Publications (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Konrad Spang)
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2022
- Spang, K. (ed.): Project management of transportation infrastructure projects. 2nd revised edition, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2022.
- Spang, K.; Bockel, B.; Clausen, W.; El-Baz, A.; Enderle, B.; Herrmann, P.; Lächelt, V.; Pinkhasik, P., Singer, R.: Sicherung des Projekterfolgs von Infrastrukturprojekten in Deutschland. Final report of the research project funded by the Vossloh Foundation, self-published, 2022, unpublished.
2021
- Ochs, Ch.; Spang, K.: The project manager role in agile project management. Do we still need project managers in agile? May 2021, Issue 2, pp 35-40,DOI: 10.24053/PM-2021-0027
2020
- Herrmann, P.; Singer, R.; Kaufmann, P.; Spang , K.: Let us Integrate Self-Organization and Stakeholders into the Development of Infrastructure Projects, because we Need more Creativity and Satisfying Solutions, presentation given at the IPMA Research Conference 2020 (online) and awarded the Best Paper Prize, in print
- Elbaz, A.; Paschke, L.; Spang, K.: Top management support for transportation infrastructure projects using the example of roads. In: Construction industry, issue 4/2020, p.173-188
- Elbaz, A.; Spang, K.: Concept to Enhance the Project Success and Promote the Implementation of Success Factors in Infrastructure Projects. In: International Journal of Urban and Civil Engineering, 14 (4), pp. 126-134
2019
- Singer, R.; Spang, K.: Success Factors for Exploiting Opportunities in Projects and the Requirement of Trust. In: Proceedings of the International Project Management Association Research Conference 2019, September 4-7, 2019, pp. 1-12.
- Spang, K.; Herrmann; P. (Eds.): Stakeholder Management in Infrastructure Projects - 9th Kassel Project Management Symposium 2019. Project Management Series, Issue 28, Kassel, Eigenverlag, 2019
- Hanschke, M.; Elbaz, A.; Spang, K.: Early knowledge transfer between client and bidder using an online knowledge platform. In: Hofstadler, C. (ed.): Current developments in construction operations, the construction industry and construction contract law. Wiesbaden, Springer Vieweg, 2019, pp. 869-885.
- Singer, R.; Seitz, R.; Fritsch, J.; Spang, K.: Cultural influences on the perception of project opportunities. In: projektManagement aktuell, Issue 3, 2019, TÜV Media GmbH Verlag, pp. 26-31.
- Spang, K.; Ehrbar, H.; Elbaz, A.: Looking for Project Success in Infrastructure Projects: How can we achieve it? In: Proceedings of the ISEC-10th Conference - Interdependence between Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Chicago, 2019.
- Herrmann, P.; Fischmann, S.; Spang, K.: Successful Stakeholder Management in Infrastructure Projects - Analysis of Relevant Success Criteria and Factors in Stakeholder Management. In: Der Eisenbahningenieur, Issue 5, 2019, DVV Mediagroup GmbH, pp. 8-10.
- Herrmann, P.; Spang, K.; Wojtyna, S.: Successful stakeholder management needs perspectives - an invitation to exchange ideas. In: projektManagement aktuell, Issue 2, 2019, TÜV Media GmbH Verlag, pp. 31-35.
2018
- Herrmann, P.; Spang, K.: What about Coordination, Transparency and Anticipation in Projects? A systematic Review of "Controlling" of Projects, especially of public Infrastructure Projects. In: 26th EBES Conference - Prague, Czech Republic, October, 2019
- Spang, K.: Working in partnership in the construction industry. In: Construction Industry Market/Management/Law, Issue 2, July 2018, Werner Verlag, pp. 61-106.
- Idler, B. Spang, K.: Balancing Facts and Feelings: Gaining Transparency on IT Project Decisions and Determinants. In: ICSIM2018 Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Software Engineering and Information Management. pp. 92-97, 2018, - Awarded as best doctoral presentation -
2017
- Spang, K.; Singer, R. (Eds.): Opportunity management in projects - 8th Kassel Project Management Symposium. Project management publication series, issue 24, Kassel, self-published, 2017.
- Spang, K.; Refflinghaus, R.; Klute-Wenig, S.: Integrating Quality and Project Management - Opportunities and Challenges. 5th Annual Winter Global Business Conference, Tignes (FR), 2017.
- Bockel, B.; Spang, K.: Einsatz von simulationsgestützten Lernszenarien für die Ausbildung im Projektmanagement bei Infrastrukturprojekten - Simulation-based Learning Scenarios for Project Management Trainings in Infrastructure Projects. In: Sigrid Wenzel & Tim Peter (eds.): Simulation in Produktion und Logistik 2017, Kassel university press, Kassel, 2017.
- Elbaz, A. E.; Spang, K: Mapping the success dimensions of the infrastructure projects in Germany. In: Proceedings of the International Project Management Association Research Conference 2017, November 2-4, 2017, pp. 1-13.
- Wehlack, M; Spang, K: Motivations for and Barriers to Offshoring Development Projects to China - A Case Study of the Automotive Industry. In: Proceedings 2017 3rd International Conference on Information Management (ICIM), Chengdu, 2017, pp. 169-173.
- Albert, M; Spang, K; Balve, P: Project success assessment - business and individual perspectives. In: Proceedings of the International Project Management Association Research Conference 2017, November 2-4, 2017, pp. 1-17.
2016
- Spang, K. (ed.): Project management of transportation infrastructure projects. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2016.
- Spang, K.: Introduction and basics. In: Spang, K. (ed.): Project management of transportation infrastructure projects. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2016, pp. 1-14.
- Spang, K.: Tasks and stakeholders. In: Spang, K. (ed.): Project management of transport infrastructure projects. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2016, pp. 15-42.
- Spang, K.: Task definition and change management. In: Spang, K. (ed.): Project management of transport infrastructure projects. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2016, pp. 69-94.
- Spang, K.: Project organization. In: Spang, K. (ed.): Project management of transportation infrastructure projects. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2016, pp. 95-126.
- Spang, K.: Stakeholder management. In: Spang, K. (ed.): Project management of transportation infrastructure projects. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2016, pp. 203-242.
- Spang, K.: Project management and project controlling. In: Spang, K. (ed.): Project management of transportation infrastructure projects. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2016, pp. 455-494.
- Albrecht, J. C.; Spang, K.: Disassembling and Reassembling Project Management Maturity. In: Project Management Journal, 2016, 47(5), pp. 18-35.
2015
- Spang, K.: Requirements for reporting and risk management as a continuous management function. In: Deutscher Verband der Projektmanager in der Bau- und Immobilienwirtschaft e.V. (ed.): Projektmanagement Herbsttatgung 2015 - Strategische Werkzeuge des Projektmanagements I, 20.11.2015, Berlin.
- Spang, K.; Kramer, L. (eds.): Risk management in projects - 7th Kassel Project Management Symposium. Project management publication series, issue 21, Kassel, self-published, 2015.
- Alfalla-Luque, R.; Baltov, M.; Burcar Dunovic, I.; Gebbia, A.; Irimia-Diéguez, A.; Mikic, M.; Pedro, M. J. G.; Sánchez-Cazorla, Á.; Sertic, J.; Silva, J.; Spang, K.: Risk in the Front End of Megaprojects. Second Edition, The RFE Working Group Report, Leeds (GB), University of Leeds, 2015.
- Albrecht, J. C.; Spang, K.: Projektmanagementreifegrad und Projekterfolg - Feldstudie in Industrieunternehmen des deutschsprachigen Raumes. Study, Project Management Series, Issue 20, Kassel, Kassel University Press, 2015.
- Albrecht, J. C.; Spang, K.: Project management maturity and success of industrial projects. In: GPM-Magazin PMaktuell, Issue 3/2015, pp. 24-32.
- Brandau, S.; Hamenstädt, C., Spang, K.: Risikomanagement-Standards und Risikomanagement in ausgewählten Standards des Projektmanagements - Eine vergleichende Gegenüberstellung. In: Risk management in projects - 7th Kassel Project Management Symposium. Project Management Series, Issue 21, Kassel, Eigenverlag, 2015, pp. 177-201.
2014
- Spang, K.: A cooperative risk management approach for large infrastructure projects. In: Contemporary Management Practices VIII, Burgas, 2014.
- Spang, K.; Graf, P.: Corporate strategy and project work - An approach to closing the implementation gap. In: GPM-Magazin PMaktuell, issue 3/2014, p. 16-24.
- Spang, K.; Riemann, S.: Partnering in Infrastructure Projects in Germany. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, 119, pp. 219-228.
- Albrecht, J. C.; Spang, K.: Linking the benefits of project management maturity to project complexity - insights from a multiple case study. In: International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2014, 7(2), pp. 285-301.
- Albrecht, J. C.; Spang, K.: Project Complexity as an Influence Factor on the Balance of Costs and Benefits in Project Management Maturity Modeling. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, 119, pp. 162-171.
- Habib, M.; Spang, K.: Alternative project delivery systems for transport infrastructure in Germany. 30th Annual Conference of Association of Researchers in Construction Management (ARCOM) - 2014, Portsmouth (UK), pp.917-926.
- Lappe, M.; Spang, K.: Investements in Project Management are profitable: A case study-based analysis of the relationship between the Costs and Benefits of Project Management. In: International Journal of Project Management, 2014, 32(4), pp. 603-612.
- Riemann, S.; Spang, K.: Application of Contractor's Knowledge in Public Financed Infrastructure Projects in Germany. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, 119, pp. 202-209.
- Sözüer, M.; Spang, K.: The Importance of Project Management in the Planning Process of Transport Infrastructure Projects in Germany. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, 119, pp. 601-610.
2013
- Spang, K.; Albrecht, J. C. (eds.): Project success - coincidence, plannability or project manager performance? - 6th Kassel Project Management Symposium. Project Management Series, Issue 15, Kassel, self-published, 2013.
- Spang, K.; Khan, R.A.: Towards measuring the country specific project risks, In: Proceedings of the IEEE 7th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems (IDAACS), Berlin, 2013, pp. 560-565.
- Aschoff, T.; Albrecht, J.C.; Spang, K.: Tailoring company-internal project management standards for power plant construction projects. In C. Lau, A. Dechange and T. Flegel (eds.), Project management in the energy sector. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler; 2013; pp. 215-245.
- Khan, R.A.; Spang, K.: An Exploratory Study of the Association of Project Success with Project Characteristics and Organization Maturity, New Challenges of Economic and Business Development - 2013, Riga (LV), pp. 376-384.
- Awarded as best doctoral presentation -
2012
- Spang, K.: Early Contractor Involvement. In: Conflicts between Institutional Frameworks and Managerial Project Practice, Proceedings of the European Infrastructure Procurement Symposium 2012, Copenhagen (DK), pp. 20-21.
- Spang, K.; Riemann, S.; Köntges, H.: Cooperative Mechanism for Solving Conflicts in Infrastructure Projects. In: Organization, Technology & Management in Construction, 2012, 2(4), pp. 552-559.
- Spang, K.; Riemann, S.; Köntges, H.: A partnership approach to dealing with conflicts in infrastructure projects. In: Proceedings of the BrennerCongress 2012, pp. 69-78, Innsbruck (AT), 2012.
- Lappe, M.; Spang, K.: Return on Invest (ROI) of project management. In: Projektmanagement aktuell, 2012, 2(23), pp. 23-31.
- Riemann, S.; Spang, K.: Towards Early Contractor Involvement for Infrastructure Projects in Germany. In: Proceedings f RICS Cobra 2012 Conference, Las Vegas (NEV, USA), 2012, pp. 519-526.
- Sözüer, M.; Spang, K.: Challenges in the Planning Process of Infrastructure Projects in Germany. In: H. Cai et al, Proceedings of Construction Research Congress 2012, West Lafayette (Indiana, USA), May 21-23, 2012.
2011
- Spang, K.: Integrated Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects. In: Proceedings of ISEC-6 Modern Methods and Advances Structural Engineering and Construction, Zurich (SUI), 2011a.
- Spang, K.: Project controlling and project management in industrial projects. In: K. Spang, M. Sözüer (eds.), Mit Projektcontrolling zum Projekterfolg - 5. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium; Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 12, Eigenverlag, Kassel, 2011b, pp. 227-250.
- Spang, K.: A partnering concept for infrastructure projects in Germany. In: W. Purrer, A. Tautschnig (eds.), Are our construction projects dominated by competition or cooperation? Proceedings of the International Consulting and Construction (ICC) Conference, Innsbruck University Press, Innsbruck (AT), 2011c, pp. 55-67.
- Spang, K.; Albrecht, J.C.; Baumann, M.: Projektcontrolling und Projektsteuerung in Verkehrsinfrastrukturprojekten - Eine vergleichende Literaturstudie. In: K. Spang, M. Sözüer (eds.), Mit Projektcontrolling zum Projekterfolg - 5. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium; Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 12, Eigenverlag, Kassel, 2011, pp. 251-275.
- Spang, K.; Albrecht, J.C.; Baumann, T.: Collaborative and Partnering Approaches in the Automotive Industry. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Production Research (ICPR 21), Stuttgart, 2011.
- Spang, K.; Mittelbach, C.; Lang, K.; Hamm, R.: Projektcontrolling unter besonderer Einbeziehung der Projektziele. In: K. Spang, M. Sözüer (eds.), Mit Projektcontrolling zum Projekterfolg - 5. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium; Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 12, Eigenverlag, Kassel, 2011, pp. 277-292.
- Spang, K.; Riemann, S.: A Guideline for Partnership between Client and Contractor in Infrastructure Projects in Germany. In: Proceedings of Conference Management and Innovation for a Sustainable Built Environment, Amsterdam (NED), 2011.
- Spang, K.; Sözüer, M. (eds.): Mit Projektcontrolling zum Projekterfolg - 5. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium. Project Management Series, Issue 12, Eigenverlag, Kassel, 2011.
- Albrecht, J.C.; Khan, R.A.; Spang, K.: Project Management Maturity and Project Management Success - Analyzing Parallels. In: Transactions of AACE International's 55th Annual Meeting, Anaheim (CA, USA), 2011, pp. PM.502.1-PM.502.14.
- Albrecht, J.C.; Spang, K.: Towards an Understanding of the Relationship between Project Management Maturity and Project Success. In: Proceedings of Int. Conference Current Issues in Management of Business and Society Development, Riga (LV), 2011, pp. 14-22.
- Awarded as best paper of a doctoral student in the conference's PM session - - Jochem, R.; Spang K.; Geers, D.: Project management in Six Sigma projects. In: Jochem, R., Geers, D., Giebel, M., Six Sigma made easy; Düsseldorf; Symposion Publishing; 2011; pp. 57-65.
- Khan, R.A.; Spang, K.: Critical Success Factors for International Projects. In: Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems, Prague (CZ), 2011a.
- Khan, R.A.; Spang, K.: Intricacy in the management of giant international projects. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Global Academy of Business & Economic Research, New York (USA), 2011b.
- Awarded as best paper and best presentation of the conference - - Sözüer, M.; Spang, K.: Establishing joint project controlling in partnering models for successful project execution. In: K. Spang, M. Sözüer (eds.), Mit Projektcontrolling zum Projekterfolg - 5. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium; Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 12, Eigenverlag, Kassel, 2011, pp. 293-314.
2010
- Spang, K.: Cost reduction in infrastructure projects through optimization of the planning process. In: Commemorative publication on the 60th birthday of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Wanninger, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, 2010.
- Spang, K.; Özcan, S.; Wagner, R.: Forschungsperspektive im Projektmanagement - Erkenntnisse einer GPM-Studie. In: Projektmanagement aktuell; 2010 (1); pp. 46-52.
- Baumann, T.; Spang, K.; Albrecht, J. C.: Increase the Business Success through the Optimization of the OEM/Supplier Interface - State of the Art, Trends and Options. In: Proceedings of 24th IPMA World Congress, Istanbul, 2010.
- Khan, R. A.; Spang, K.: Towards Establishing Soft Success Criteria for Management of International Projects. In: Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Global Research in Business and Economics, New York, 2010.
2009
- Spang, K.: Designing the Relationship between Contractor and Client to Partnership. In: Proceedings of ISEC 5th International Structural Engineering & Construction Conference, Las Vegas, 2009, pp. 705-710.
- Spang, K.; Dayyari, A.; Albrecht, J. C.: Risikomanagement mit integrierter Früherkennung - Feldstudie in der deutschen Bauwirtschaft. Project management publication series, issue 10, Kassel, self-published, 2009.
- Spang, K.; Gutfeld, T. (eds.): Mit Qualitätsmanagement zum Projekterfolg im Bau und Anlagenbau - 4. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium. Project Management Series, Issue 6, Kassel, Eigenverlag, 2009.
- Spang, K.; Nolte, A.: Verbesserung der Bau-Projektkultur in Deutschland durch die Einführung einer verbindlichen Leitlinie. In: Commemorative publication on the 40th anniversary of the Institute for Construction Management and Construction Economics at Graz University of Technology, Graz, 2009, pp. 553-562.
- Spang, K.; Nolte, A.: Development and improvement of project culture in transportation infrastructure projects through the introduction of a binding guideline. In: Dorn, K.-H. et al. (eds.), Projekte als Kulturerlebnis, Heidelberg, dpunkt.verlag, 2009, pp. 313-320.
- Spang, K.; Sözüer, M.: Optimization of planning processes in construction planning - field study at the Chair of Project Management. Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 9, Kassel, Eigenverlag, 2009.
- Spang, K.; Riemann, S.; Faber, S.: Partnerschaftliche Projektabwicklung bei Infrastrukturprojekten - Feldstudie am Lehrstuhl für Projektmanagement. Project management publication series, issue 8, Kassel, self-published, 2009.
- Baumann, T.; Roth, G.; Spang, K.: Transfer of Newest Brain Research Knowledge about the Human Reward System into Modern Enterprises and their Incentive and Reward Systems. In: Proceedings of 23rd IPMA World Congress, Helsinki, 2009.
- Müller, R.; Spang, K.; Özcan, S.: Cultural Differences in Decision Making in Project Teams. In: International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2009, 1(2), pp. 70-93.
- Awarded as one of three Highly Commended Articles of this journal for 2009 - - Özcan, S.; Spang, K.: Process-Oriented Project Quality Management (PPQM) in Complex Building Projects, Using the Example of Road Constructions - Principles and Requirements. In: Proceedings of IRNOP IX Conference, Berlin, 2009.
- Özcan, S; Spang, K.: Mit Qualitätsmanagement zum Projekterfolg im Straßenbau. In: Konferenzband 4. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium, Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 6, Kassel, 2009, pp. 3-47.
- Rohrschneider, U.; Spang, K.: Risks and opportunities. In: GPM, Kompetenzbasiertes Projektmanagement (PM3), Nuremberg, 2009, pp. 183-246.
- Wagner, R.; Spang, K.: Systems, products and technology. In: GPM, Competence-based project management (PM3), Nuremberg, 2009, pp. 2397-2416.
2008
- Spang, K.; Altefrohne, M.: Practical model for measuring project success in automotive projects. In: Conference proceedings 25th International German PM Forum, Wiesbaden, 2008, pp. 286-296.
- Müller, R.; Spang, K.; Özcan, S.: Cultural Differences in Decision-Making in Projects: Examples from Swedish-German Project Teams. In: Proceedings of PMI Research Conference, Warsaw, 2008.
2007
- Spang, K.: Advanced Project Management in Civil Engineering. In: Proceedings of ISEC - 4th International Structural Engineering & Construction Conference, Melbourne, 2007, p. 1467.
- Spang, K.; Dayyari, A.: Status-quo of international project management research. In: Conference Proceedings 24th International German PM Forum, Munich, 2007, p. 332-351.
- Spang, K.; Eulert, S.: On Determining the Success Potential of International Projects. In: Proceedings of 21st IPMA World Congress, Cracow, 2007, pp. 109-114.
- Spang, K.; Faber, S.:Partnership between client and contractor - the future of construction. In: Konferenzband 3. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium, Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 4, Kassel, 2007, pp. 3-27.
- Spang, K.; Faber, S.: Partnership-based project management in construction projects. In: Conference Proceedings 24th International German PM Forum, Munich, 2007, pp. 532-543.
- Spang, K.; Hüper, A.-B.: Partnering concepts for public clients, especially infrastructure projects. In: Eschenbruch, K., Racky, P., Partnering in der Bau- und Immobilienwirtschaft - Projektmanagement- und Vertragsstandards in Deutschland, Kohlhammer Verlag, 2007, pp. 202-224.
- Spang, K.; Özcan, S. (eds.): Partnership models for infrastructure projects and large-scale plant construction projects - 3rd Kassel Project Management Symposium. Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 4, Kassel, Eigenverlag, 2007.
- Müller, R.; Spang, K.; Özcan, S.: Cultural Differences in Decision Making in Mixed German-Swedish Project Teams. In: Proceedings of 21st IPMA World Congress, Cracow, 2007, pp. 397-402.
2006
- Spang, K.: Innovative Project Management in Construction Projects - A Plea for a Paradigm Shift. In: Bauingenieur, 2006 (Vol. 81), pp. 117-125.
- Spang, K.: Potentials in the risk management of construction projects in the field of tension between the parties involved. In: Conference proceedings ICC Colloquium 2006, Innsbruck, 2006, pp. 95-129.
- Spang, K.: Reflections on partnership-based risk management in construction projects. In: Festschrift für Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. C.J. Diederichs, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, 2006, pp. 334-339.
- Spang, K.; Faber, S.: Partnership-based project management in infrastructure projects. In: Der Eisenbahningenieur, 2006, Issue 9, pp. 130-135.
2005
- Spang, K.: Integrated risk management in large construction projects - vision and reality. In: Konferenzband 2. Kasseler Projektmanagement Symposium, Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 2, Kassel, 2005, pp. 3-24.
- Spang, K.; Dayyari, A. (Eds.): Concepts and developments in risk management of complex construction projects - 2nd Kassel Project Management Symposium. Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement, Heft 2, Kassel, Eigenverlag, 2005.
- Spang, K.; Faber, S.: Risk management in transportation projects. In: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans-Georg Kempfert - Symposium des Instituts für Geotechnik und Geohydraulik der University of Kassel, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Kempfert, Kassel, 2005, pp. 113-126.
- Dayyari, A.; Spang, K.: Entwicklung der Unternehmensstrategie und deren Umsetzung in Projekten aus Sicht des Controlling. In: Conference proceedings 22nd International German PM Forum, Frankfurt a.M., 2005, pp. 23-32.
2003
- Spang, K. (Ed.): Project management of large infrastructure projects - 1st Kassel Project Management Symposium. Schriftenreihe Projektmanagement; Heft 1, Kassel, Eigenverlag, 2003.
- Spang, K.: Project management and railroad construction. In: Der Eisenbahningenieur, 2003, 54, 8/03.
2002
- Spang, K.: Particular Project Management for Major Railway Projects. In: Proceedings of 16th IPMA Congress on Project Management, Berlin, 2002, pp. 463-472