nachfolgend mit Handlungsimplikationen für gesellschaftlich wünschenswerte „KI made in Germany“ skizziert wird.
Winkler, R.; Hobert, S.; Salovaara, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Sara, the Lecturer: Improving Learning in Online Education with a Scaffolding-Based Conversational Agents. In: Computer Human Interaction Conference (CHI).
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Enrollment in online courses has sharply increased in higher education. Although online education can be scaled to large audiences, the lack of interaction between educators and learners is difficult to replace and remains a primary challenge in the field. Conversational agents may alleviate this problem by engaging in natural interaction and by scaffolding learners’ understanding similarly to educators. However, whether this approach can also be used to enrich online video lectures has largely remained unknown. We developed Sara, a conversational agent that appears during an online video lecture. She provides scaffolds by voice and text when needed and includes a voice-based input mode. An evaluation with 182 learners in a 2 x 2 lab experiment demonstrated that Sara, compared to more traditional conversational agents, significantly improved learning in a programming task. This study highlights the importance of including scaffolding and voice-based conversational agents in online videos to improve meaningful learning.
Dickhaut, E.; Thies, L. F.; & Janson, A. (2020): Die Kodifizierung von Gestaltungswissen in interdisziplinären Entwurfsmustern - Lösungen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Rechtsverträglichkeit und Dienstleistungsqualität. In: Datenschutz und Datensicherheit (DuD), pp. 584–588.
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In der Entwicklung informationstechnischer Systeme entstehen oft Zielkonflikte, die durch Gestaltung der Systeme aufgelöst werden müssen. Hierfür fehlt es Entwicklern, insbesondere bei Konflikten zwischen Rechtsverträglichkeit und Dienstleistungsqualität, oft an dem notwendigen Wissen und der erforderlichen Gestaltungserfahrung. Hier können Entwurfsmuster weiterhelfen. Der Beitrag stellt am Beispiel Smarter Persönlicher Assistenten einen Ansatz vor, in dem Entwurfsmuster interdisziplinäres Gestaltungswissen zusammenführen, geht auf die Besonderheiten des Gestaltungswissens der beiden Disziplinen ein und stellt ein beispielhaftes Entwurfsmuster vor.
Zierau, N.; Elshan, E.; Visini, C.; & Janson, A. (2020): A Review of the Empirical Literature on Conversational Agents and Future Research Directions. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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The knowledge base related to user interaction with conversational agents (CAs) has grown dramatically but remains segregated. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review to investigate user interaction with CAs. We examined 107 papers published in outlets related to IS and HCI research. Then, we coded for design elements and user interaction outcomes, and isolated 7 significant determinants of these outcomes, as well as 42 themes with inconsistent evidence, providing grounds for future research. Building upon the insights from the analysis, we propose a research agenda to guide future research surrounding user interaction with CAs. Ultimately, we aim to contribute to the body of knowledge of IS and HCI in general and user interaction with CA in particular by indicating how developed a research field is regarding the number and content of the respective contributions. Furthermore, practitioners benefit from a structured overview related to CA design effects.
Ernst, S.-J.; & Janson, A. (2020): Mobile Kompetenzentwicklung am Beispiel der „MoKe“ App. In: Leimeister, J. M., & Klusmeyer, J. (Eds.), Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China (pp. 71–88). Wiesbaden, Deutschland: SpringerGabler.
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Leimeister, J. M.; & Klusmeyer, J. (2020): Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China. Wiesbaden, Deutschland: SpringerGabler.
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Im diesem Sammelband adressieren die Autoren charakteristische Herausforderungen des Exports von digitalen Lerndienstleistungen im Bereich der beruflichen Aus- und Weiterbildung. Sie stellen disziplinübergreifende Methoden und Modelle vor, mit denen die erforderliche Flexibilität auf Seiten der Dienstleister in der Planung, Vermarktung und Evaluation für einen wachsenden internationalen Markt erreicht wird. Im Verbundprojekt kuLtig wurden anhand kulturangepasster, digitaler Lerndienstleistungen für die Aus- und Weiterbildung in China die Praktikabilität und Transferfähigkeit der entwickelten Lösungen aufgezeigt und wissenschaftlich begleitet.
Kunz, M. M.; Bretschneider, U.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Reward-based Crowdfunding. In: Kollmann, T. (Ed.), Handbuch Digitale Wirtschaft (1st ed., pp. 755–787). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Gabler.
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Crowdfunding unterstützt neue Start-ups dabei, den Finanzierungsbedarf der ersten Unternehmensphase zu überwinden. Dieser Bedarf wird über die Unterstützung einer Vielzahl an Geldgebern mit kleinen Geldbeträgen realisiert. Das Ziel dieses Beitrages ist, den aktuellen Stand der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung im reward-based Crowdfunding zu reflektieren und auf Basis einer qualitativen Expertenbefragung um noch nicht betrachtete Aspekte zu erweitern. Durch dieses Vorgehen erhalten Projektinitiatoren einen Katalog an die Hand, der ihnen dabei hilft die Erfolgschancen eigener Kampagnen zu steigern.
Blohm, I.; Zogaj, S.; Bretschneider, U.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): How to Manage Crowdsourcing Platforms Effectively. In: NIM Marketing Intelligence Review, 1, Vol. 12. pp. 18–23.
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Crowdsourced tasks are very diverse – and so are platform types. They fall into four categories, each demanding different governance mechanisms. The main goal of microtasking crowdsourcing platforms is the scalable and time-efficient batch processing of highly repetitive tasks. Crowdsourcing platforms for information pooling aggregate contributions such as votes, opinions, assessments and forecasts through approaches such as averaging, summation, or visualization. Broadcast search platforms collect contributions to solve tasks in order to gain alternative insights and solutions from people outside the organization, and are particularly suited for solving challenging technical, analytical, scientific, or creative problems. Open collaboration platforms invite contributors to team up to jointly solve complex problems in cases where solutions require the integration of distributed knowledge and the skills of many contributors. Companies establishing crowdsourcing platforms of any type should continuously monitor and adjust their governance mechanisms. Quality and quantity of contributions, project runtime, or the effort for conducting the crowdsourcing project may be good starting points.
Oeste-Reiß, S.; Schöbel, S.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Chunking Big Journeys into Smaller Trips: Combining Peer Creation and Gamification to Design a Continuing Education Concept for Energy Consultants. In: vom Brocke, J., Hevner, A., & Maedche, A. (Eds.), Design Science Research. Cases (pp. 229–259). Springer, Cham.
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Designing socio-technical systems like IT-supported teaching-learning systems that motivate learners while at the same time stimulating knowledge transfer has become challenging. Teaching-learning techniques that consist of a social context that interacts with and is supported by information technologies are often bundled in a holistic design artifact. To explore a socio-technical design artifact, one must recognize that it consists of several sub-artifacts, each of which must have its own design approach. We introduce the research approach of designing and piloting the IT-supported teaching-learning concept, sensitized to the demand of distinguishing among several socio-technical sub-artifacts. We present the purpose of our design science research (DSR) journey and differentiate among several design artifacts, each of which make prescriptive knowledge contributions and, thus, represent diverse types of theory in information systems. The first artifact is a Peer Creation Process for enhancing knowledge transfer and documentation, which contributes to a nascent design theory. The second artifact is a User-Centered Process to gamify LMSs, which contributes to a theory of design and action. We describe the DSR journey that was part of the project StaySmart, the purpose of which was to design and evaluate a teaching-learning concept for knowledge workers. Teaching-learning artifacts usually have one purpose: to design and evaluate the learning experience. However, designing such artifacts requires identifying their sub-purposes, which leads to designing and evaluating several design artifacts, which we call teaching-learning techniques, so a holistic design artifact usually has several design artifacts. Therefore, the project makes distinct prescriptive knowledge contributions and has the potential to create distinct types of theory in information systems. Our case provides guidance in developing artifacts for a holistic design artifact and in understanding how such artifacts can be separated into sub-artifacts that have their own design science approaches.
Wambsganss, T.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Design and Evaluation of an Adaptive Dialog-Based Tutoring System for Argumentation Skills. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2020).
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Recent advances in Natural Language Processing not only bear the opportunity to design new dialog-based forms of human-computer interaction but also to analyze the argumentation quality of texts. Both can be leveraged to provide students with individual and adaptive tutoring in their personal learning journey to develop argumentation skills. Therefore, we present the results of our design science research project on how to design an adaptive dialog-based tutoring system to help students to learn how to argue. Our results indicate the usefulness of an adaptive dialog-based tutoring system to support students individually, independent of a human instructor, time and place. In addition to providing our embedded software artifact, we document our evaluated design knowledge as a design theory. Thus, we provide the first step toward a nascent design theory for adaptive conversational tutoring systems to individual support metacognition skill education of students in traditional learning scenarios.
Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; Jahn, K.; Kordyaka, B.; Turetken, O.; Djafarova, N.; … Leimeister, J. M. (2020): A Research Agenda for the Why, What, and How of Gamification Designs Results on an ECIS 2019 Panel. In: Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 1, Vol. 46. pp. 706–721.
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This report summarizes the discussion in a panel session on gamification designs at the 2019 European Conference on Information Systems in Stockholm, Sweden. The panel explores a research agenda for gamification design. The “what, why, and how” are considered to analyze the current state of the art of gamification research. An adapted defini-tion of gamification is presented as one outcome of the workshop to better describe what gamification is and what it can be used for. “Why” and “how” to employ gamification are discussed for different contexts. This can be used to gamify information systems, identity outcomes that are addressed by gamification concepts, and explore new ways of how to gamify. Overall, the panel presents new areas for future research and practice by identifying innovative ways to bring existing gamification concepts to a more impactful level.
Bretschneider, U.; Ebel, P. A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Open Business Model Innovation via the Internet: How Digital Technologies Can Improve the Quality of Business Models. In: International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management (IJITM), 2, Vol. 18. p. 2040004.
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Increasingly, firms follow the strategy of open business model innovation via the Internet. In this form of digital innovation management, firms make use of Internet platforms that allow them to integrate external customers and other stakeholders for (re-)innovation of their business models. However, the used IT tools on these Internet platforms suffer from not being able to merge the content of multiple users in an adequate way, thus the resulting business models suffer from low degrees of quality. Against this backdrop, in this research, we propose to equip these Internet platforms with a wiki technology. This would allow users to add to each other’s content, to make changes or to correct mistakes. In our action design research (ADR), we could empirically validate that this leads to a higher quality in terms of business models’ degree of elaboration. Since research that focusses on the design of Internet-based open BMI is still neglected, our research contributes to the literature base by being the first that answers ongoing open calls for research on this phenomenon of interest.
Weinert, T.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Does Context Matter for Value Co-Creation in Smart Learning Services?. In: Gronau, N., Krasnova, H., Pousttchi, K., & Heine, M. (Eds.), International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI).
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Smart learning services offer customized learning solutions by systematically considering the context of the learner. However, it is still unclear how the value co-creation within smart learnings is affected by context considerations. Therefore, it is important to understand how the context can influence the value co-creation potential in smart learning services. To investigate how context shapes value co-creation smart learning services, we first conduct a systematic literature review to investigate context factors within learning processes. Afterwards, we develop a conceptual model to explain how context in smart learning systems can be used to enhance the co-creation potential in learning processes. Overall, we provide a better understanding of context considerations in service systems as a theoretical contribution of our conceptual investigation. Finally, we provide practical implications for educational service providers for designing smart learning services under the specific consideration of different contexts
Wambsganss, T.; Niklaus, C.; Söllner, M.; Handschuh, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): A Corpus for Argumentative Writing Support in German. In: 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING).
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In this paper, we present a novel annotation approach to capture claims and premises of arguments and their relations in student-written persuasive peer reviews on business models in Ger-man language. We propose an annotation scheme based on annotation guidelines that allows to model claims and premises as well as support and attack relations for capturing the structure of argumentative discourse in student-written peer reviews. We conduct an annotation study with three annotators on 50 persuasive essays to evaluate our annotation scheme. The obtained inter-rater agreement of α = 0.57 for argument components and α = 0.49 for argumentative relations indicates that the proposed annotation scheme successfully guides annotators to moderate agreement. Finally, we present our freely available corpus of 1,000 persuasive student-written peer reviews on business models and our annotation guidelines to encourage future research on the design and development of argumentative writing support systems for students.
Grotherr, C.; Li, M.; Schymanietz, M.; Fritzsche, A.; Semmann, M.; Peters, C.; … Möslein, K. M. (2020): Gestaltungsdimensionen der Digitalisierung – Wie Dienstleistungssysteme den Wandel antreiben und welche Faktoren eine Rolle spielen. In: Dienstleistungsinnovationen durch Digitalisierung (pp. 277–325). Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Gabler.
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In Zeiten der Digitalisierung nimmt Informationstechnologie eine Schlüsselrolle im Modernisierungsprozess von Unternehmen ein. Zugleich bringt die Softwareeinführung das Risiko mit sich, den intendierten Nutzen nicht zu realisieren. Durch eine Dienstleistungssystem-Perspektive erscheint die Einbindung der Nutzer in die Softwareeinführung ein vielversprechender Ansatz. Das Ziel des Projektes ExTEND – Engineering von Dienstleistungssystemen für nutzergenerierte Dienstleistungen ist es daher, Nutzer in die Softwareeinführung nach dem Leitbild „Dienstleistungen von Nutzern für Nutzer“ zu befähigen, aktiv einen Beitrag zu der Gestaltung der Arbeitsumgebung zu leisten. Hieraus resultieren IT-gestützte Servicebausteine, in denen Nutzer sich gegenseitige Hilfestellungen geben und Handlungsalternativen in der Softwareeinführung aufzeigen. Durch ein Pilotierungsvorgehen werden die Servicebausteine in drei Anwendungsfeldern entwickelt und pilotiert. Hieraus resultiert evidenzbasiertes Gestaltungswissen für die Entwicklung von nutzergenerierten Dienstleistungen. Darüber hinaus wird ein Mehrebenenmodell für die Gestaltung von Dienstleistungssystemen vorgestellt, welches die Entwicklung von Dienstleistungssystemen unterstützt und über traditionelle Ansätze des Service Engineerings hinausgeht.
Peters, C.; Simmert, B.; Eilers, K.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Future Organization Report 2020. . St.Gallen, Switzerland und Frankfurt, Germany.: Institute of Information Management at University of St.Gallen and Campana & Schott Business Services GmbH.
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Janson, A.; Ernst, S.-J.; & Söllner, M. (2020): Kulturelle Werte im Rahmen der Aneignung von IT-gestütztem Lernen. In: Leimeister, J. M., & Klusmeyer, J. (Eds.), Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China (pp. 21–46). Wiesbaden, Deutschland: SpringerGabler.
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Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; & Söllner, M. (2020): Capturing the complexity of gamification elements: a holistic approach for analysing existing and deriving novel gamification designs. In: European Journal on Information Systems (EJIS), 6, Vol. 29. pp. 641–668.
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Gamification is a well-known approach that refers to the use of elements to increase the motivation of information systems users. A remaining challenge in gamification is that no shared understanding of the meaning and classification of gamification elements currently exists. This impedes guidance concerning analysis and development of gamification concepts, and often results in non-effective gamification designs. The goal of our research is to consolidate current gamification research and rigorously develop a taxonomy, as well as to demonstrate how a systematic classification of gamification elements can provide guidance for the gamification of information systems and improve understanding of existing gamification concepts. To achieve our goal, we develop a taxonomic classification of gamification elements before evaluating this taxonomy using expert interviews. Furthermore, we provide evidence as to the taxonomy’s feasibility using two practical cases: First, we show how our taxonomy helps to analyse existing gamification concepts; second, we show how our taxonomy can be used for guiding the gamification of information systems. We enrich theory by introducing a novel taxonomy to better explain the characteristics of gamification elements, which will be valuable for both gamification analysis and design. This paper will help guide practitioners to select and combine gamification elements for their gamification concepts.
Durward, D.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): The Nature of Crowd Work and its Effects on Individuals’ Work Perception. In: Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS), 1, Vol. 37. pp. 66–95.
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Crowd work reflects a new form of gainful employment on the Internet. We study how the nature of the tasks being performed and financial compensation jointly shape work perceptions of crowd workers in order to better understand the changing modes and patterns of digital work. Surveying individuals on 23 German crowd working platforms, this work is the first to add a multi-platform perspective on perceived working conditions in crowd work. We show that crowd workers need rather high levels of financial compensation before task characteristics become relevant for shaping favorable perceptions of working conditions. We explain these results by considering financial compensation as an informational cue indicating the appreciation of working effort that is internalized by well-paid crowd workers. Resulting boundary conditions for task design are discussed. These results help us understand when and under what conditions crowd work can be regarded as a fulfilling type of employment in highly developed countries.
Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Ladders for Learning: Is Scaffolding the Key to Teaching Problem Solving in Technology-mediated Learning Contexts?. In: Academy of Management Learning & Education (AMLE), 4, Vol. 19. pp. 439–468.
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The success of innovative teaching/learning approaches aiming to foster problem solving in management education depends on useful and easy-to-use IT components in the learning process. However, the complexity of problem solving in self-regulated learning approaches may overwhelm the learner and can lead to unsatisfying learning outcomes. Research suggests the implementation of technology-enhanced scaffolds as a mechanism to guide the learners in their individual problem-solving process to enhance their learning outcomes. We present a theoretical model based on adaptive structuration theory and cognitive load theory that explains how technology-enhanced scaffolding contributes to learning outcomes. We test the model with a fully randomized between-subject experiment in a flipped classroom for management education focusing on individual problem solving. Our results show that technology-enhanced scaffolding contributes significantly to the management of cognitive load as well as to learning process satisfaction and problem-solving learning outcomes. Thereby, our paper provides new conceptual and empirically tested insights for a better understanding of technology-enhanced scaffolds and their design to assist problem solving and its respective effects in flipped classrooms for management education.
Ernst, S.-J.; Nölker, J.; & Janson, A. (2020): Leitfaden für kultursensitives E-Learning - Entwicklung auf Basis qualitativer Interviews. In: Leimeister, J. M., & Klusmeyer, J. (Eds.), Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China (pp. 47–67). Wiesbaden, Deutschland: SpringerGabler.
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Simmert, B.; Eilers, K.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Agile Arbeitsorganisation fordert und fördert Empowerment - Zusammenspiel von sozialen und technischen Elementen in interner Crowd Work. In: Boes, A., Gül, K., Kämpf, T., & Lühr, T. (Eds.), Empowerment in der agilen Arbeitswelt. Analysen, Handlungsorientierungen und Erfolgsfaktoren (pp. 53–64). Freiburg, Germany: Haufe.
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Schöbel, S.; Barev, T. J.; Janson, A.; Hupfeld, F.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Understanding User Preferences of Digital Privacy Nudges – A Best-Worst Scaling Approach. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Digital nudging in privacy has become more important to protect users of information systems while working with privacy-related data. Nudging is about altering a user’s behavior without forbidding any options. Several approaches exist to “nudge” users to change their behavior. Regarding the usage of digital privacy nudges, research still has to understand the meaning and relevance of individual nudges better. Therefore, this paper compares the preferences of users for different digital nudges. To achieve this goal, it presents the results of a so-called best-worst scaling. This study contributes to theory by providing a better understanding of user preferences regarding design variations of digital nudges. We support practitioners by giving implications on how to design digital nudges in terms of user preferences.
Leimeister, J. M.; & Klusmeyer, J. (2020): Hintergrund und Zielsetzung des kuLtig-Projektes. In: Leimeister, J. M., & Klusmeyer, J. (Eds.), Export beruflicher Aus- und Weiterbildung - Entwicklung und Evaluation kultursensitiver Lerndienstleistungen am Beispiel China (pp. 3–11). Wiesbaden, Deutschland: SpringerGabler.
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Crowdworking Platforms in Germany: Business Insights from a Study & Implications for Society. In: Jahrestagung des Verbands der Hochschullehrer für Betriebswirtschaft (VHB). Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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The competitiveness of organizations and whole economies depends on how successfully they are able to cope with the digital transformation and new technological trends. In the area of digital work, crowdworking platforms emerged as intermediaries that support a new form of service delivery and work organization. Despite their increasing importance, there is only few data about key characteristics of such platforms such as number of employees or revenues. Furthermore, extant data often focusses only on a few platforms, mostly from the US. Based on results from a study about the 32 crowdworking platforms that have their headquarters or a physical location in Germany, we provide data that for the first time allows to draw conclusions for the “total population” of crowdworking platforms in a defined larger region (Germany as Europe’s largest and the world fourth largest economy). These results are valuable for various stakeholders from economy and politics, allowing them to make economic or political decisions on a more informed basis. Furthermore, we develop an evaluation framework that depicts the implications for these groups along the dimensions costs, flexibility, “humanity”, quality, and time: Crowdworking platforms on the one hand provide several opportunities: Individuals gain more flexibility, groups can benefit from additional contributors, organizations have the potential to process work faster and cheaper. On the other hand, this novel form of work organization also includes potential threats for all groups: Low payments and ‘tayloristic’ work, insufficient quality or irritation of internal employees. Based on 12 interviews with company representatives and crowdworkers, we evaluate implications of this novel form of work organization for society.
Dickhaut, E.; Janson, A.; Roßnagel, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Interdisziplinäre Anforderungsmuster für smarte persönliche Assistenten - Mittel zu Erfassung divergenter Anforderungen aus Informatik und Recht. In: Datenschutz und Datensicherheit (DuD), 9, Vol. 44. pp. 579–583.
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Bei der Entwicklung smarter persönlicher Assistenten können Anforderungsmuster helfen, die oftmals konfliktären Anforderungen zu systematisieren und miteinander in Einklang zu bringen. Sie können wiederkehrende rechtliche und qualitative Anforderungen in einer für Entwickler verständlichen Form darstellen und so helfen, sie im Entwicklungsprozess besser zu berücksichtigen.
Eilers, K.; Simmert, B.; & Peters, C. (2020): Doing Agile vs. Being Agile - Understanding Their Effects to Improve Agile Work. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). ICIS Proceedings.
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Companies show a growing demand in corporate agility. The effects of so-called doing and being agile are the key for positive outcomes in agile work. Scrum is used by companies to make them more agile. The present study examines the interaction of doing agile (leadership, work design) and being agile (individual characteristics, empowerment) in relation to satisfaction and commitment based on an online survey of 129 Scrum development team members. The results show that work design and leadership impact empowerment and that the latter leads to both job satisfaction and commitment. Team orientation has no effect. Openness for new actions moderates the relationship between work design and the outcome variables. The results can be used in practice to increase the satisfaction and commitment within Scrum. They provide an insight into the impact structure within Scrum and are thus also the basis for future research.
Dickhaut, E.; Miedzianowski, N.; Jandt, S.; Janson, A.; Knote, R.; Leimeister, J. M.; … Thies, L. F. (2020): Handlungsbroschüre. Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster zur rechtsverträglichen und qualitätszentrierten Gestaltung kontextsensitiver Applikationen (AnEkA). Handlungsempfehlungen zur Gestaltung von Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmustern. (Vol. 10). Kassel, Germany: ITeG Technical Reports.
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Im Rahmen des DFG-geförderten Projekts AnEkA „Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster zur rechtsverträglichen und qualitätszentrierten Gestaltung kontextsensitiver Applikationen“ wurden Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster für die Gestaltung rechtsverträglicher, aber gleichermaßen qualitätszentrierter smarter persönlicher Assistenten erstellt. Neben einem umfangreichen Musterkatalog hat das Projektteam ein Vorgehen für die Erstellung von Entwurfsmustern erarbeitet. Die Handlungsbroschüre soll zunächst eine Einführung in die Thematik der rechtsverträglichen und qualitätszentrierten Entwicklung geben und das Potential des Einsatzes von Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmustern aufzeigen. Darauf aufbauend werden das methodische Vorgehen, wie Muster zu erstellen sind, sowie die im Projekt erstellten Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster anhand von einigen Beispielen inhaltlich vorgestellt. Abschließend werden Handlungsempfehlungen für die Erstellung und den Einsatz von Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmustern gegeben. Im Anhang werden alle im Forschungsprojekt AnEkA erarbeiteten Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster zur weiteren Nutzung zur Verfügung gestellt.
Simmert, B.; & Peters, C. (2020): Leaders, Empower Your Workforce! Analyzing Leadership in Internal Crowd Work. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM).
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New digital and agile forms of work organization require new leadership styles and competencies. Still, the understanding of leadership in these new forms of work is in its infancy. We select internal crowd work (ICW) as one, clearly defined new form of work and increase understanding of leadership in this context by analyzing four distinct cases of ICW. Based on qualitative interviews, we describe how employees perceive psychological empowerment and develop workforce agility through different leadership styles in ICW. As our main contribution, we detail and extend existing research regarding ICW and empowerment by identifying structural antecedents that affect psychological empowerment of ICW as well as consequences of an empowered workforce in ICW. Thereby, we indicate that an empowered workforce is an important factor for the implementation of workforce agility in ICW. Moreover, regarding leadership, we explain the design and changes of leadership in ICW in detail and explicate a new requirement for leaders in agile and digital form of work organization: the flexible handling of different context-specific situations, projects and tasks. For this purpose, we develop a theoretical model that describes the effects of shared leadership, empowering leadership and e-leadership on workforce agility mediated by an empowered workforce.
Simmert, B.; Eilers, K.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Interne Crowd Work als Baustein einer Empowerment-orientierten Arbeitsorganisation. In: Daum, M., Wedel, M., Zinke-Wehlmann, C., & Ulbrich, H. (Eds.), Gestaltung vernetzt-flexibler Arbeit - Beiträge aus Theorie und Praxis für die digitale Arbeitswelt (pp. 209–226). Berlin: Springer Vieweg.
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Interne Crowd Work gewinnt im Hinblick auf eine agilitätsfördernde Arbeitsorganisation immer mehr an Bedeutung. Das Empowerment der Mitarbeitenden kann dabei als ein zentraler Erfolgsfaktor angesehen werden. Um das Empowerment in interner Crowd Work zielgerichtet zu untersuchen und die Wahrnehmung aus Sicht der Mitarbeitenden sowie die Effekte auf Ebene der Gesamtorganisation zu verstehen und beschreiben zu können, analysieren wir die interne Crowd Work mit Hilfe einer literaturbasierten erweiterten Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtung sowie empirisch anhand von sechs Fallstudien. Auf organisationaler Ebene stehen im Ergebnis dabei insbesondere die Themen Organisationskultur, abteilungsübergreifende Zusammenarbeit und die Gestaltung von Aufgaben und Projekten im Fokus. Auf individueller Ebene können vornehmlich die selbstbestimmte Wahl von Arbeitsaufgaben inkl. selbstorganisierter Arbeitsprozesse sowie neue Führungsansätze als wesentliche Stellschrauben identifiziert werden.
Bretschneider, U. (2020): Which Motivations Boost Idea Quality? Exploring the Impact of Customers’ Motives for Participating in Virtual Ideas Communities on Ideation Outcome. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Marrakesch, Marokko.
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For practice it is important to leverage ideas of high quality from Virtual Ideas Communities (VIC). Therefore, firms that run such VIC have a strong interest in understanding which factors impact customers’ ideation outcome. This research investigates the influence of customers’ motivation factors for developing ideas on the quality of their ideas. So far, empirical studies that provide evidence on this association are neglected, although these insights would be highly beneficial for firms in their role as operator of VIC. Knowing the factors that have a positive influence will provide valuable insights into how to design effective incentive strategies that attract corresponding customer motivations and, in turn, will lead to higher levels of idea quality. In this research-in-progress paper we build a theoretical model explaining which of customers‘ motives for developing ideas have a positive impact on their ideation outcome.
Dickhaut, E.; Thies, L. F.; Janson, A.; Roßnagel, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Judging Alexa - Towards a New Methodology to Capture the Legal Compatibility of Conversational Speech Agents. In: Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) (pp. 1–4).
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Higher legal standards with regards to data protection of individuals such as EU-GDPR are increasing the pressure on developers of IT artifacts. This is especially prevalent when considering conversational speech agents (CSA) that are collecting data in new ways, and thus, are oftentimes producing conflicts with existing law regulations. For this purpose, we introduce the law simulation method which is a well-known evaluation method among law researchers for capturing legal compatibility of IT artifacts such as CSA. With this rigorous method, we are able to derive actionable guidance for CSA developers to evaluate developer efforts for increasing legal compatibility. To illustrate our methodological approach, we describe in this workshop paper key steps of the method with respect to the evaluation of CSA. We discuss how this can serve as the foundation for a new evaluation method of legally compatible systems in information systems.
Simmert, B.; Reinhard, M.-T.; Eilers, K.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2020): Handlungsbroschüre: Interne Crowd Work als agile Form der Arbeitsorganisation - Handlungsempfehlungen zum Empowerment-orientierten Ansatz. (No. 9) (9th ed., Vol. ITeG Technical Reports: Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Informationstechnik-Gestaltung (ITeG) an der Universität Kassel). Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press.
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Mrass, V.; & Peters, C. (2019): Digitale Wertschöpfung durch Crowd Services: Neue Formen des Kundensupports am Beispiel Mila und Swisscom. In: Robra-Bissantz, S., & Lattemann, C. (Eds.), Digital Customer Experience - mit digitalen Diensten Kunden gewinnen und halten (Vol. Edition HMD, pp. 271–282). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer.
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Weinert, T.; Janson, A.; Thiel de Gafenco, M.; Urbon, U.; Wegener, R.; & Mauritz, C. (2019): Nutzung von interaktiven Videos zur Entwicklung von Arbeitsprozessorientierung in der Aus- und Weiterbildung – Erkenntnisse aus dem Projekt KoLeArn. In: Berufsbildung International (Vol. Digitalisierung). DLR Projektträger.
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Lipusch, N.; Dellermann, D.; Ebel, P.; Bretschneider, U.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Radically rethinking the way crowdfunding works: the case of JumpStartFund and the Hyperloop. In: International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 6, Vol. 11. pp. 598–619.
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In this research, we explore the unique case of JumpStartFund, a new crowdfunding platform that is used to develop the Hyperloop project. To this end, we employ an in-depth single case study to examine the participation architecture of the platform as well as the Hyperloop campaign content, based on which we derive a new crowdfunding model. The derived crowdfunding model differs from existing crowdfunding models in that it allows entrepreneurs to develop their business with the crowdmore actively. Our research has important implications for research and practice. First, we introduce a new crowdfunding model that expands the boundaries of existent models. Second, we explain how our model helps to more efficiently leverage the potential inherent in the crowd thereby redefining entrepreneurial success within crowdfunding. Third, we discuss how our findings contribute to existent research within the context of crowdsourcing.
Glavas, M.; Schöbel, S.; & Oeste-Reiß, S. (2019): Referenzprozesse zur Aufarbeitung von implizitem Wissen zu Tätigkeitsfeldern und Arbeitsprozessen - Ergebnisse einer Workshopserie. In: Leimeister, J. M., & David, K. (Eds.), Chancen und Herausforderungen des digitalen Lernens - Methoden und Werkzeuge für innovative Lehr-Lern-Konzepte (pp. 75–94). Berlin: Springer.
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Schöbel, S.; & Söllner, M. (2019): Bedeutung von Präferenzen für Spielelemente - Analyse und Empfehlungen für die Anpassung von Spielelementen durch Nutzerpräferenzen. In: Leimeister, J. M., & David, K. (Eds.), Chancen und Herausforderungen des digitalen Lernens - Methoden und Werkzeuge für innovative Lehr-Lern-Konzepte (pp. 121–139). Berlin: Springer.
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Simmert, B.; Ebel, P. A.; Peters, C.; Bittner, E. A. C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Conquering the Challenge of Continuous Business Model Improvement - Design of a Repeatable Process. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering, 4, Vol. 61. pp. 451–468.
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In an atmosphere of rapidly changing business environments and intense competition, adequate and timely business models are crucial for companies. Current research mainly focuses on business model development that often neglects the legacy of established companies. The paper at hand addresses this research gap by a process design which allows established companies to rethink, improve, and continually innovate their business models. Following a design science research approach, requirements for improving business models are identified by the analysis of existing literature and by expert interviews. Collaboration Engineering and a multilevel evaluation are applied to create a continuous and implementable process design for business model improvement – including specific activities, instructions, and tools. The process design represents a nascent design theory in form of an “invention” type of knowledge contribution. Moreover, going beyond existing literature, the importance of collaboration between participants in a business model improvement project is highlighted. From a practical perspective, the developed process design enables companies for continuous and recurring business model improvement without the ongoing support of professional moderators or consultants.
Wambsganss, T.; & Rietsche, R. (2019): Towards Designing an Adaptive Argumentation Learning Tool. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Digitalization triggers a shift in the compositions of skills and knowledge needed for students in their future work life. Hence, higher order thinking skills are becoming more important to solve future challenges. One subclass of these skills, which contributes significantly to communication, collaboration and problem-solving, is the skill of how to argue in a structured, reflective and well-formed way. However, educational organizations face difficulties in providing the boundary conditions necessary to develop this skill, due to increasing student numbers paired with financial constraints. In this short paper, we present the first steps of our design science research project on how to design an adaptive IT-tool that helps students develop their argumentation skill through formative feedback in large-scale lectures. Based on scientific learning theory and user interviews, we propose preliminary requirements and design principles for an adaptive argumentation learning tool. Furthermore, we present a first instantiation of those principles.
Peters, C.; Simmert, B.; Eilers, K.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Future Organization Report 2019. . St.Gallen, Switzerland and Frankfurt, Germany: Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik der Universität St.Gallen, Campana & Schott Business Services GmbH.
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Imas, C.; Urbon, U.; Kraft, J.; Herbst, I.; Schöbel, S.; Glavas, M.; & Oeste-Reiß, S. (2019): Entwicklung von Lernvideos, Lernzielen und Testfragen in kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen und ich Weiterbildungsinstituten. In: Leimeister, J. M., & David, K. (Eds.), Chancen und Herausforderungen des digitalen Lernens - Methoden und Werkzeuge für innovative Lehr-Lern-Konzepte (pp. 199–218). Berlin: Springer.
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Janson, A.; Thiel de Gafenco, M.; Klusmeyer, J.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Theoriegeleitete und nutzerzentrierte Entwicklung von digitalen Lernangeboten und Dienstleistungen. In: Berufsbildung International (Vol. Digitalisierung). DLR Projektträger.
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Schmidt-Kraeplin, M.; Thiebes, S.; Schöbel, S.; & Sunyaev, A. (2019): Users’ Game Design Element Preferences in Health Behavior Change Support Systems for Physical Activity: A Best-Worst-Scaling Approach. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Over the last decades, physical inactivity has become one of the leading health risk factors in modern societies. To incentivize people to be more physically active, gamified health behavior change support systems (HBCSSs) are a promising approach. These systems often make use of gamification to keep their users engaged over a sustained period of time. However, despite its popularity, gamification often fails due to insufficient designs, which neglect users’ needs. Building on extant research that investigated users’ preferences in other gamification contexts, we conduct a survey among 447 potential users of HBCSSs for physical activity, using a best-worst-scaling approach. Our results indicate that users generally prefer the game design elements progress, goals, points, and levels, which is partially different from past research on preferred game design elements in other contexts. Thus, our research contributes to the understanding of contextual differences in users’ gamification preferences.
Kleinschmidt, S.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): How to scale up contact-intensive services: ICT-enabled service innovation. In: Journal of Service Management (JOSM), 4, Vol. 31. pp. 793–814.
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Purpose While scaling is a viable approach to respond to growing demand, service providers in contactintensive services – such as education, healthcare, and social services – struggle to innovate their offerings. The reason is that the scaling of contact-intensive services – unlike purely digital settings – has resource limitations. To help ease the situation, the purpose of this article is to identify and describe the practices used in scaling contact-intensive services to support ICTenabled service innovation. Design/methodology/approach The research draws on an in-depth analysis of three contact-intensive services to examine service innovation practices. The analysis informs model development for service scaling. Findings The analysis uncovers three practices for service scaling – service interaction analysis, service pivoting, and service validation – and their related activities that are applied in a cyclic and iterative logic. Research limitations/implications While the findings reveal that the scalability of contact-intensive services is limited and determined by the formative characteristic of personal interaction, this study and its findings describe how to leverage scalability in contact-intensive services. Practical implications The insights into the practices enable service providers of contact-intensive services to iteratively revise their service offerings and the logic of creating value with the service. Originality/value This research identifies and describes for the first time the practices for the scaling of contactintensive services as an operationalisation of ICT-enabled service innovation.
Knop, N.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Internes Crowdsourcing – Herausforderungen und Lösungsstrategien für eine erfolgreiche Transformation der Arbeitsorganisation. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 4, Vol. 56. pp. 735–747.
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Dieser Artikel hilft Organisationen ihre Mitarbeiter mittels Crowdsourcing in einem digitalen Umfeld zu reorganisieren, um Agilität, Produktivität und Effektivität der Geschäftsprozesse zu erhöhen. Internes Crowdsourcing, in welchem die kollektive Arbeitskraft, Kreativität und Intelligenz der Mitarbeiter effektiver genutzt wird, stellt eine flexible, dezentrale sowie digitale Form der Arbeitsorganisation dar. Dieser Prozess resultiert in einer Transformation der Organisation, der über die einfache Einrichtung der Crowdsourcing-Plattform hinausgeht. Aus diesem Grund stehen viele Unternehmen vor Problemen, diesen Transformationsprozess erfolgreich zu gestalten und können die Vorteile von Crowdsourcing nicht oder nur eingeschränkt nutzen. Daher identifizieren wir in unserem Artikel, basierend anhand einer multiplen Fallstudie fünf Herausforderungen und dazu passende Maßnahmen, um eine erfolgreiche Transformation zu managen. In diesem Rahmen gehen wir in einem Fall auf die Herausforderungen und Lösungen im Detail ein, auf denen wir dann in den zusätzlichen Fällen aufbauen. Schließlich präsentieren wir fünf Herausforderungen, wie inadäquate IT Fähigkeiten und die passenden Lösungsansätze, wie gezielte Schulungen. Diese erlauben es Unternehmen Internes Crowdsourcing als eine innovative Form der Arbeitsorganisation zu nutzen und Agilität sowie Effektivität interner Arbeitsprozesse zu erhöhen.
Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Crowdworking-Plattformen und die Digitalisierung der Arbeit. In: Boes, A., & Langes, B. (Eds.), Die Cloud und der digitale Umbruch in Wirtschaft und Arbeit. Strategien, Best Practices und Gestaltungsimpulse (pp. 173–190). Freiburg, Germany: Haufe Group.
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Durward, D.; Simmert, B.; Peters, C.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): How to Empower the Workforce – Analyzing Internal Crowd Work as a Neo-Socio-Technical System. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Janson, A. (2019): Improving Processes and Outcomes in Digital Learning Environments - Empirical Foundations and Design Principles for Scaffolding in Technology-mediated Learning (Vol. Research on IT / Service / Innovation / Collaboration). Kassel, Germany: kassel university press.
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Billert, M. S.; & Peters, C. (2019): Die Digitalisierungsstraße für die Stadt der Zukunft – Kollaborative Entwicklung eines Portals für bürger-initiierte Dienstleistungsentwicklung im Kontext einer Smart City. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, Vol. 56. pp. 172–189.
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Schomberg, S.; Barev, T. J.; Janson, A.; & Hupfeld, F. (2019): Ansatz zur Umsetzung von Datenschutz nach der DSGVO im Arbeitsumfeld: Datenschutz durch Nudging. In: Datenschutz und Datensicherheit - DuD, 12, Vol. 43. pp. 774–780.
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Die noch recht neue DSGVO hat einige Änderungen mit sich gebracht, welche sich in der Praxis erst noch bewähren und innovativ umgesetzt werden müssen. Insbesondere das Arbeitsumfeld wird von der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung stark verändert und sieht sich neuen Herausforderungen des Datenschutzes gegenüber. Ein Ansatz, diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen, könnte die Integration von Privacy Nudges in digitale betriebliche Systeme sein. Ziel von Privacy Nudges ist es dabei, den Entscheidungsprozess in digitalen Entscheidungsumgebungen gezielt zu mehr Schutz von personenbezogenen Daten und Privatheit zu beeinflussen. Diesem Ansatz nähert sich dieser Beitrag interdisziplinär durch Erkenntnisse aus der verhaltensökonomischen, informatischen und der rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur. Schließlich werden verschiedene Szenarien für den Einsatz von Privacy Nudges in digitalen Arbeitssystemen beschrieben und bewertet.
Li, M. M.; Müller, J.; Ernst, S.-J.; & Peters, C. (2019): Take the Wheel - Technology-driven Change in the Energy Sector. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Linking Strategy and Operations using a Service Business Model – a hypergraph theory-based approach. In: International Research Symposium on Advancing Service Research and Practice (QUIS). Karlstad, Sweden.
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Business models (BM) have become increasingly important and versatile abstract tools to describe businesses on both, a strategic, as well as operational level (Wirtz et al. 2015). These BMs are used to understand what a business does to remain competitive, strategically (Johnson et al. 2008). Existing research (Johnson et al. 2008; Wirtz et al. 2015) identified the importance of BMs for the success of businesses. Also, practice revealed that financially successful companies ascertain twice the level of importance than less successful companies (IBM, 2007). A BM is a conceptual and structural implementation of a business strategy and the foundation of business processes (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2002). BMs include a strategy, input factors, processes, with an underlying financial model to ensure the profitability. In recent years BMs have become synonymous with entire companies. Literature shows a heterogeneous abstraction of BMs, sometimes referring to BMs as business unit or products (Wirtz et al. 2015). Service systems literature shows similar structures, with service systems referring to exchanges on an individual level, among business units or entire ecosystems (Chandler and Lusch 2015). We propose that a service systems perspective can systematically model businesses and capture its inherent complexities (Peters et al. 2015). The service business model (SBM) includes (1) the value proposition, which is the firm’s offering to the customer; (2) the value creation and delivery mechanisms, reflecting the value chain; (3) value capture and analysis of the BM and its constituent elements to understand how the firm generates profit. Our model, thus, captures the holistic characteristic of BM, while retaining the detailed information on how the business is constructed. Businesses are confronted with a complex, digitalized world, in which important service innovations are continuously emerging, which need to be designed and linked to the BM of a company, thus addressing the strategy to execution gap (Kaplan and Norton 2009). Typical BM tools, such as the business model canvas (Osterwalder et al. 2005), only provide a descriptive framework for structuring businesses, missing the interrelations of its BM elements. This is important for operational decision makers, who implement new service innovations. In sum, without a SBM that relates the high level strategic information to the detailed operations perspective, BMs only reflect half the picture. Hence, we develop a hypergraph theory-based underlying model for businesses to understand how the business works both from a strategic perspective, as well as from a detailed operational perspective. Our SBM makes value creation visible, relying on a systems perspective linking multi-dimensional input factors with set of activities and actors and thus capturing value proposition, value creation and delivery and value capture mechanisms (Li & Peters 2018). Attached table shows an overview of our SBM, which relies on a formally model (Li et al. 2018). It represents a base structure of businesses and can be used for operational purposes too (e.g.: scheduling, planning and cost analyses) and thus enables a high level strategic perspective to be integrated into the operational perspective, bridging the gap between strategy and execution for successful businesses.
Billert, M.; & Peters, C. (2019): Die Digitalisierungsstraße für die Stadt der Zukunft. In: Innovative Verwaltung, 7-8/2019, Vol. 41. pp. 172–189.
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Vorgestellt wird ein innovatives, multimediales Portal, die sogenannte Digitalisierungsstraße, mit dem die Kompetenzen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger kollaborativ in die Entwicklung neuer städtischer Dienstleistungen eingebunden werden können.
Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Developing a Production Structure Model using Service-Dominant Logic – A hypergraph-based Modeling Approach. In: INFORMS International Conference on Service Science (ICSS).
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To make a fundamental shift towards value orientation, manufacturing companies strategically move to integrate services into their portfolio. While manufacturing firms rely on production information systems as the backbone of their operations, these systems are based on product structure models (e.g., bill of materials). This poses a problem because services do not adhere to the goods-dominant perspective of product structures. To solve this divide, this paper proposes an integrative mathematical model for both production systems and service systems. This model draws upon concepts of service-dominant logic and is based on hypergraph theory. To illustrate that the production structure model includes both product structures and process structures, we further demonstrate that the production structure model can be transformed into either. Therefore, our theoretical contribution lies in introducing a structural model for production systems that is compatible with structures of a service system model. For practice, this model enables the development of production information systems that can plan and control products, services and hybrids.
Knote, R. (2019): Towards Smart Assistance Systems for Physical and Manual Tasks. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Stockholm, Sweden.
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Although automation of physical work is continuously accelerated by advances in information technol-ogy, many complex tasks, such as in manufacturing, assembly or maintenance still require human work. In this context, Smart Physical and Manual Task Assistance Systems (SPMTAs) support workers by adapting to their current situation or task. Since the importance of physical work is still evident in a digitized economy, there is a need for properly designed SPMTAs in order to increase job satisfaction and performance of workers by taking off physical and cognitive strain. However, scientific literature on how to design SPMTAs is sparse. Combining sociotechnical systems and work design theory, we derived propositions and conducted interviews with workers of a German car component manufacturer as part of a design science project. The company uses three SPMTAs for assembly, final inspection, and tool management. As a result, we elicited 18 design requirements for SPMTAs to increase job satisfac-tion and performance. In this research-in-progress paper, we present our preliminary results and dis-cuss next steps.
Billert, M. (2019): Yes, We Can! Blockchain Based Crowdfunding and Crowdworking. In: Pre-ICIS SIGBPS Workshop on Blockchain and Smart Contract (Pre-ICIS).
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In the current process of crowdfunding and crowdworking, many criteria-based conditions must be considered on different platforms. Assignments must be initiated for each platform, which costs time, money and resources. In order to counteract these challenges and reduce transactions, we developed a blockchain-based platform using a design-oriented approach. This platform accompanies the process from requirements to self-executing, event- and condition-controlled contracts in a partially automated manner. Based on the literature of crowdfunding, crowdworking and blockchain-based smart contracts, we derived requirements for a platform creation. While we contribute to the literature by eliciting design-oriented requirements, we show practical implications by building a blockchain-based platform concept for facilitating a more efficient combined crowdfunding and crowdworking process by reducing transactions.
Gerken, M.; Bretschneider, U.; & Hülsbeck, M. (2019): More Than a Need for Knowledge: Understanding Drivers for Knowledge Seeking and Knowledge Sharing Behavior in Online Communities. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Munich, Germany.
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Knowledge seeking is the default activity in online communities and therefore important for their functioning. Existing research studies on why members seek knowledge overlook other factors than a simple need for knowledge, resulting in an extremely narrow body of knowledge. We propose that a need for advice can increase knowledge seeking and is further shaped by perceptions of reciprocity, self-esteem, and identification with the community. By surveying 186 respondents from 34 large online communities and applying OLS regression analyses, we find that knowledge seeking is driven by need for advice and identification, but not reciprocity. The results further show that members with high self-esteem seek less knowledge. Yet, the decision to seek knowledge depends on the level of self-esteem and this is predicted by need for advice. Our results contribute to the currently sparse body on knowledge seeking and add to the realization of necessary design attributes of online communities.
Nikolaus, L.; Dominik, D.; & Philipp, E. (2019): Managing Initial Coin Offerings: Towards a Taxonomy of ICO Processes. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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07.01.2019-12.01.2019
Billert, M. S.; Peters, C.; Leimeister, J. M.; Niering, P.; & Hartmann, C. (2019): Weck den Herkules in dir – bürger-initiierte Dienstleistungen. In: Handlungsbroschüre zum Verbundforschungsprojekt Civitas Digitalis - Digitale und Crowd-basierte Dienstleistungssysteme zur Schaffung zukunftsfähiger und lebenswerter Lebensräume 2020. ITeG Technical Reports – Wissenschaftlichen Zentrum für Informationstechnik-Gestaltung (ITeG) an der Universität Kassel, Vol. 8. pp. 12–39.
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Bretschneider, U.; Heider, A.; Rüsen, T.; & Hülsbeck, M. (2019): Diffusion von digitalen Technologien und Trends in Familienunternehmen. In: Kollmann, T. (Ed.), Handbuch Digitale Wirtschaft. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Gabler.
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Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt den Diffusionsprozess von digitalen Technologien und Trends in Familienunternehmen (FU). Die Diffusion von digitalen Technologien und Trends in FU gestaltet sich wegen des Einfluss der Eigentümerfamilie auf das FU im Vergleich zu Nicht-FU grundlegend anders. Eigenschaften der Familie sowie des FU und der digitalen Technologien und Trends wirken sich zugleich negativ auf die Geschwindigkeit, mit der digitale Technologien und Trends den Diffusionsprozess im FU durchlaufen, aus. Dagegen entwickeln FU spezifische Strategien, die dabei helfen, diese Zeitbarrieren zu umgehen.
Seeber, I.; Bittner, E.; Briggs, R. O.; de Vreede, T.; de Vreede, G.-J.; Elkins, A.; … Söllner, M. (2019): Machines as teammates: A research agenda on AI in team collaboration. In: Information & Management.
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What if artificial intelligence (AI) machines became teammates rather than tools? This paper reports on an international initiative by 65 collaboration scientists to develop a research agenda for exploring the potential risks and benefits of machines as teammates (MaT). They generated 819 research questions. A subteam of 12 converged them to a research agenda comprising three design areas – Machine artifact, Collaboration, and Institution – and 17 dualities – significant effects with the potential for benefit or harm. The MaT research agenda offers a structure and archetypal research questions to organize early thought and research in this new area of study.
Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Zierau, N. (2019): Digitale Servicesysteme. In: Gassman, O., & Sutter, P. (Eds.), Digitale Transformation gestalten - Geschäftsmodelle, Erfolgsfaktoren, Checklisten (Zweite., pp. 33–41). München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.
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Li, M. M.; & Peters, C. (2019): From Service Systems Engineering to Service Innovation - A Modeling Approach. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS).
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Due to the advent of digitization, service innovation has become even more important for both business and service research alike. Current service systems engineering approaches have employed a recombinant perspective that follows innovation mechanisms to leverage existing company resources for new service innovations. Employing these innovation mechanisms is still challenging, since there is little support on how to structure and identify these mechanisms. We propose a model-based service system engineering approach to structure existing resources into one formal model, enabling the formalization of service innovation mechanisms. The formalized service innovation mechanisms allow for a graphical illustration and enable future research to apply functions to analyze how innovation impacts entire or specific parts of service systems. Furthermore, the mathematical model enables an object-oriented value-driven perspective on service systems and is basis for graphical software tools. We contribute to literature by formalizing service innovations and its mechanisms in the context of service systems and by combining concepts of service innovation and service systems engineering. We do so by a) formalizing service innovation mechanisms and b) demonstrating the application of formal service innovations along one specific software implementation case. For practice, the service system model can with simulating the effects of service innovations.
Agarwal, N.; Bästlein, M.; Böhmann, T.; Ernst, S.-J.; Fritzsche, A.; Grotherr, C.; … Ziegler, D. (2019): Nutzergenerierte Dienstleistungssysteme zur digitalen Transformation von Organisationen. In: Digivation. Springer.
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Kropf, J.; Lamla, J.; Leimeister, J. M.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; & Weber, T. (2019): Gestaltung hybrider Entscheidungsarchitekturen zur Förderung kritischer Verbraucherkompetenzen. In: Internationale Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI) (Vol. 14). Siegen, Germany.
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Internetanwendungen, Soziale Medien, wirkmächtige KI-Algorithmen und Active‐Learning‐Technologien bilden heute bereits hybride Entscheidungsarchitekturen. Gemeint sind damit die oft unbemerkten Rahmungen innerhalb derer (Verbraucher-)Entscheidungen getroffen werden und die sich auf hybride Verbindungen von künstlicher und menschlicher Intelligenz verteilen. Die Gestalter solcher Architekturen werden dabei mit einer großen Machtfülle ausgestattet, deren Konsequenzen gegenwärtig nur schwer absehbar sind. Daraus ergibt sich für die Forschung die Frage, wie hybride Entscheidungsarchitekturen gesellschaftlich-wünschenswert gestaltet sein sollten, damit sie die kritischen Kompetenzen der Verbraucher erhalten und fördern, anstatt sie unbemerkt zu untergraben. Wir schlagen dafür ein hybrides Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem vor, das durch Erkenntnisse aus den Literaturbereichen der Rechtfertigungsordnungen, Mapping of Controversies sowie auf pädagogischen Aspekten zur Kompetenzförderung aufbaut. Methodisch folgen wir einem gestaltungsorientierten Vorgehen, dem sog. Design Science Approach.
Knote, R.; Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Classifying Smart Personal Assistants: An Empirical Cluster Analysis. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Dienstleistungsengineering und -management Data-driven Service Innovation (Zweite.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Gabler.
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Janson, A.; Degen, O.; & Schwede, M. (2019): Designing for Social Presence and Leveraging the Outcomes of Customer Service Chatbots. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM). Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Chatbots are innovative text-based dialogue systems that are oftentimes used in digital customer service encounters, since chatbots offer a lot of potential to optimize the relationship with the customer. However, chatbots face various problems, such as low adoption and satisfaction rates as well as other negative reactions from the customer. Companies therefore need to consider different design features when developing their chatbots. Key for designing chatbots is the use of anthropomorphic design elements. In this study, we examine the two anthropomorphic design elements of personification, which includes a human like appearance of the chatbot, and socially oriented communication, which means a more sensitive and extensive communication behavior. We tested the influence of the two design elements on social presence, satisfaction, trusting beliefs and empathy. The results of our experiment support a significant influence of the two anthropomorphic design elements on social presence. In addition, our findings show the central role of social presence concerning chatbot perceptions. First, social presence has a strong direct influence on trusting beliefs, empathy and satisfaction. Second, social presence acts as a mediator for both anthropomorphic design elements on satisfaction with a chatbot. The derived implications provide a theory for understanding anthropomorphic design elements related to chatbots and we offer design principles for practitioners that enable more effective chatbot implementations.
Durward, D.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Crowd Work als neue Form digitaler Erwerbsarbeit – Veränderungen der Arbeitsorganisation in Unternehmen. In: Kohlrausch, B., Schildmann, C., & Voss, D. (Eds.), Neue Arbeit – neue Ungleichheiten – Folgen der Digitalisierung. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz Juventa.
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Oeste-Reiß, S.; & Simmert, B. (2019): Collaboration Engineering. In: Enzyklopädie der Wirtschaftsinformatik – Online-Lexikon.
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Knote, R. (2019): Towards Solving the Personalization-Privacy Paradox for Smart Personal Assistants. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Schomberg, S.; Barev, T. J.; Janson, A.; & Hupfeld, F. (2019): Ansatz zur Umsetzung von Datenschutz nach der DSGVO im Arbeitsumfeld: Datenschutz durch Nudging. In: Informatik 2019 - 49. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI). Kassel, Germany: Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI).
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Die noch recht neue DSGVO hat einige Änderungen mit sich gebracht, welche sich in der Praxis erst noch bewähren und innovativ umgesetzt werden müssen. Insbesondere das Arbeitsumfeld wird von der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung stark verändert und sieht sich neuen Herausforderungen des Datenschutzes gegenüber. Ein Ansatz diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen könnte die Integration von Privacy Nudges in digitale betriebliche Systeme sein. Ziel von Privacy Nudges ist es dabei den Entscheidungsprozess in digitalen Entscheidungsumgebungen gezielt zu mehr Schutz von personenbezogenen Daten und Privatheit zu beeinflussen. Diesem Ansatz nähert sich dieser Beitrag interdisziplinär, durch Erkenntnisse aus der verhaltensökonomischen, informatischen und der rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur. Schließlich werden verschiedene Szenarien für den Einsatz von Privacy Nudges in digitalen Arbeitssystemen beschrieben und bewertet.
Rietsche, R.; & Söllner, M. (2019): Insights on Using IT-Based Peer Feedback to Practice the Students’ Providing Feedback Skill. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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The skills students need today, have changed over the last decades. The required skills shift more and more towards higher order thinking skills such as critical thinking, collaboration and communication. One of the main factors to practice these skills is through formative feedback. Which in our setting consist of self-assessment and peer-assessment. However, today’s lecturers are facing the challenge that the amount of students per lecture continuously increases, while the available budget stagnates. Hence, large scale lectures often lack feedback caused by the scarcity of resources. To overcome this issue we propose a teaching-learning scenario, using IT to provide formative feedback at scale. In this paper, we are focusing on the students providing feedback skill, which is important for collaborative tasks. In our experiment with around 101 master students, we were able to show that the students ability to provide feedback significantly improved by attending IT-based peer feedback iterations.
Durward, D.; Simmert, B.; Blohm, I.; & Peters, C. (2019): Internal Crowd Work as a Source of Empowerment - An Empirical Analysis of the Perception of Employees in a Crowdtesting Project. In: International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). Siegen, Germany.
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Internal crowd work has emerged as a new form of digital gainful employment that changes the nature of work. However, the possible effects of internal crowd work on the individual level have been largely neglected. In this paper, we therefore present our research in progress which is concerned with the effects of work characteristics in internal crowd work that have impact on the individual’s empowerment and satisfaction. Thus, we developed our research model and conducted an online survey amongst 118 internal crowd workers of a Swiss bank who were asked to test new software. Our expected contribution will increase the understanding of internal crowd work and provide important insights for organizations to (re-) design work on internal IT-platforms.
Winkler, R.; Briggs, R. O.; De Vreede, G.-J.; Leimeister, J. M.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; & Söllner, M. (2019): Towards a Technique for Modeling New Forms of Collaborative Work Practices – The Facilitation Process Model 2.0. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Collaboration Engineering (CE) is an approach for the design and deployment of repeatable collaborative work practices that can be executed by practitioners themselves without the ongoing support of external collaboration professionals. A key design activity in CE concerns modeling current and future collaborative work practices. CE researchers and practitioners have used the Facilitation Process Model (FPM) technique. However, this modeling technique suffers from a number of shortcomings to model contemporary collaborative work practices. We use a design science approach to identify the main challenges with the original FPM technique, derive requirements and design a revised modeling technique that is based on the current technique enriched by BPMN 2.0 elements. This paper contributes to the CE literature by offering a revised FPM technique that assists CE-designers to capture new forms of collaborative work practices.
Simmert, B.; Weinert, T.; Janson, A.; Peters, C.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Kontinuierliche Verbesserung von internationalen Geschäftsmodellen in der Berufsbildung. In: Berufsbildung International (Vol. Geschäftsmodellentwicklung, pp. 32–33). DLR Projektträger.
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Simmert, B.; Eilers, K.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Interne Crowd Work an der Schnittstelle sozialer und technischer Elemente der digitalen Arbeitsorganisation. In: Schröter, W. (Ed.), Der mitbestimmte Algorithmus - Gestaltungskompetenz für den Wandel der Arbeit (pp. 155–166). Mössingen-Talheim, Germany: Talheimer Verlag.
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Zimmermann, V.; Dickhaut, E.; Gerber, P.; & Vogt, J. (2019): Vision: Shining Light on Smart Homes – Supporting Informed Decision-Making of End Users. In: IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
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Smart Home technologies are promising to enhance quality of life, autonomous living of elderly people and home security. Yet, uncertainty in terms of personal benefits, functionality, cost, privacy and security features influences potential users' decision processes. The vision of this research thus is to support end users' informed decision-making in terms of Smart Home technologies. We developed and tested a prototype of an interactive Smart Home configurator that provides users with targeted information according to their interests. It visualizes Smart Home processes and implications for privacy and security to increase transparency and reduce uncertainty in the decision-process. Ideas for further improving and extending the concept of the Smart Home configurator are discussed.
Barev, T. J.; & Janson, A. (2019): Towards an Integrative Understanding of Privacy Nudging – Systematic Review and Research Agenda. In: Annual Pre-ICIS Workshop on HCI Research in MIS (Pre-ICIS).
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When using digital technologies, various data traces are left behind for collection, storage and analysis. Innovative solutions for information systems are needed that mitigate privacy risks and foster information privacy. One mechanism to achieve this are privacy nudges. Nudges are a concept from behavioural economics to influence individual’s decisions. This paper focusses on building an integrative understanding of privacy nudging. Specifically, we conceptualize the constituting characteristics of privacy nudges by conducting a systematic literature review to cover the current state of knowledge in the interdisciplinary privacy nudge literature stream. We structure the intrapersonal factors that determine effectiveness for each privacy nudge in a morphological box and conceptualize on this basis current research coverage as well as demand for future research. Finally, we develop theoretical propositions contributing to the discussion of how to study and design effective privacy nudges that can pave the way for more privacy sensitive IT systems.
Dellermann, D.; Calma, A.; Lipusch, N.; Weber, T.; Weigel, S.; & Ebel, P. (2019): The Future of Human-AI Collaboration: A Taxonomy of Design Knowledge for Hybrid Intelligence Systems. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Recent technological advances, especially in the field of machine learning, provide astonishing progress on the road towards artificial general intelligence. However, tasks in current real-world business applications cannot yet be solved by machines alone. We, therefore, identify the need for developing socio-technological ensembles of humans and machines. Such systems possess the ability to accomplish complex goals by combining human and artificial intelligence to collectively achieve superior results and continuously improve by learning from each other. Thus, the need for structured design knowledge for those systems arises. Following a taxonomy development method, this article provides three main contributions: First, we present a structured overview of interdisciplinary research on the role of humans in the machine learning pipeline. Second, we envision hybrid intelligence systems and conceptualize the relevant dimensions for system design for the first time. Finally, we offer useful guidance for system developers during the implementation of such applications.
Dellermann, D.; Ebel, P.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Hybrid Intelligence. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering, 5, Vol. 61. pp. 637–643.
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Billert, M. S.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Agile Dienstleistungsentwicklung in einer Smart City – Eine Plattform zur systematischen Erstellung digitaler bürgernaher Dienstleistungen. In: Bruhn, M., & Hadwich, K. (Eds.), Kooperative Dienstleistungen. Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement. (pp. 431–447). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Gabler.
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Die Digitalisierungsstraße ist ein Konzept zur systematischen Entwicklung digitaler bürgernaher Dienstleistungen für eine Stadt, die technisch auf einer erfolgreich an die Stadtverwaltung angebundene Plattform basiert. Sie besteht aus drei Schritten, in denen Bürger unter Verwendung eines multimedialen, bürgerzentrierten Ansatzes ihre Dienstleistungsidee beschreiben, visualisieren und anschließend präsentieren. Erstmalig werden diese Schritte integriert und medienbruchfrei auf einer Plattform auf Basis von Scrum und der webbasierten Plattform GitLab zur Verwaltung agiler Softwareprojekte realisiert.
Bittner, E. A. C.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2019): Where is the Bot in our Team? Toward a Taxonomy of Design Option Combinations for Conversational Agents in Collaborative Work. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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With rapid progress in machine learning, language technologies and artificial intelligence, conversational agents (CAs) gain rising attention in research and prac-tice as potential non-human teammates, facilitators or experts in collaborative work. However, designers of CAs in collaboration still struggle with a lack of com-prehensive understanding of the vast variety of design options in the dynamic field. We address this gap with a taxonomy to help researchers and designers understand the design space and the interrelations of different design options and recognize useful design option com-binations for their CAs. We present the iterative deve-lopment of a taxonomy for the design of CAs grounded in state of the art literature and validated with domain experts. We identify recurring design option combina-tions and white spots from the classified objects that will inform further research and development efforts.
Leimeister, J. M.; & David, K. (Eds.) (2019): Chancen und Herausforderungen des digitalen Lernens: Methoden und Werkzeuge für innovative Lehr-Lern-KonzepteKompetenzmanagement in Organisationen (Erste.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
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Dieses Werk bietet einen Überblick über die Entwicklung und Zukunft des digitalen Lehrens und Lernens. Die Digitalisierung verändert die Art und Weise des Lehrens und Lernens und bietet Unternehmen die Chance, Lerndienstleistungen kontextorientierter zu gestalten. Gleichzeitig resultieren Herausforderungen für die digitale Lehre, die eine Entwicklung von innovativen Lehr-Lern-Konzepten erfordert. Anhand von unterschiedlichen Studien und Fallbeispielen demonstriert dieser Band, wie Kompetenzen von Mitarbeitern, Studierenden oder Lernenden mit Hilfe der Digitalisierung entwickelt, aufgebaut und erweitert werden können, um ein nachhaltiges Wissensmanagement in Unternehmen bieten zu können oder um innovative Konzepte für die Lehre zu entwickeln. Durch die Einbindung von konkreten Praxisbeispielen und die Nutzung von innovativen Forschungsmethoden bietet dieses Buch sowohl für Führungskräfte als auch für Lehrkräfte einen Leitfaden, um digitale und innovative Lehr-Lern-Konzepte zu gestalten.
Bittner, E. A. C.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; Ebel, P. A.; & Söllner, M. (2019): Mensch-Maschine-Kollaboration: Grundlagen, Gestaltungsherausforderungen und Potenziale für verschiedene Anwendungsdomänen. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, pp. 1–16.
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Glavas, M.; Schöbel, S.; & Oeste-Reiß, S. (2019): Über die Entwicklung und Bedeutung von Berufsbildern im Lernkontext - Ergebnisse einer Marktstudie des Energieberatungsmarktes. In: Leimeister, J. M., & David, K. (Eds.), Chancen und Herausforderungen des digitalen Lernens - Methoden und Werkzeuge für innovative Lehr-Lern-Konzepte (pp. 11–31). Berlin: Springer.
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Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; & Mishra, A. N. (2019): A Configurational View on Avatar Design – The Role of Emotional Attachment, Satisfaction, and Cognitive Load in Digital Learning. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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In online learning settings interactive and meaningful feedback is becoming increasingly important. However, feedback from teachers is oftentimes missing in online learning settings. To overcome challenges that arise from the missing representation of teachers, our study analyzes the relevance of avatar designs in learning settings. We therefore rely on avatars as game design elements and analyze how their design can influence emotional attachment, learning process satisfaction, and extraneous cognitive load in learning. To achieve our goal, we conduct a qualitative comparative analysis with 998 datasets that were collected in a 2x2x2 pre-post online experiment that was developed to train participants in learning functions in Excel. Our results indicate that interaction, familiarity, motivation, and aesthetic experiences are important configurations for avatars that are used in learning. We contribute to different streams of theory such as self-expansion and guide practitioners by providing implications about how to create meaningful avatar designs for learning applications.

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Kleinschmidt, S.; Ebel, P.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Erstellung neuer Geschäftsmodelle für IKT-basierte, personenbezogene Dienstleistungssysteme. In: Bruhn, M., & Hadwich, K. (Eds.), Service Business Development: Strategien – Innovationen – Geschäftsmodelle (Vol. 1, pp. 379–402). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Nature.
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Peters, C.; Korthaus, A.; & Kohlborn, T. (2018): Smart City Portals for Public Service Delivery: Insights From a Comparative Study. In: Sugumaran, V. (Ed.), Developments and Trends in Intelligent Technologies and Smart Systems (pp. 212–232). Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global.
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Eigenbrod, L.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): How Digital Nudges Influence Consumers – The Role of Social and Privacy Nudges in Retargeting. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM).
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Retargeting is an innovative online marketing technique because it can provide consumer-specific advertising content based on consumers’ browsing behavior that meet consumers' prefer-ences and interests. Although this advertising form offers great opportunities of bringing back customers who have left an online store without to complete a purchase, retargeting is risky be-cause the necessary data collection leads to strong privacy concerns which in turn, trigger con-sumer reactance and decreasing trust. Digital nudges – small design modifications in digital choice environments which guide peoples’ behavior – present a promising concept to bypass these negative consequences of retargeting. In order to explore the positive effects of digital nudges in retargeting banners, we conducted a between-subject experiment with a subsequent survey which examines the impacts of social nudges (likes of friends) and privacy nudges (disclosure of privacy policy and purpose of retargeting banners). Whereas the social nudge led to a negative impact on consumers’ privacy concerns and a positive impact on consumers’ booking behavior, the privacy nudge did not have any significant impact. A combination of social nudge and privacy nudge showed that the privacy nudge negatively moderated the positive relationship between social nudge and consumers’ booking behavior. The derived implications provide a theory for under-standing nudges in digital environments and we offer design principles for practitioners that enable better retargeting outcomes.
Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Managing Complex Work Systems via Crowdworking Platforms: How Intel and Hyve Explore Future Technological Innovations. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Crowdsourcing has the potential to change the way how companies and other organizations are working currently. Numerous companies are already exploiting this new form of work organization and are utilising the “wisdom of crowds”. Crowdworking platforms as intermediaries that manage the work system including customer companies and crowd workers play an important role in this context. Nevertheless, they currently mostly manage rather simple work systems that process rather plain work. In this summary for the HICSS 2018 Doctoral Consortium, we depict our current work in progress that aims at investigating how such platforms could also manage more complex work systems – a question that is crucial for the future success of this business model. Using the case of Intel and the crowdworking platform Hyve, we investigate one successful approach to tackle this challenge, elaborate on our method used as well as the theoretical background and communicate our first, preliminary findings.
Buholzer, F.; Rietsche, R.; & Söllner, M. (2018): Knowing what Learners Like – Developing a Cultural Sensitive Peer Assessment Process in MOOCs. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI).
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MOOCs attract learners from various cultural backgrounds with differing educational beliefs and learning preferences. Research has long acknowledged that culture has an impact on the adoption and use of information technology. Cultural differences can cause conflicts, especially when learners provide each other with feedback during the peer assessment process. With this paper, we use a design science approach to create a cultural sensitive peer assessment process in MOOCs. Based on Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory we derive design elements and evaluate them in a qualitative and comparative study with Swiss and Chinese students. Our results show that different cultures prefer different designs. Consequently, our key contribution is the practical elaboration of design elements, which can be integrated in MOOCs to provide a better learning experience. Further, we contribute to cross-cultural theory by using an existing framework and adapting it to a new and relevant phenomenon: MOOCs.
Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Managing Complex Work Systems via Crowdworking Platforms: How Deutsche Bank Explores AI Trends and the Future of Banking with Jovoto. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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Crowdsourcing has evolved into a powerful new instrument for companies. In the last years, crowdworking platforms that manage work systems as intermediaries between crowdsourcers and crowd workers have increasingly been used. Nevertheless, they currently often manage rather simple work systems. Although they have the potential for managing more complex ones, there is still little knowledge how this can be done and what measures are necessary to do so. To explore this question in more detail, we investigate three seminal projects that Deutsche Bank completed with the crowdworking platform Jovoto and that aimed at exploring AI trends and developing concepts for the future of banking. We derive measures necessary for the successful management of complex work systems and provide a model as guidance for both companies and crowdworking platform operators. With our findings, we extend current knowledge in the realm of IS, organizational theory, and platform ecosystems.
Calma, A.; & Dellermann, D. (2018): Decision Support with Hybrid Intelligence. In: International Organic Computing (DDC).
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Startups are the fresh blood of our economy and, besides uni- versities, are thriving innovation. One of the rst steps in this enriching journey to success, where they create jobs and new products, is getting funded. Decision makers, such as investors, incubators, and accelerators, receive a large amount of funding proposals. Currently, new ventures are evaluated "manually", often without any machine learning or any decision support at all. The implicit rules that every experienced decision maker has developed through years of failures and successes can not be codied, let alone be explained. It is intuition. We envision a learning system that is able to learn the intuition from multiple decision makers and guide them in their judgment. Our envisioned learning system relies on hybrid intelligence, which we dene as the ability to accomplish complex goals by combining human and articial intelligence to collectively achieve superior results and continuously improve by learning from each other.
Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; & Ebel, P. (2018): Heading for new shores: Crowdsourcing for entrepreneurial opportunity creation. In: European Conference of Information Systems (ECIS).
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Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Design principles for a hybrid intelligence decision support system for business model validation. In: Electronic Markets, 3, Vol. 29. pp. 423–441.
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One of the most critical tasks for startups is to validate their business model. Therefore, entrepreneurs try to collect information such as feedback from other actors to assess the validity of their assumptions and make decisions. However, previous work on decisional guidance for business model validation provides no solution for the highly uncertain and complex context of early-stage startups. The purpose of this paper is, thus, to develop design principles for a Hybrid Intelligence decision support system (HI-DSS) that combines the complementary capabilities of human and machine intelligence. We follow a design science research approach to design a prototype artifact and a set of design principles. Our study provides prescriptive knowledge for HI-DSS and contributes to previous work on decision support for business models, the applications of complementary strengths of humans and machines for making decisions, and support systems for extremely uncertain decision-making problems.
Thiel de Gafenco, M.; Janson, A.; & Schneider, T. (2018): KoLeArn – Smarte und kontextsensitive Aus- und Weiterbildung für die chinesische Industrie. In: Krömker, D., & Schroeder, U. (Eds.), Die 16. E-Learning Fachtagung Informatik (DeLFI), Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI) (pp. 281–282). Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Schneider, T.; Janson, A.; & Schöbel, S. (2018): Understanding the Effects of Gamified Feedback in Mobile Learning – An Experimental Investigation. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). San Francisco, California, USA.
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Schuster, J.; Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; & Kohler, T. (2018): How to Design a Crowdwork Platform. In: Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
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Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; & Ebel, P. (2018): Integrating Your Ecosystem with the Hybrid Intelligence Accelerator. In: Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
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Calma, A.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; Sick, B.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Leveraging the Potentials of Dedicated Collaborative Interactive Learning: Conceptual Foundations to Overcome Uncertainty by Human-Machine Collaboration. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 960–968). Waikoloa, HI, USA.
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Handlungsbroschüre Crowdworking-Plattformen - Neue Organisationskonzepte für Dienstleistungen nachhaltig gestalten. (No. 7) (7th ed., Vol. ITeG Technical Reports: Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Informationstechnik-Gestaltung (ITeG) an der Universität Kassel). Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press.
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Peters, C.; & Zaki, M. (2018): Modular Service Structures for the Successful Design of Flexible Customer Journeys for AI Services and Business Models – Orchestration and Interplay of Services. In: Working Paper Series of the Cambridge Service Alliance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Service Alliance, University of Cambridge.
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Rietsche, R.; Duss, K.; Persch, J. M.; & Söllner, M. (2018): Design and Evaluation of an IT-based Formative Feedback Tool to Foster Student Performance. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Today’s world is changing faster than ever before. Students need to constantly acquire new knowledge and the required skills shift more and more to higher order thinking skills. One major approach to support the students in this shift is through formative feedback, which initiates self-regulated learning processes. However, given the constant rise of student numbers while public spending remains constant, one of the major challenges is how to effectively provide formative feedback in large-scale lectures. The aim of our project is to develop an IT-tool which provides students with formative feedback to increase their performance in large-scale lectures. Our results show that through the use of the IT-tool the objective and perceived student performance can be significantly increased. By documenting our design knowledge according to the eight components of Gregor and Jones (2007), we take a first step towards creating a design theory for formative feedback tools.
Söllner, M.; Bitzer, P.; Janson, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Process is king: Evaluating the performance of technology-mediated learning in vocational software training. In: Journal of Information Technology (JIT), 3, Vol. 33. pp. 233–253.
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Technology-mediated learning (TML) is a major trend in education, since it allows to integrate the strengths of traditional- and IT-based learning activities. However, TML providers still struggle in identifying areas for improvement in their TML offerings. One reason for their struggles is inconsistencies in the literature regarding drivers of TML performance. Prior research suggests that these inconsistencies in TML literature might stem from neglecting the importance of considering the process perspective in addition to the input and outcome perspectives. This gap needs to be addressed to better understand the different drivers of the performance of TML scenarios. Filling this gap would further support TML providers with more precise guidance on how to (re-)design their offerings toward their customers’ needs. To achieve our goal, we combine qualitative and quantitative methods to develop and evaluate a holistic model for assessing TML performance. In particular, we consolidate the body of literature, followed by a focus group workshop and a Q-sorting exercise with TML practitioners, and an empirical pre-study to develop and initially test our research model. Afterward, we collect data from 161 participants of TML vocational software trainings and evaluate our holistic model for assessing TML performance. The results provide empirical evidence for the importance of the TML process quality dimension as suggested in prior literature and highlighted by our TML practitioners. Our main theoretical as well as practical contribution is a holistic model that provides comprehensive insights into which constructs and facets shape the performance of TML in vocational software trainings.
Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; Ernst, S.-J.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Towards Bridging the Gap between Business Model Innovation and Practice Using Hypergraph-based Modeling. In: INFORMS International Conference on Service Science (ICSS).
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Thies, L. F.; Knote, R.; Jandt, S.; Söllner, M.; Roßnagel, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Anforderungs- und Entwurfsmuster als Instrumente des Privacy by Design. In: Roßnagel, A., Friedewald, M., & Hansen, M. (Eds.), Die Fortentwicklung des Datenschutzes. DuD-Fachbeiträge (pp. 175–191). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Vieweg.
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Simmert, B.; Ebel, P. A.; Peters, C.; Bittner, E. A. C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Conquering the Challenge of Continuous Business Model Improvement Design of a Repeatable Process. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), 4, Vol. 61. pp. 451–468.
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Billert, M. S. (2018): Developing And Implementing Citizen-initiated Services. In: International Conference on Exporing Service Science (IESS).
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Most citizen participation concepts in city administrations are not sufficiently developed and stop at the idea phase of service engineering, which leads to challenges for administrations. However, top-down approaches of the government fail because citizens do not accept the invitation to participate and bottom-up approaches of citizen initiatives claim the attention and support of administrations. To counteract this, citizens are involved as experts of their everyday life. Following design science research, we iteratively build the “digitalization street”, which is a portal that systematically guides the citizens through the development of own services. For a formative and artificial evaluation, we used a framework with a human risk and effectiveness strategy. Thus, we contribute to the existing body of knowledge by systematically reconditioned knowledge about citizen sensing and we exhibit requirements for guidelines concerning how citizens can develop own services that can be implemented in the city administrations.
Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; & Li, M. (2018): Combining Humans and Machine Learning: A Novel Approach for Evaluating Crowdsourcing Contributions in Idea Contests. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI).
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The creative potential from innovative contributions of the crowd constitutes some critical challenges. The quantity of contributions and the resource demands to identify valuable ideas is high and remains challenging for firms that apply open innovation initiatives. To solve these problems, research on algorithmic approaches proved to be a valuable way by identifying metrics to distinguish between high and low-quality ideas. However, such filtering approaches always risk missing promising ideas by classifying good ideas as bad ones. In response, organizations have turned to the crowd to not just for generating ideas but also to evaluate them to filter high quality contributions. However, such crowd-based filtering approaches tend to perform poorly in practice as they make unrealistic demands on the crowd. We, therefore, conduct a design science research project to provide prescriptive knowledge on how to combine machine learning techniques with crowd evaluation to adaptively assign humans to ideas.
Peters, C. (2018): Dienstleistungssystem. In: Gronau, N., Becker, J., Leimeister, J. M., Overhage, S., & Suhl, L. (Eds.), Enzyklopädie der Wirtschaftsinformatik – Online-Lexikon (Vol. 10). Berlin: GITO.
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Li, M. M.; Billert, M. S.; Dellermann, D.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Einführung von Crowd-Based Support Dienstleistungen zur Verbesserung der Softwareeinführung. In: Meyer, K., Klingner, S., & Zinke, C. (Eds.), Service Engineering (pp. 133–149). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Fachmedien.
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Winkler, R.; & Söllner, M. (2018): Unleashing the Potential of Chatbots in Education: A State-Of-The-Art Analysis. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM).
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Chatbots are becoming a ubiquitous trend in many fields such as medicine, product and service industry, and education. Chatbots are computer programs used to conduct auditory or textual conversations. A growing body of evidence suggests that these programs have the potential to change the way students learn and search for information. Especially in large-scale learning scenarios with more than 100 students per lecturer, chatbots are able to solve the problem of individual student support. However, until now, there has been no systematic, structured overview of their use in education. The aim of this paper is therefore to conduct a systematic literature review based on a multi-perspective framework, from which we have derived initial search questions, synthesized past research, and highlighted future research directions. We reviewed titles and abstracts of 1405 articles drawn from management, education, information systems, and psychology literature before examining and individually coding a relevant subset of 80 articles. The results show that chatbots are in the very beginning of entering education. Few studies suggest the potential of chatbots for improving learning processes and outcomes. Nevertheless, past research has revealed that the effectiveness of chatbots in education is complex and depends on a variety of factors. With our literature review, we make two principal contributions: first, we structure and synthesize past research by using an input-process-output framework, and secondly, we use the framework to highlight research gaps for guiding future research in that area.
Ernst, S.-J.; Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Mobiles Lernen in praktischen Trainings - Lernzielerreichung vor dem Hintergrund von Motivation und Akzeptanz der Zielgruppe. In: Witt, C. de, & Gloerfeld, C. (Eds.), Handbuch Mobile Learning (pp. 409–431). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS.
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Seeber, I.; Bittner, E.; Briggs, R. O.; De Vreede, G.-J.; De Vreede, T.; Druckenmiller, D.; … Söllner, M. (2018): Machines as Teammates: A Collaboration Research Agenda. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 420–429).
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Humans will soon need to adapt to a collaborative setting in which technology becomes a smart collaboration partner that works with a group to achieve its goals. It is therefore time for collaboration researchers to explore the vast opportunities afforded by smart technology and to test its utility for enhancing team processes and outcomes. In this paper, we take a long view on the implications of smart technology for collaboration process design, and propose a research agenda for the next decade of collaboration research. We create a reference model to frame the research agenda.
Augenstein, D.; Fleig, C.; & Dellermann, D. (2018): Towards Value Proposition Mining – Exploration of Design Principles. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Dellermann, D.; Jud, C.; Lipusch, N.; & Popp, K. M. (2018): Managing the Dark Side of Software Ecosystems. In: Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
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Söllner, M. (2018): Designing Digital Innovations in Learning. St.Gallen.
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Eigenbrod, L.; & Janson, A. (2018): How Digital Nudges Influence Consumers - Experimental Investigation in the Context of Retargeting. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS).
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Retargeting is an innovative online marketing technique in the modern age. Although this advertising form offers great opportunities of bringing back customers who have left an online store without a com-plete purchase, retargeting is risky because the necessary data collection leads to strong privacy con-cerns which, in turn, trigger consumer reactance and decreasing trust. Digital nudges – small design modifications in digital choice environments which guide peoples’ behaviour – present a promising concept to bypass these negative consequences of retargeting. In order to prove the positive effects of digital nudges, we aim to conduct an online experiment with a subsequent survey by testing the impacts of social nudges and information nudges in retargeting banners. Our expected contribution to theory includes an extension of existing research of nudging in context of retargeting by investigating the effects of different nudges in retargeting banners on consumers’ behaviour. In addition, we aim to provide practical contributions by the provision of design guidelines for practitioners to build more trustworthy IT artefacts and enhance retargeting strategy of marketing practitioners.
Billert, M. S.; Li, M. M.; Persch, J. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Dienstleistungssysteme im Smart City Kontext: Herausforderungen, Anwendungsfälle und Lösungskonzepte. In: Arnold, C., & Knödler, H. (Eds.), Die informatisierte Service-Ökonomie (Vol. 1, pp. 297–308). Wiesbaden, Hessen: Springer Gabler.
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Dellermann, D.; & Lipusch, N. (2018): A Complementor ́s Perspective on Co-Innovation Risk. In: Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
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Knote, R.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Towards a Pattern Language for Smart Personal Assistants. In: Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP).
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Supporting users in their daily activities, thus, making their lives more comfortable, has long been a goal for consumer-oriented systems development. With the rise of smart personal assistants (SPAs), however, we have reached a new milestone along the path towards this goal. These systems assist their owners by providing personalized and context-dependent information and service. Today's implementations reach from conversational agents, such as Siri, Cortana or Google Assistant, over chatbots, which are primarily text-based, to cognitive assistants, which assist according to a user's current cognitive or emotional state. However, although both research and practice proceed with full pace, recurring design elements of SPAs have not yet been investigated. We hence propose a pattern language for smart personal assistants to guide further empirical and design efforts. Therefore, we review existing information systems, computer science and human-computer interaction literature to find recurring design characteristics among 115 different assistants. The resulting pattern language contains 22 patterns that specify the interaction behavior and the intelligence of smart personal assistants.
Knote, R.; Janson, A.; Eigenbrod, L.; & Söllner, M. (2018): The What and How of Smart Personal Assistants: Principles and Application Domains for IS Research. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI).
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Digitization brings new possibilities to ease our daily life activities by the means of assistive technology. Amazon Alexa, Microsoft Cortana, Samsung Bixby, to name only a few, heralded the age of smart personal assistants (SPAs), personified agents that combine artificial intelligence, machine learning, natural language processing and various actuation mechanisms to sense and influence the environment. However, SPA research seems to be highly fragmented among different disciplines, such as computer science, human-computer-interaction and information systems, which leads to ‘reinventing the wheel approaches’ and thus impede progress and conceptual clarity. In this paper, we present an exhaustive, integrative literature review to build a solid basis for future research. We have identified five functional principles and three research domains which appear promising for future research, especially in the information systems field. Hence, we contribute by providing a consolidated, integrated view on prior research and lay the foundation for an SPA classification scheme.
Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): A Hypergraph-based Modeling Approach for Service Systems. In: INFORMS International Conference on Service Science (ICSS).
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Currently, research on service science has emerged as its own discipline, where service systems are its basic unit of analysis. However, without a clearly defined modeling approach for service systems, analyzing a service system is challenging. We therefore propose a conceptual hypergraph-based modeling approach, which can be used to model services for both traditional goods-dominant businesses, as well as service-businesses. We define key elements of a service system while drawing upon hypergraph theory and present three modeling properties which are required to model a service systems graph (SSG). The focus of SSGs is to describe the relationships between the various resources, actors and activities, thus configuring a service system. It provides the foundation for computer graphic simulations and database applications of service business structure for future research.
Mrass, V.; & Peters, C. (2018): Digitale Wertschöpfung durch Crowd Services: Neue Formen des Kundensupports am Beispiel Mila und Swisscom. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI).
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Die digitale Transformation verändert gegenwärtig die Art und Weise, wie Arbeit erbracht und organisiert wird. Bestehende Geschäftsmodelle verlieren an Attraktivität, neue Geschäftsmodelle kommen hinzu. Zwei Trends sind dabei besonders signifikant: Die „Plattform-Ökonomie“, mit Crowdworking-Plattformen als einer ‚Spielart‘, die in den letzten Jahren starken Zulauf erfahren hat, und die „Sharing-Economy“. In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir am Beispiel der Crowdworking-Plattform Mila und ihres Kunden und 51-prozentigen Eigentümers Swisscom AG, wie Unternehmen die Crowd für Wertschöpfung einsetzen, ihren Kundensupport ausbauen und damit Vorteile für alle Beteiligten generieren können. Die Crowdworking-Plattform Mila verbindet in einem neuartigen Ansatz das Paradigma der Crowd, insbesondere die Nutzung einer Vielzahl von Leistungserbringern, mit den Prinzipien der Sharing-Economy, vor allem dem Einbezug der Kunden als Produzenten von Dienstleistungen. Basierend auf Experten-Tiefen-Interviews mit Verantwortlichen von Mila und Swisscom analysieren wir in diesem Beitrag dieses neuartige Arbeitssystem inklusive des Zusammenspiels aller Beteiligten und leiten daraus Handlungsempfehlungen für Unternehmen ab.
Janson, A.; & Schöbel, S. (2018): Nudging Privacy in Digital Work Systems – Towards the Development of a Design Theory. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Digitization changes our society, the way we work and the way we generate value in work systems. More precisely, it equally affects how business and employees organize their work. While there is a tremendous innovation potential for businesses such as more flexible and efficient work arrangements, there are also tremendous privacy risks. Such privacy risks especially relate to issues that employees leave data traces in every working step while being oftentimes not aware of their generated data. Employees leave data traces on intranet platforms such as Wikis and on external work tools such as Slack and reveal not only personal information but also company insights. At the same time companies must handle new privacy regulations such as the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which do not only affect companies in the European countries but also providers of information systems (IS) all around the world that offer their services in Europe. Thus, innovative approaches for considering challenges that exist because of privacy related issues are needed. A promising approach to overcome the aforementioned privacy issues of digital working environments is the application of digital nudges in IS – small design modifications in digital choice environments which guide peoples’ behavior (Weinmann et al. 2016). The nudge theory – originally derived from behavioral economics– is based on the irrational behavior of human beings. A nudge “is any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives” (Thaler and Sunstein 2008, p. 6) and is typically applied in offline environments, e.g., to nudge individuals for being organ donors through a default opt-in. By relying on the concept of nudging, individuals in digital work system could be nudged to improve their decisions when disclosing data. This is especially prevalent, since many individuals are not aware about how their data is used. As such, there is a lack of research regarding nudging in context of digital work systems and privacy which should be addressed in a socio-technical research approach. By examining the impact and perception of digital nudges in work systems, we want to shed light on the application, design and effects of nudges to overcome challenges that arise because of privacy related issues. We therefore first examine use cases and requirements for nudging in digital work system under the consideration of users, companies and other stakeholders. Since we draw on a socio-technical view, we incorporate requirements that relate to a legal as well as an ethical perspective for nudging privacy. By this means, we develop a design theory for privacy nudging by an iterative design and evaluation process in the field. The ultimate goal is to improve decisions concerning data disclosure and, secondary, increase by this means trust and acceptance of digital work systems by lowering privacy concerns. By developing a design theory, we contribute to the body of knowledge with a more profound understanding of digital nudging in the context of privacy as well as with prescriptive design knowledge for nudging in digital work systems.
Strecker, S.; Kundisch, D.; Lehner, F.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Schubert, P. (2018): Higher Education and the Opportunities and Challenges of Educational Technology. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), 2, Vol. 60. pp. 181–189.
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Böhmann, T.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Möslein, K. (2018): The New Frontiers of Service Systems Engineering. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), 5, Vol. 60. pp. 373–375.
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Lipusch, N.; Dellermann, D.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; & Ebel, P. (2018): Innovating Beyond the Fuzzy Front End: How to Use Reward-Based Crowdfunding to Co-create with Customers. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 4202–4211).
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Current research suggests that crowdfunding not only serves as an alternative source of capital but also as a flexible tool allowing start-ups to systematically integrate a crowd into their innovation processes. However, an adequate understanding of how start-ups can systematically leverage the co-creation potential of their early customers during crowdfunding is still nascent. Against this background, the aim of this research is to conceptualize and examine the concept of co-creation in the context of reward-based crowdfunding. In doing so, we distinguish it from other methods of user integration in the realm of open innovation and discuss how entrepreneurs can leverage reward-based crowdfunding to engage their customers in the development and deployment of their product and service offerings.
Kromat, T.; Dehling, T.; Haux, R.; Peters, C.; Sick, B.; Tomforde, S.; … Sunyaev, A. (2018): Gestaltungsraum für proaktive Smart Homes zur Gesundheitsförderung. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI).
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Smart Homes sammeln eine Fülle von Daten über ihre Bewohner. Gut genutzt werden diese allerdings nicht. Smart Homes sind im wesentlichen reaktiv. Im Hinblick auf die Gesundheitsversorgung ist der Wandel zu proaktiven Smart Homes vielversprechend. Um proaktive Smart Homes Wirklichkeit werden zu lassen, sollte zunächst ein vollständiges Bild dieser komplexen und ressourcenreichen Umgebung gezeichnet werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Gestaltungsraum für proaktive Smart Homes aufzuspannen. Ausgehend von den neun Elementen des Work System (WS) Rahmenwerks, werden Bausteine eines proaktiven Smart Homes identifiziert, beschrieben und analysiert sowie Gestaltungsfragen daraus abgeleitet, die bei einer Instanziierung eines proaktiven Smart Homes beantwortet werden müssen. Diese Arbeit bereitet einen fruchtbaren Nährboden für die zukünftige Gestaltung IT-gestützter proaktiver Lebenswelten, in denen die Gesundheit durch den Einsatz verschiedenster Systemressourcen proaktiv gefördert wird.
Vom Brocke, J.; Maaß, W.; Buxmann, P.; Maedche, A.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Pecht, G. (2018): Future Work and Enterprise Systems. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), 4, Vol. 60. pp. 357–366.
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Troll, J.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Why Incorporating a Platform-Intermediary can Increase Crowdsourcees’ Engagement. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), 5, Vol. 61. pp. 433–450.
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Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; & Ebel, P. (2018): The Future of Entrepreneurship: Crowd-Based Incubation. In: Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
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Schöbel, S.; & Janson, A. (2018): Is it all about Having Fun? - Developing a Taxonomy to Gamify Information Systems. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS).
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Gamification is a well-known approach that refers to the use of game design elements in information systems to make monotonous and tedious tasks more enjoyable. However, research and practice show that game design elements are oftentimes chosen and integrated in information systems randomly, therefore impeding the outcomes of such systems. In this regard, taxonomies can guide system developers, i.e., in selecting and combining game design elements to gamify their information system. Nonetheless, existing taxonomies do not provide such guidance for gamifying information systems. Therefore, the goal of our research is to consolidate the state of the art of gamification research and rigorously develop a gamification taxonomy. To achieve our goal, we conducted a systematic literature review and developed a taxonomy based on a rigorous taxonomy development process. We evaluate our theory by providing evidence of its feasibility with two practical cases: First, we show how the taxonomy helps to analyze existing gamification approaches, and, second, how the taxonomy guides to gamify information systems. Overall, we enrich theory by introducing a new taxonomy to better explain the meaning and characteristics of game design elements. Likewise, practitioners will be guided in selecting and combining game design elements for their gamification approaches.
Dellermann, D. (2018): Accelerating Decisional Guidance in Entrepreneurship with Hybrid Intelligence. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Decision making in the context of entrepreneurship is a highly complex task. For dealing with such uncertain problems, decisional guidance proved to be a valuable approach to support entrepreneurs in making decisions. Mentoring and feedback from human experts and simple statistical methods emerge as dominant forms of providing decisional guidance. However, both individual human experts and existing decision support systems (DSS) have limited capabilities to provide optimal decisional guidance in such highly uncertain settings. While human experts have cognitive and resource constraints that prevent them from providing optimal guidance, computational DSS are frequently to deal with such complex problems. Consequently, the purpose of this dissertation is to provide prescriptive knowledge for novel forms of decisional guidance that support entrepreneurial decision makers by proposing collective intelligence and crowdsourcing (effective) as well as hybrid intelligence (effective and efficient) mechanism for efficient and effective decisional guidance. Following a design science research approach, I develop several artefacts such as system architectures and DSSs that are evaluated and provide innovative design knowledge for hybrid intelligence IS. The contribution of this dissertation is threefold. First, I provide an in-depth exploration of decisional guidance and its limitations in entrepreneurial decision making. Second, I propose collective intelligence and IT enabled crowdsourcing as a novel mechanism to guide entrepreneurs in creating their opportunities. Third, I conceptually develop hybrid intelligence as novel forms for making predictions under uncertainty. My research therefore provides prescriptive knowledge on the design of such hybrid intelligence architectures that are capable to predict uncertain outcomes. Finally, my results point towards a new class of DSS that might be particularly valuable in highly uncertain contexts.
Schöbel, S.; & Janson, A. (2018): Gamifying Information Systems - Improving Motivation and Effective Use Through a Theory-motivated Method. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Calma, A.; Kuhn, J.; Leimeister, J. M.; Lukowicz, P.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; Schmidt, A.; … Zweig, A. K. (2018): A Concept for Productivity Tracking based on Collaborative Interactive Learning Techniques. In: International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS).
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The academic success of individual students differs widely and it depends on various factors, ranging from financial to social and to health aspects. In this article, we propose a concept for a novel productivity tracking system that provides the basis for a self-assessment of academic behaviour and that can be used by students to support their academic success. The development of such a system requires interdisciplinary efforts, most of them located in the field of collaborative interactive learning (CIL) that is grounded on a socio-technical system perspective. The system is interactive since it is based on bidirectional communication, collaborative in the sense that it uses students, other students, and external sources such as the Internet for generation of knowledge, and learning in the sense that it continuously and autonomously acquires knowledge. It is further self-organised as it decides about interaction partners and self-adaptive in terms of modifying its behaviour according to changing conditions.
Klesel, M.; Kampling, H.; Bretschneider, U.; & Niehaves, B. (2018): Does the Ability to Choose Matter? On the Relationship between Bring-your-own Behavior and IT Satisfaction. In: Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 36, Vol. 43. pp. 690–710.
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Employees increasingly complete organizational tasks using privately owned consumer technologies such as private devices (e.g., smartphones) or private Internet accounts (e.g., email accounts). Higher satisfaction constitutes a major reason for this bring-your-own behavior (BYOB). However, little research has theoretically explored and empirically tested this assumption. This study sheds light on this phenomenon by analyzing the effect of BYOB on IT satisfaction. Drawing from social cognitive theory, we propose choice self-efficacy as a new construct that intermediates the relationship between BYOB and IT satisfaction. Building on results from survey data (n = 400), we provide new evidence that BYOB has a positive effect on IT satisfaction whereby choice self-efficacy plays a vital element as it mediates this relationship. Since IT satisfaction shapes how people use technology and how they perform with it, we derive important implications for future research on IT consumerization. Furthermore, we provide several conclusions for practitioners and discuss how to enhance IT satisfaction and choice self-efficacy.
Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Good Practices deutscher Crowdworking-Plattformen. In: ITeG Technical Reports, Band 6: Herausforderung Cloud & Crowd: Good Practices und Handlungsempfehlungen (pp. 13–20). Kassel, Germany: University Press.
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Blohm, I.; Zogaj, S.; Bretschneider, U.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): How to Manage Crowdsourcing Platforms Effectively?. In: California Management Review (CMR), 2, Vol. 60. pp. 122–149.
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To profit from crowdsourcing, organizations can engage in four different approaches: microtasking, information pooling, broadcast search, and open collaboration. This article presents 21 governance mechanisms that can help organizations manage their crowdsourcing platforms. It investigates the effectiveness of these governance mechanisms in 19 case studies and recommends specific configurations of these mechanisms for each of the four crowdsourcing approaches. Also, it offers guidance to organizations that host a crowdsourcing platform by providing recommendations for implementing governance mechanisms into their platforms and building up governance capabilities for crowdsourcing.
Li, M. M.; & Peters, C. (2018): Reconceptualizing Service Systems – Introducing Service System Graphs. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).
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Currently, research on service science has emerged as its own discipline, where service systems are its basic unit of analysis. However, without a clearly defined modeling approach for service systems, analyzing a service system is challenging. We therefore propose a conceptual hypergraph-based modeling approach, which can be used to model services for both traditional goods-dominant businesses, as well as service-businesses. We define key elements of a service system while drawing upon hypergraph theory and present three modeling properties which are required to model a service systems graph (SSG). The focus of SSGs is to describe the relationships between the various resources, actors and activities, thus configuring a service system. It provides the foundation for computer graphic simulations and database applications of service business structure for future research.
Oeste-Reiß, S. (2018): Leveraging the Potentials of Peer Learning – Conceptual Foundations and Reference Processes for Peer Learning (Vol. Research on IT / Service/ Innovation / Collaboration). Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press.
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Mrass, V.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Crowdworking-Plattformen als Enabler neuer Formen der Arbeitsorganisation. In: Fortmann, H. R., & Kolocek, B. (Eds.), Arbeitswelt der Zukunft: Trends - Arbeitsraum - Menschen - Kompetenzen (pp. 139–151). Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler Verlag.
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Durward, D.; & Blohm, I. (2018): Understanding Job Satisfaction of Crowd Workers: An Empirical Analysis of Its Determinants and Effects. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI). Lüneburg, Germany.
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Crowd work has emerged as new pattern of digitally mediated collaboration. In this paper, we focus on the determinants and effects of crowd workers’ job satisfaction – a perspective that has been largely neglected by current crowdsourcing research. We report results from a survey of 161 crowd workers participating in crowdsourced software testing. Our research shows that job satisfaction mediates the effects of monetary rewards, hedonic value, and cognitive stimulation on the intention to participate in future testing tasks. By contrast, factors of work context (i.e., flexibility and provided information) have no effects. We contribute to the literature by unraveling job satisfaction as causal mechanism influencing future participation. For practice, our results help to design more effective tasks in crowd work.
Billert, M. S.; & Peters, C. (2018): Grinding A Diamond - The Iterative Development of Citizen-Initiated Services. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS).
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Many city administrations follow the smart city concept to grasp the potential of citizen participation. However, most participation concepts are not developed thoroughly, this leading to unexploited poten-tial. Citizens are experts of their everyday life and are best aware of their personal needs. However, current forms of citizen participation stop at the idea phase of service engineering. Following design science research, we iteratively build and evaluate a so-called “digitalization street” which aims to systematically guide the citizens through the refinement and further development of their services. This digitalization street is implemented in a mid-size European city and integrates five modules which let citizens (1) describe their project proposal, (2) concretise according strengths, weaknesses, opportuni-ties and threats, (3) identify the gain creators and pain relievers, (4) create their solution, (5) present their solution. Based on literature and a requirement elicitation workshop, a first instantiation of the artefact was developed. We contribute to the existing body of knowledge by presenting a framework for creating services based on a citizen-centric approach. We exhibit how the digitalization street can be implemented into existing processes in the city administration and help to increase the citizen par-ticipation from a project to an evaluated prototype.
Dellermann, D.; & Calma, A. (2018): Making AI Ready for the Wild- the Hybrid Intelligence Unicorn Hunter. In: Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2018): Managing Complex Work Systems via Crowdworking Platforms: The Case of Hamburger Hochbahn and Phantominds. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS).
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In the last decade, crowdsourcing has emerged as a new form of work organization. Crowdworking platforms as intermediaries between crowdsourcing companies and crowd workers have gained importance in this process. Currently, many of these platforms manage rather simple work systems. Using the case of the German Hamburger Hochbahn AG and the innovation platform Phantominds, this paper investigates measures necessary for crowdworking platforms to be able to manage also more complex work systems. To derive such measures, we analyze the work system of Hamburger Hochbahn and Phantominds, explore the interplay between the crowd and the platform provider and subsequently provide recommendations for companies that would like to use crowdworking platforms for the processing of work and for platform operators. With this paper, we extend current knowledge in the realms of IS, organizational theory, and platform ecosystems.

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Durward, D.; & Blohm, I. (2017): I am a Crowd Worker - How Individuals Identify with a New Form of Digital Work. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Guimarães, Portugal.
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Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; Ebel, P.; Popp, K. M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Finding the Unicorn: Predicting Early Stage Startup Success through a Hybrid Intelligence Method. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Scheiner, C.; Haas, P.; Bretschneider, U.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Obstacles and Challenges in the Use of Gamification for Virtual Idea Communities. In: Stieglitz, S., Lattemann, C., Robra-Bissantz, S., Zarnekow, R., & Brockmann, T. (Eds.), Gamification - Using Game Elements in Serious Contexts (pp. 65–76). Cham: Springer.
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Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; & Ebel, P. (2017): Developing Design Principles for a Service System for Crowd-Based Business Model Validation. In: Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIST). Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Kunz, M. M.; Englisch, O.; & Bretschneider, U. (2017): Build your city! - Engaging citizens in crowdfunding projects. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Guimarães, Portugal.
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Rietsche, R.; Lehmann, K.; Haas, P.; & Söllner, M. (2017): The Twofold Value of IT-Based Peer Assessment in Management Information Systems Education. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Schöbel, S. (2017): About the Relevance of User Preferences in the Development of Gamification Approaches. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Doctoral Consortium. Guimarães, Portugal.
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Schöbel, S.; Janson, A.; Ernst, S.-J.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): How to Gamify a Mobile Learning Application – A Modularization Approach. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Schöbel, S.; Ernst, S.-J.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): More than the Sum of its Parts – Towards Identifying Preferred Game Design Element Combinations in Learning Management Systems. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Mrass, V.; & Peters, C. (2017): Crowdworking-Plattformen in Deutschland. In: Leimeister, J. M. (Ed.), Working Paper Series, Nr. 16. Kassel, Germany.
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Kleinschmidt, S.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Towards ICT-Enabled Service Business: A Design Theory for Human-Centered Service Systems. In: 2. Jahrestagung der Wissenschaftlichen Kommission Dienstleistungsmanagement (WK DLM) des Verbands der Hochschullehrer für Betriebswirtschaft e.V. Leipzig, Germany.
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Kleinschmidt, S.; & Peters, C. (2017): Towards an integrated evaluation of human-centered service systems and corresponding business models: A systems theory perspective. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Guimarães, Portugal.
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Bretschneider, U.; Hartmann, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Keep them alive! Design and Evaluation of the "Community Fostering Reference Model". In: Business Information System & Engineering (BISE), 6, Vol. 60. pp. 493–511.
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Firms host online communities for commercial purposes, for example in order to integrate customers into ideation for new product development. The success of these firm-hosted online communities depends entirely on the cooperation of a high number of customers that constantly produce valuable knowledge for firms. However, in practice, the majority of successfully implemented communities suffers from stagnation and even a decrease of member activities over time. Literature provides numerous guidelines on how to build and launch these online communities. While these models describe the initial steps of acquiring and activating a community base from scratch very well and explicitly, they neglect continuous member activation and acquistion after a successful launch. Against this background, the authors propose the Community Fostering Reference Model (CoFoRM), which represents a set of general procedures and instruments to continuously foster member activity. In this paper, the authors present the theory-driven design as well as the evaluation of the CoFoRM in a practical use setting. The evaluation results reveal that the CoFoRM represents a valuable instrument in the daily working routine of community managers, since it efficiently helps activating community members especially in the late phases of a community’s lifecycle.
Dellermann, D.; & Reck, F. (2017): Minimizing Complementors’ Risk in Third-Party Innovation: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of Digital Platform Configurations. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikoloa, HI, USA.
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Schlagwein, D.; Conboy, K.; Feller, J.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Morgan, L. (2017): ‘‘Openness’’ with and without Information Technology: a framework and a brief history. In: Journal of Information Technology (JIT), 4, Vol. 32. pp. 297–305.
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Over the past two decades, openness (e.g. ‘open’ innovation, ‘open’ education and ‘open’ strategy) has been of increasing interest for researchers and of increasing relevance to practitioners. Openness is often deeply embedded in information technology (IT) and can be both a driver for and a result of innovative IT. To clarify the concept of “openness”, we provide an overview of the scope of cross-disciplinary research on openness. Based on this overview, we develop a framework of openness, which proposes a higher-order concept of “openness” characterised by transparency, access, participation and democracy. The framework further distinguishes open resources, open processes and the effects of opening on particular domains. To provide the historical context and to appreciate the role of IT in openness, we discuss two historical examples of openness: the introduction of an open science model in academia (openness without IT) and the emergence of open source software development (openness with IT). We conclude by highlighting some concerns with and limitations of “openness”.
Mrass, V.; Li, M. M.; & Peters, C. (2017): Towards a taxonomy of digital work. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Guimarães, Portugal.
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Dellermann, D.; Fliaster, A.; & Kolloch, M. (2017): Lost Energy? Managing Co-Innovation Risk of Digital Business Models. In: Journal of Business Strategy.
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Work Organization in Online Platform Ecosystems. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Rietsche, R.; & Söllner, M. (2017): The obvious and hidden values of IT-based peer assessment in management education. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM). Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Leicht, N.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Leveraging the Power of the Crowd for Software Testing. In: IEEE Software, 2, Vol. 34. pp. 62–69.
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The rapid development of new IT-enabled business models, a fast-growing hardware market, and that market's segmentation are making software testing more complex. So, manual testing is becoming less applicable--economically and practicably. One approach to overcome these issues is crowdtesting--using crowdsourcing to perform testing. To profit from crowdtesting, companies can use three approaches: engage an external crowd of Internet users, engage their employees, or engage their customers. Three case studies illustrate these approaches' differences, benefits, and challenges, and the potential solutions to those challenges. Researchers' experiences with these approaches have led to guidelines that can help software development executives establish crowdtesting in their organizations. The Web Extra at extras.computer.org/extra/mso2017020062s1.pdf describes the procedure for the case studies. This article is part of a special issue on Crowdsourcing for Software Engineering.
Blohm, I.; Haas, P.; Peters, C.; Jakob, T.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Managing disruptive innovation through service systems - Crowdlending in the banking industry. In: Case Center.
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The Internet has affected and partially radically changed the business models of traditional industries. Crowdfunding as a new concept of funding over the Internet by a large crowd has especially gained maturity. Crowdfunding offerings range from funding charitable projects or innovative gadgets to a funding alternative for start-ups or small businesses. Therefore, crowdfunding represents an innovative way to provide liquidity for illiquid markets. With regard to the banking crisis and the growing skepticism toward banks, crowdfunding is seen as a more transparent, democratic, and entertaining way of funding, which makes it highly attractive for banks. A senior innovation manager of The Bank of Switzerland (TBOS), one of Switzerland's largest and most traditional banks, recognized the disruptive and beneficial potential of crowdlending. By facing strong resentments, he developed the idea of TBOS engaging in crowdlending by collaborating with a start-up by bundling competencies in a service system.
Dellermann, D. (2017): Hybrid Intelligence DSS for Business Model Innovation. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting, TIM Doctoral Research Development Workshop. Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Bretschneider, U.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Not Just An Ego Trip: Exploring Backers’ Motivation for Funding in Incentive-Based Crowdfunding. In: Journal of Strategic Information Systems (JSIS), 4, Vol. 26. pp. 246–260.
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Incentive-based forms of crowdfunding – such as reward-, equity- and lending-based crowdfunding – are becoming increasingly popular. However, research that studies backers’ motivations for funding in these environments is still in an embryonic state, revealing an inconsistent and narrow picture. The few existing studies are largely guided by the idea that backers are mainly egoistically motivated and do not have prosocial motives. We developed a research model that describes backers’ motivation and conducted an empirical study to examine this model. Results indicate that backers indeed have several self-interest motivations for funding: prospect of a reward; expectation of recognition from others; to lobby a certain project in the hopes of its fruition; and to develop their image. However, some backers are also prosocially motivated in that they develop feelings of liking for a certain venture and/or project team. Furthermore, we found evidence that herding has a significant moderating effect on backers’ reward motivation. Strategic IS researchers as well as crowdfunding practitioners can draw on our findings to systematically design, implement, and evaluate potential incentive systems that respond to reward-, recognition-, lobbying-, image- and liking-motives and thereby attract the crowd more effectively to invest in ventures presented on incentive-based crowdfunding systems.
Brenner, W.; Broy, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Auf dem Weg zu einer Informatik neuer Prägung in Wissenschaft, Studium und Wirtschaft. In: Informatik-Spektrum, 6, Vol. 40. pp. 602–606.
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Anreiz- und Vergütungsmodelle auf Crowdworking-Plattformen als innovativen Dienstleistungssystemen. In: Jahrestagung der Wissenschaftlichen Kommission Dienstleistungsmanagement (WK DLM) des Verbands der Hochschullehrer für Betriebswirtschaft e.V. Leipzig, Deutschland.
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Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Designing a peer-based support system to support shakedown. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Individual Appropriation of Learning Management Systems – Antecedents and Consequences. In: AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 3, Vol. 9. pp. 173–201.
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IT support in the learning process constitutes a key factor for the success of innovative teaching/learning scenarios. To ensure learning success in innovative teaching/learning scenarios, learners need to faithfully apply learning management systems (LMS). However, we lack theoretical insights into which factors affect whether they do so. To help solve this issue, we first used adaptive structuration theory to identify antecedents and consequences regarding faithful LMS appropriation and embed them into a theoretical model. Second, we conducted a survey study with 173 participants to evaluate the model. The results show that the perceived IT support, interactivity, and the task-technology fit significantly affect the degree to which learners faithfully apply a LMS. Moreover, the results indicate that faithful appropriation is a significant indicator of the learning process satisfaction as well as perceived learning success. The present paper thus theoretically contributes to the scientific discussion concerning technology-mediated learning processes while also making a practical contribution by deriving implications for LMS application.
Lipusch, N.; Ebel, P.; Dellermann, D.; & Bretschneider, U. (2017): Customer Feedback for Startups – A Process Model and Research Agenda. In: ISPIM Innovation Conference. Vienna, Austria.
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Von Kunden für Kunden: Crowd Services als Erweiterung der Digital Customer Experience. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 5, Vol. 54. pp. 821–837.
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Die „Plattform-Ökonomie“ verändert gegenwärtig die Art und Weise, wie Arbeit erbracht wird. Insbesondere Crowdworking-Plattformen haben in den letzten Jahren starken Zulauf erfahren und können von Unternehmen mittlerweile für eine Vielzahl von Tätigkeiten entlang ihrer Wertschöpfungskette genutzt werden. Ein Beispiel ist der Kundensupport, dem angesichts immer komplexerer Endprodukte große Bedeutung zukommt. Anhand der Crowdworking-Plattform Mila und ihres Kunden und 51-prozentigen Eigentümers Swisscom AG wird in diesem Beitrag aufgezeigt, wie Unternehmen die Crowd zur Erweiterung ihrer digitalen Schnittstelle zum Kunden einsetzen, ihren Service ausbauen und damit Mehrwert für alle Beteiligten generieren können. Die Crowdworking-Plattform Mila verbindet in einem neuartigen Ansatz das Paradigma der Crowd, insbesondere die Nutzung einer Vielzahl von Leistungserbringern, mit den Prinzipien der On-Demand und Sharing-Economy, vor allem dem Einbezug der Kunden als Produzenten von Dienstleistungen. Ähnlich wie bei prominenten plattformbasierten Beispielen der Sharing Economy wie Airbnb und Uber erfolgt auch hier die Anbahnung der Arbeit sowie die Schnittstelle zum Kunden auf digitalem Wege, während die Arbeit selbst meist direkt vor Ort beim Kunden erbracht wird. Basierend auf Experten-Tiefen-Interviews mit Verantwortlichen von Mila und Swisscom und weiteren Quellen analysieren wir in diesem Beitrag dieses neuartige Arbeitssystem inklusive des Zusammenspiels aller Beteiligten. Im Anschluss daran zeigen wir Vor- und Nachteile der Nutzung von Crowd Services auf und leiten konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für Unternehmen für die Gestaltung der digitalen Schnittstelle zum Kunden ab.
Dellermann, D.; Jud, C.; & Reck, F. (2017): Plattform-Loyalität in der Cloud. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik.
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Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; & Ebel, P. (2017): Crowd-based Incubation: A new Pathway to Support Entrepreneurship. In: ISPIM Innovation Conference. Vienna, Austria.
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Janson, A.; & Söllner, M. (2017): How Technology-Enhanced Scaffolding Contributes to Problem-Solving Outcomes in Management Education. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM). Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Lipusch, N.; Dellermann, D.; Kleinschmidt, S.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Towards Developing a Service Innovation Canvas. In: Pre-ICIS Workshop on Service Science: Towards Digital Service Innovation. Seoul, South Korea.
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Rhyn, M.; & Blohm, I. (2017): A Machine Learning Approach for Classifying Textual Data in Crowdsourcing. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Dellermann, D.; Jud, C.; & Reck, F. (2017): Understanding Platform Loyalty in the Cloud: A Configurational View on ISV’s Costs and Benefits. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): New Ways to Consider: Towards a Design Theory for Hybrid Intelligence Accelerators. In: The Baugh-Ratio Colloquium for Young Social Scientists. Stockholm, Sweden.
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Knote, R.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Towards Requirement Patterns for Smart Physical Work Assistants. In: International Workshop on Requirements Patterns (RePa’ 17). Lisbon, Portugal.
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Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Digitizing Knowledge Intensive Service Systems: The CrowdServ Project. In: AIS SIG Services Pre-ICIS Workshop. Seoul, South Korea.
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Schöbel, S.; Söllner, M.; & Mishra, A. N. (2017): Does the Winner Take it All? Towards an Understanding of why there might be no One-Size-Fits-All Gamification Design. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Guimarães, Portugal.
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Ernst, S.-J.; Janson, A.; & Söllner, M. (2017): Mobiles Lernen für China – eine iterative Prototypenentwicklung. In: Wirtschaftsinformatik Konferenz (WI) 2017. St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Simmert, B.; Ebel, P.; Bittner, E. A. C.; & Peters, C. (2017): Systematic and Continuous Business Model Development: Design of a Repeatable Process Using the Collaboration Engineering Approach. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Durward, D.; & Blohm, I. (2017): The Rise of Crowd Aggregators - How Individual Workers Restructure Their Own Crowd. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Janson, A.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): The Efficient Provision of Culture-Sensitive Services: A Modularization Approach. In: Sawatani, Y., Spohrer, J., Kwan, S., & Takenaka, T. (Eds.), Serviceology for Smart Service System (pp. 147–157). Tokyo, Japan: Springer.
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Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): The Impact of Procedural Scaffolding on Mobile Learning Outcomes. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM). Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Troll, J.; Naef, S.; & Blohm, I. (2017): A Mixed Method Approach to Understanding Crowdsourcees’ Engagement Behavior. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Knote, R.; & Söllner, M. (2017): Towards Design Excellence for Context-Aware Services - The Case of Mobile Navigation Apps. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Lipusch, N.; Dellermann, D.; & Ebel, P. (2017): Using crowdfunding for start-up evaluation: How task representation influences prediction accuracy of the crowd. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Guimarães, Portugal.
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Rietsche, R.; Söllner, M.; & Seufert, S. (2017): Digital formative learning assessment tool - Towards helping students to take ownership of their learning. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Guimarães, Portugal.
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Kolloch, M.; & Dellermann, D. (2017): Digital Innovation in the Energy Industry: The Impact of Controversies on the Evolution of Innovation Ecosystems. In: Technological Forecasting & Social Change.
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): From customers for customers: Crowd services as an extension of the digital customer experience. In: HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 5, Vol. 54. pp. 821–837.
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The “Platform Economy” is currently changing the way how work is performed. Particularly, crowdworking platforms have gained momentum during the last years. By now, they can be used by companies for a wide range of activities along their value chain. One example is the customer support that increasingly gains importance given the more and more complex end products. Based on the crowdworking platform Mila and its client and 51-percent owner Swisscom AG, we demonstrate how companies that use the crowd extend their digital interface to the customer and expand their services, generating an added value for all those involved. With its innovative approach, the crowdworking platform Mila connects the paradigm of the crowd, particularly the utilization of a variety of providers, with the principles of the On Demand- and Sharing Economy, primarily the inclusion of the customers as service “producers”. Similarly to well-known platform-based examples of the Sharing Economy such as Airbnb and Uber, the initiation of work and the customer interface is shaped in a digital way, though the work itself is then usually performed directly on site at the customer’s. Based on in-depth expert interviews with those responsible of Mila and Swisscom, we analyze this new kind of work system including the interplay of all participants. Subsequently, we show advantages and disadvantages of using crowd services and derive concrete recommendations of action for companies for the design of the digital customer interface.
Ernst, S.-J.; Janson, A.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Understanding IT-Culture Conflicts to Drive Successful Technochange Projects – a Case Study. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Lehmann, K.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Kompetenzvermittlung in teilnehmerstarken Lehrveranstaltungen unter Verwendung von formativem Peer Assessment. In: Neues Handbuch Hochschullehre.
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Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie Studierende mit Hilfe von Peer Assessment auch in teilnehmerstarken Lehrveranstaltungen konkretes Feedback zu ihrem individuellen Lernstand bekommen können. Am Beispiel einer Grundlagenvorlesung im Fach Wirtschaftsinformatik erklären wir den Einsatz von Peer Assessment mit Hilfe der Lernplattform „Moodle“ und zeigen auf, wie es uns gelungen ist, damit in einer Massenvorlesung Interaktion und Kompetenzerwerb zu fördern. Darüber hinaus geben wir, basierend auf den Rückmeldungen der Studierenden und unseren eigenen Erfahrungen, Empfehlungen für die praktische Umsetzung.
Dellermann, D.; Lipusch, N.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Building Your IoT Ecosystem: Proposing the Hybrid Intelligence Accelerator. In: Buxmann, P., Curan, A. T., Eichler, G., Jansen, S., Kude, T., & Popp, K. M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the European Workshop on Software Ecosystems 2017. Darmstadt, Germany: Books on Demand.
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Kleinschmidt, S.; & Peters, C. (2017): Fostering business model extensions for ICT-enabled human-centered service systems. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Kogga, D.; Krawietz, N.; Cevik, F.; Brandau, S.; & Li, M. M. (2017): Design Prinzipien für Microlearning Crowdsourcing-Systeme - Konzept für audiovisuelle Mediengestaltung. In: Leimeister, J. M., & Brenner, W. (Eds.), 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Wulf, J.; Söllner, M.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Brenner, W. (2017): FC Bayern München Goes Social - The Value of Social Media for Professional Sports Clubs. In: Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases (JITTC), 2, Vol. 7. pp. 51–61.
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In 2010, FC Bayern München (FCB), one of the world's most successful football clubs, had just finished a successful season from a commercial perspective as well as on the field. With regard to its digital service portfolio, FCB had successfully established its digital content distribution and an e-commerce platform. However, the club seemed to have missed one major trend: the rise of social media. European competitors were already attracting large crowds on Facebook. The management was unsure about how social media would contribute to the digital strategy. In this teaching case, students need to prepare materials for a board meeting in June 2010, in which the digital road map for the upcoming season has to be decided upon. Furthermore, they are supposed to reflect on FCB's evolution from today's perspective. This teaching case helps understand how value can be generated through the use of social media. Additionally, it illustrates how social media enriches content distribution and how it contributes to fan loyalty.
Kleinschmidt, S.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Achieving scalability of human-centered service systems: Insights from the active and assisted living context. In: International Research Symposium on Advancing Service Research and Practice (QUIS). Porto, Portugal.
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Lehmann, K.; Söllner, M.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): Third Time is a Charm – Determining the Required Number of Assessors when Using Peer Assessment in Large-Scale Lectures. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Although peer assessment is a widely used didactical method in higher education, little is known about a) how many peer assessors are required to receive a stable assessment on a peer’s solution and b) how valid this assessment is compared to an expert assessment. To fill these gaps, we conducted a peer assessment in a large-scale lecture. Overall, 136 students participated in the peer assessment. Each student had to complete an assignment, which was then anonymously evaluated by five randomly selected peers, and three independent experts. We applied a bootstrap-based Monte Carlo simulation based on our data. The results show that a) three peer assessors are sufficient for a stable assessment, and b) the peer assessors are less critical compared to experts. We thus contribute to literature by providing insights on how many peer assessors are required when applying peer assessment, and how comparable peer assessment is with expert assessment.
Kunz, M. M.; Bretschneider, U.; Erler, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): An Empirical Investigation of Signaling in Reward-Based Crowdfunding. In: Electronic Commerce Research, 3, Vol. 17. pp. 425–461.
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Start-ups often face the challenge of a shortage of capital, the so-called funding gap, which can be overcome by raising small amounts of money from a large number of individuals. As crowdfunding suffers from a continuous rise in failure rates, the aim of this article is to contribute to the research concerning success factors in reward-based crowdfunding campaigns by focusing on signaling theory. Based on data retrieved from the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter, our results indicate that social ties, investment preparation and presentation, the supply of multiple rewards as well as endeavors to communicate and interact with the crowd positively influence the probability of success of a reward-based crowdfunding campaign. In contrast, the funding goal, a campaign’s runtime and the estimated time of delivery for the rewards have a negative impact on the successful completion of a campaign.
Sick, B.; Oeste-Reiß, S.; Schmidt, A.; Tomforde, S.; & Zweig, K. A. (2017): Collaborative Interactive Learning (Aktuelles Schlagwort). In: Informatik Spektrum.
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Knop, N.; Durward, D.; & Blohm, I. (2017): How to Design an Internal Crowdsourcing System. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Seoul, South Korea.
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Günther, A.; & Knote, R. (2017): How to Design Patterns in IS Research – A State-of-the-Art Analysis. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Mrass, V.; Durward, D.; & Peters, C. (2017): Crowdsourcing-Plattformen als innovative Dienstleistungssysteme – Gestaltung und Optimierung interdependenter Wertschöpfungsprozesse in der Cloud. In: Herausforderung Cloud und Crowd - Literaturreport (pp. 16–25).
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Haas, P.; & Blohm, I. (2017): Blueprinting Crowdfunding - Designing a Crowdfunding Service Configuration Framework. In: 13th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Dellermann, D.; & Reck, F. (2017): The Antecedents of Transaction Costs in Digital Ecosystems: A Configurational View on the Interplay of App Architecture and Platform Governance. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikoloa, HI, USA.
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2017): One for All? Managing External and Internal Crowds through a Single Platform - A Case Study. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Waikoloa, HI, USA.
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2016[ to top ]

Kleinschmidt, S.; Burkhard, B.; Hess, M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Towards design principles for aligning human-centered service systems and corresponding business models. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Dublin, Ireland.
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Schöbel, S.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): The Agony of Choice – Analyzing User Preferences regarding Gamification Elements in Learning Management Systems. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Dublin, Ireland.
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Troll, J.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Revealing the Impact of the Crowdsourcing Experience on the Engagement Process. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Dublin, Ireland.
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Ernst, S.-J. (2016): Nutzerzentrierte Entwicklung von mobilen Lernanwendungen für China. In: Mensch und Computer 2016, Doktorandenseminar. Aachen, Deutschland.
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Dellermann, D.; & Jud, C. (2016): Towards Vivid Ecosystems: Configuring Costs and Benefits via Design Choices. In: Popp, K. M., Buxmann, P., Curran, T. A., Eichler, G., Jansen, S., & Kude, T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the European Workshop on Software Ecosystems. Walldorf, Germany.
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Ye, J.; Blohm, I.; Breschneider, U.; Goswami, S.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Krcmar, H. (2016): Promoting the Quality of User Generated Ideas in Online Innovation Communities: A Knowledge Collaboration Perspective. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Dublin,Ireland.
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Leimeister, J. M.; Durward, D.; & Zogaj, S. (2016): Crowd Worker in Deutschland - Eine empirische Studie zum Arbeitsumfeld auf externen Crowdsourcing-Plattformen. In: Study der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Band 323 (p. 86).
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Kunz, M.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Marktunterstützung durch Open-Service-Innovation. In: Krcmar, H., Leimeister, J. M., Roßnagel, A., & Sunyaev, A. (Eds.), Cloud-Services aus der Geschäftsperspektive (pp. 359–368). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
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Gebauer, L.; Kunz, M.; Hoberg, P.; Kroschwald, S.; Reidt, A.; Schneider, S.; … Wollersheim, J. (2016): Ausgangslage und Definitorisches. In: Krcmar, H., Leimeister, J. M., Roßnagel, A., & Sunyaev, A. (Eds.), Cloud-Services aus der Geschäftsperspektive (pp. 17–30). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
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Durward, D.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Principal Forms of Crowdsourcing and Crowd Work. In: Wobbe, W., Bova, E., & Dragomirescu-Gaina, C. (Eds.), The Digital Economy And The Single Market - Employment Prospects And Working Conditions in Europe (Vol. FEPS - Foundation for European Progressive Studies, pp. 39–55).
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Ebel, P.; Bretschneider, U.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Can the Crowd Do the Job? Exploring the Effects of Integrating Customers into a Company’s Business Model Innovation International Journal of Innovation Management. In: International Journal of Innovation Management (IJIM).
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Kunz, M.; Ebel, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Anforderungserhebung für eine Online- Community für Open Service Innovation im Cloud-Computing-Umfeld. In: Krcmar, H., Leimeister, J. M., Roßnagel, A., & Sunyaev, A. (Eds.), Cloud-Services aus der Geschäftsperspektive (pp. 73–86). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
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Leimeister, J. M.; Zogaj, S.; & Durward, D. (2016): New Forms of Employment and IT: Crowdsourcing. In: Blanpain, R., Hendrickx, F., & Waas, B. (Eds.), Bulletin of Comparative Labour Relations Series (Vol. New Forms of Employment in Europe, pp. 23–41). Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands.
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Blohm, I.; Haas, P.; Peters, C.; Jakob, T.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Managing Disruptive Innovation through Service Systems – The Case of Crowdlending in the Banking Industry. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Dublin, Ireland.
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Janson, A.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): The Appropriation of Collaborative Learning – Qualitative Insights from a Flipped Classroom. In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). Kauai, Hawaii, USA.
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Ay, G.; Zogaj, S.; & Bretschneider, U. (2016): Erfolgreiche Crowd Governance – Projektspezifische Steuerungs- und Kontrollmechanismen auf wettbewerbsbasierten Crowdsourcing-Plattformen. In: Working Paper Series, Nr. 15. Kassel, Germany.
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Dellermann, D.; Jud, C.; & Popp, K. M. (2016): Why don´t they join? Analyzing the Nature and Consequences of Complementors´ Costs in Platform Ecosystems. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Dublin, Ireland.
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Durward, D.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Is There PAPA in Crowd Work? - A Literature Review on Ethical Dimensions in Crowdsourcing. In: The IEEE International Conference on Internet of People. Toulouse, France.
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Durward, D.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Crowd Work. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (BISE), 4, Vol. 58. pp. 281–286.
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Lipusch, N.; Bretschneider, U.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Backer Empowerment in Crowdfunding: How Participation beyond Funding Influences Support Behavior. In: Pre-ICIS Workshop on the Digitization of the Individual (DOTI). Dublin, Ireland.
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Lipusch, N.; & Bretschneider, U. (2016): Get the Balance Right: Can Normative Appeals Encourage Funders to Support Selected Crowdfunding Campaigns?. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bretschneider, U.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Motivation for Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing: Why Does the Crowd Engage in Virtual Ideas Communities?. In: Egger, R., Gula, I., & Walcher, D. (Eds.), Open Tourism: Open Innovation, Crowdsourcing and Co-Creation Challenging the Tourism Industry (pp. 109–120). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
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Leicht, N.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): How to Systematically Conduct Crowdsourced Software Testing? Insights from an Action Research Project. In: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Dublin, Ireland.
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Leicht, N.; Rhyn, M.; & Hansbauer, G. (2016): Can Laymen Outperform Experts? The Effects of User Expertise and Task Design in Crowdsourced Software Testing. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS 2016). Istanbul, Turkey.
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Dellermann, D. (2016): The Thrill and the Agony of Digital Ecosystems: A Complementor´s Perspective on Co-Innovation Risk. In: 10th Ratio Colloquium for Young Social Scientists Organizing for Digitalization (RCYSS). Stockholm, Sweden.
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Söllner, M.; Pavlou, P.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Understanding the Development of Trust: Comparing Trust in the IT Artifact and Trust in the Provider. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM). Anaheim, CA, USA.
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Dellermann, D.; & Kolloch, M. (2016): The Impact of Controversies on the Evolution of Innovation Ecosystems: Findings from the Energy Industry. In: R&D Management Conference. Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Söllner, M.; & Pavlou, P. (2016): A Longitudinal Perspective on Trust in IT Artefacts. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Istanbul, Turkey.
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Peters, C.; Maglio, P.; Badinelli, R.; Harmon, R. R.; Maull, R.; Spohrer, J. C.; … Moghaddam, Y. (2016): Emerging Digital Frontiers for Service Innovation. In: Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS), 1, Vol. 39. p. Article 8.
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Gebauer, L.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Vertrauensunterstützende Mehrwertdienste – Ein systematisches Vorgehen zur Förderung von Vertrauen im Cloud-Computing-Umfeld. In: Krcmar, H., Leimeister, J. M., Roßnagel, A., & Sunyaev, A. (Eds.), Cloud-Services aus der Geschäftsperspektive (pp. 171–185). Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
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Schöbel, S.; & Söllner, M. (2016): How to Gamify Information Systems - Adapting Gamification to Individual User Preferences. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lehmann, K.; Söllner, M.; Blohm, I.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): How Many Peer Assessors are Required for Assessment on Another Peer’s Work?. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting (AOM) - PDW ‘Management Education and Learning Writers Workshop’. Anaheim, CA, United States.
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Söllner, M.; Benbasat, I.; Gefen, D.; Leimeister, J. M.; & Pavlou, P. A. (2016): Trust. In: MIS Quarterly Research Curations, Ashley Bush and Arun Rai, Eds.
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Mrass, V.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): New Work Organization through Crowdworking Platforms - A Case Study. In: Zukunftsprojekt Arbeitswelt 4.0. Stuttgart, Germany.
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Söllner, M.; Hoffmann, A.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Why Different Trust Relationships Matter for Information Systems Users. In: European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), 3, Vol. 25. pp. 274–287.
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Knote, R.; Baraki, H.; Söllner, M.; Geihs, K.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): From Requirement to Design Patterns for Ubiquitous Computing Applications. In: 21st European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPlop ’16). Kaufbeuren, Germany.
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Li, M. M.; Peters, C.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Digitale Service-Systeme. In: Gassmann, O., & Sutter, P. (Eds.), Digitale Transformation im Unternehmen gestalten (pp. 29–38). München: Carl Hanser Verlag.
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Lehmann, K.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Increasing Learner Interaction in Large-Scale Lectures by Using a Mobile-Learning Application. In: Parsons, D. (Ed.), Mobile and Blended Learning Innovations for Improved Learning Outcomes. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
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Ernst, S.-J.; Janson, A.; Li, M.; Peters, C.; & Söllner, M. (2016): IT-Kulturkonflikttheorie und ihre Bedeutung für erfolgreiches Service Systems Engineering - Fallstudie eines Einführungsprojektes für mobile Lernanwendungen in China. In: Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (MKWI). Ilmenau.
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Li, M. M.; & Peters, C. (2016): Mastering Shakedown Through The User: The Need for User-Generated Services In Techno Change. In: European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bitzer, P.; Söllner, M.; & Leimeister, J. M. (2016): Design Principles for High-Performance Blended Learning Services Delivery - The Case of Software Trainings in Germany. In: Business & Information Systems Eng